Evaluation of Various Technological Factors (Variety, Drying Method, Solvent Type, Time) on Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Date Palm Seed in Jiroft Region
Subject Areas : Microbiology
P. Saeedi
1
(MSc Student of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
M. Honarvar
2
(Associate Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
F. Shahdadi
3
(Assistant Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jjiroft, Iran.)
Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Date seed, Drying Method, Extraction Time, Solvent,
Abstract :
Introduction: Date palm seeds are obtained as waste in many date packing and processing workshops and have extensive therapeutic properties in traditional medicine.Materials and Methods: In this study different cultivars of date seeds (Kaluteh, Mardasang, Khanizi and Mozafati) were dried by two methods (sun and oven dried), then their extracts were obtained using methanol (80%), ethanol (50%) and hot water on solvents at 6, 12 and 18 hours of extraction. The amount of phenolic compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity by DPPH method and soluble fiber by AOAC standard analysis method were determined.Results: The results showed that the highest amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained in Mordasang cultivar by sun drying method, methanol of 80% and 18 hours of extraction time respectively (10.08,93.38%) , in Kaluteh cultivar by sun drying method, hot water extraction and 12 hours of extraction time, respectively (8.03,87.94%) in Khanizi cultivar by oven drying method, ethanol of 50% and 18 hours of extraction time respectively(7.36, 71.91%) and in Mazafati cultivar by sun drying method, methanol of 80% and 12 hours of extraction time, respectively (8.48, 88.95%). The highest and lowest amount of insoluble fiber were observed in Mordasang cultivar by sun drying method and Mozafati cultivar by sun drying method, respectively. The highest and lowest amount of soluble fiber were related to Kaluteh cultivar by sun drying method and Khanizi cultivar by oven drying method.Conclusion: In general, this study showed that the seeds of different date cultivars in the Jiroft region, despite having anti-radical properties and rich in natural antioxidants, are affected by variety and drying method.
Al-Farsi, M. A. & Lee, C. Y. (2011). Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed. In Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention (pp. 447-452): Elsevier
Al-Farsi, M. A. & Lee, C. Y. (2008). Nutritional and functional properties of dates: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48(10), 877-887.
Amany, M., Shaker, M. A. & Abeer, A. (2012). Antioxidant activities of date pits in a model meat system. International Food Research Journal, 19(1), 223.
Ashraf Jahani, A. (2001). Palm, the fruit of life. Agricultural Sciences press, First Edition.
Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R.V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P. & Vayalil, P. K. (2011). A reviw of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research Internatinal, 44,1812-1822.
Bentrad, N. & Gaceb-Terrak, R. (2020). Evaluation of the level of biomolecules isolated from date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) and in vitro Antioxidant property. BioMedicine, 10(2), 23.
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Drira, N. E. & Attia, H. (2004). Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food chemistry, 84(4), 577-584.
Boukouada, M. (2009). Phytochemical study of date seeds lipids of three fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L) produced in Ouargla region.
Clifford, M. N. (2000). Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates–nature, occurrence, dietary burden, absorption and metabolism. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7), 1033-1043.
Devshony, S., Eteshola, E. & Shani, A. (1992). Characteristics and some potential applications of
date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 69(6), 595-597.
Gao, X., Ohlander, M., Jeppsson, N., Björk, L. & Trajkovski, V. (2000). Changes in antioxidant effects and their relationship to phytonutrients in fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) during maturation. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(5), 1485-1490.
Habib, H. M. & Ibrahim, W. H. (2009). Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 60(sup1), 99-111.
Hamada, J., Hashim, I. & Sharif, F. (2002). Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods. Food chemistry, 76(2), 135-137.
Harbourne, N., Marete, E., Jacquier, J. C. & O'Riordan, D. (2009). Effect of drying methods on the phenolic constituents of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and willow (Salix alba). LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42(9), 1468-1473.
Hussein, A., Alhadrami, G. & Khalil, Y. (1998). The use of dates and date pits in broiler starter and finisher diets. Bioresource Technology, 66(3), 219-223.
Jassim, S. A. & Naji, M. A. (2010). In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of an extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits on a Pseudomonas phage. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(1), 57-62.
Jayaprakasha, G., Selvi, T. & Sakariah, K. (2003). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts. Food research international, 36(2), 117-122.
Juhaimi, F. A., Ghafoor, K. & Özcan, M. M. (2012). Physical and chemical properties, antioxidant activity, total phenol and mineral profile of seeds of seven different date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 63(1), 84-89.
Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P., Groot, A. d. & Evstatieva, L. N. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques, 13(1), 8-17.
Mansouri, A., Embarek, G., Kokkalou, E. & Kefalas, P. (2005). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food chemistry, 89(3), 411-420.
McDonald, S., Prenzler, P. D., Antolovich, M. & Robards, K. (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food chemistry, 73(1), 73-84.
Messaoudi, R., Abbeddou, S., Mansouri, A., Calokerinos, A. C. & Kefalas, P. (2013). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of date-pits of seven Algerian date palm fruit varieties. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(5), 1037-1047.
Morelló, J. R., Motilva, M. A. J., Tovar, M. A. J. & Romero, M. A. P. (2004). Changes in commercial virgin olive oil (cv Arbequina) during storage, with special emphasis on the phenolic fraction. Food chemistry, 85(3), 357-364.
Platat, C., Habib, H., Al Maqbali, F., Jaber, N. & Ibrahim, W. (2014). Identification of date seeds varieties patterns to optimize nutritional benefits of date seeds. Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 8(2), 34-43 .
Qu, W., Pan, Z. & Ma, H. (2010). Extraction modeling and activities of antioxidants from pomegranate marc. Journal of food engineering, 99(1), 16-23.
Radfar, R., Farhoodi, M., Ghasemi, I., Khaneghah, A. M., Shahraz, F. & Hosseini, H. (2019). Assessment of phenolic contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from four varieties of Iranian date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds. Applied food biotechnology, 6 (3), 173-184.
Sawaya, W., Khalil, J. & Safi, W. (1984). Chemical composition and nutritional quality of date seeds. Journal of Food Science, 49(2), 617-619.
Somsub, W., Kongkachuichai, R., Sungpuag, P. & Charoensiri, R. (2008). Effects of three conventional cooking methods on vitamin C, tannin, myo-inositol phosphates contents in selected Thai vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 21(2), 187-197.
Spigno, G., Tramelli, L. & De Faveri, D. M. (2007). Effects of extraction time, temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc phenolics. Journal of Food Engineering, 81(1), 200-208.
Turumtay, E. A., İslamoğlu, F., Çavuş, D., Şahin, H., Turumtay, H. & Vanholme, B. (2014). Correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Anzer tea (Thymus praecox Opiz subsp. caucasicus var. caucasicus). Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 687-694.
Vamanu, E. & Nita, S. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and the correlation with major phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and tocopherol content in various extracts from the wild edible Boletus edulis mushroom. BioMed Research International, 2013.
Yu, J., Ahmedna, M. & Goktepe, I. (2005). Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of peanut skin phenolics. Food Chemistry, 90(1-2), 199-206.
Zhou, K. & Yu, L. (2004). Effects of extraction solvent on wheat bran antioxidant activity estimation. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 37(7), 717-721.
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Al-Farsi, M. A. & Lee, C. Y. (2011). Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed. In Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention (pp. 447-452): Elsevier
Al-Farsi, M. A. & Lee, C. Y. (2008). Nutritional and functional properties of dates: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48(10), 877-887.
Amany, M., Shaker, M. A. & Abeer, A. (2012). Antioxidant activities of date pits in a model meat system. International Food Research Journal, 19(1), 223.
Ashraf Jahani, A. (2001). Palm, the fruit of life. Agricultural Sciences press, First Edition.
Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R.V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P. & Vayalil, P. K. (2011). A reviw of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research Internatinal, 44,1812-1822.
Bentrad, N. & Gaceb-Terrak, R. (2020). Evaluation of the level of biomolecules isolated from date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) and in vitro Antioxidant property. BioMedicine, 10(2), 23.
Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Drira, N. E. & Attia, H. (2004). Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food chemistry, 84(4), 577-584.
Boukouada, M. (2009). Phytochemical study of date seeds lipids of three fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L) produced in Ouargla region.
Clifford, M. N. (2000). Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates–nature, occurrence, dietary burden, absorption and metabolism. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 80(7), 1033-1043.
Devshony, S., Eteshola, E. & Shani, A. (1992). Characteristics and some potential applications of
date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 69(6), 595-597.
Gao, X., Ohlander, M., Jeppsson, N., Björk, L. & Trajkovski, V. (2000). Changes in antioxidant effects and their relationship to phytonutrients in fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) during maturation. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 48(5), 1485-1490.
Habib, H. M. & Ibrahim, W. H. (2009). Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 60(sup1), 99-111.
Hamada, J., Hashim, I. & Sharif, F. (2002). Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods. Food chemistry, 76(2), 135-137.
Harbourne, N., Marete, E., Jacquier, J. C. & O'Riordan, D. (2009). Effect of drying methods on the phenolic constituents of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and willow (Salix alba). LWT-Food Science and Technology, 42(9), 1468-1473.
Hussein, A., Alhadrami, G. & Khalil, Y. (1998). The use of dates and date pits in broiler starter and finisher diets. Bioresource Technology, 66(3), 219-223.
Jassim, S. A. & Naji, M. A. (2010). In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of an extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits on a Pseudomonas phage. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7(1), 57-62.
Jayaprakasha, G., Selvi, T. & Sakariah, K. (2003). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts. Food research international, 36(2), 117-122.
Juhaimi, F. A., Ghafoor, K. & Özcan, M. M. (2012). Physical and chemical properties, antioxidant activity, total phenol and mineral profile of seeds of seven different date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 63(1), 84-89.
Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P., Groot, A. d. & Evstatieva, L. N. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques, 13(1), 8-17.
Mansouri, A., Embarek, G., Kokkalou, E. & Kefalas, P. (2005). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera). Food chemistry, 89(3), 411-420.
McDonald, S., Prenzler, P. D., Antolovich, M. & Robards, K. (2001). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food chemistry, 73(1), 73-84.
Messaoudi, R., Abbeddou, S., Mansouri, A., Calokerinos, A. C. & Kefalas, P. (2013). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of date-pits of seven Algerian date palm fruit varieties. International Journal of Food Properties, 16(5), 1037-1047.
Morelló, J. R., Motilva, M. A. J., Tovar, M. A. J. & Romero, M. A. P. (2004). Changes in commercial virgin olive oil (cv Arbequina) during storage, with special emphasis on the phenolic fraction. Food chemistry, 85(3), 357-364.
Platat, C., Habib, H., Al Maqbali, F., Jaber, N. & Ibrahim, W. (2014). Identification of date seeds varieties patterns to optimize nutritional benefits of date seeds. Journal of Nutrition and Food Science, 8(2), 34-43 .
Qu, W., Pan, Z. & Ma, H. (2010). Extraction modeling and activities of antioxidants from pomegranate marc. Journal of food engineering, 99(1), 16-23.
Radfar, R., Farhoodi, M., Ghasemi, I., Khaneghah, A. M., Shahraz, F. & Hosseini, H. (2019). Assessment of phenolic contents and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from four varieties of Iranian date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds. Applied food biotechnology, 6 (3), 173-184.
Sawaya, W., Khalil, J. & Safi, W. (1984). Chemical composition and nutritional quality of date seeds. Journal of Food Science, 49(2), 617-619.
Somsub, W., Kongkachuichai, R., Sungpuag, P. & Charoensiri, R. (2008). Effects of three conventional cooking methods on vitamin C, tannin, myo-inositol phosphates contents in selected Thai vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 21(2), 187-197.
Spigno, G., Tramelli, L. & De Faveri, D. M. (2007). Effects of extraction time, temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc phenolics. Journal of Food Engineering, 81(1), 200-208.
Turumtay, E. A., İslamoğlu, F., Çavuş, D., Şahin, H., Turumtay, H. & Vanholme, B. (2014). Correlation between phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Anzer tea (Thymus praecox Opiz subsp. caucasicus var. caucasicus). Industrial Crops and Products, 52, 687-694.
Vamanu, E. & Nita, S. (2012). Antioxidant capacity and the correlation with major phenolic compounds, anthocyanin, and tocopherol content in various extracts from the wild edible Boletus edulis mushroom. BioMed Research International, 2013.
Yu, J., Ahmedna, M. & Goktepe, I. (2005). Effects of processing methods and extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of peanut skin phenolics. Food Chemistry, 90(1-2), 199-206.
Zhou, K. & Yu, L. (2004). Effects of extraction solvent on wheat bran antioxidant activity estimation. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 37(7), 717-721.