English Language Teachers’ Reflections on Online Language Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Subject Areas :Mehdi Shaahdadi Goughari 1 , Mehry Haddad Narafshan 2
1 - Department of Foreign Languages, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
2 - Department of Foreign Languages, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
Keywords: English language teaching, Covid-19 pandemic, Online Teaching, teachers’ reflections,
Abstract :
During the Covid-19 pandemic, universities around the world faced closure because of social distancing and lockdown, therefore, unprecedently, education had to move online and universities in Iran were not exceptional. This sudden and abrupt shift required teachers to rethink their attitudes and beliefs. This study has been conducted to explore English Language Teachers’ attitudes toward their practices concerning the effects of social distancing and the maximized use of technology in the teaching profession. Having adopted a qualitative method to investigate teachers’ experiences, the data of this study were collected through interviews with nine English language university teachers, and their reflective journals. Generally, the results communicate considerable appreciation for integrating technology in English language courses. To be more detailed, this study revealed three main categories for positive attitudes (pedagogical innovation, instructional support, and professional identity formation) each with some subcategories. Also, the analysis highlights three concerns (technology-related challenges, classroom management, and inflexibility in behavior) for online teaching. The implications of the study mainly provide a welcoming environment for utilizing technology in teaching, especially in English language teaching.
Ajzen I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In: Kuhl J. Beckmann J. (eds) Action Control. SSSP Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Al-Fraihat, D., Joy, M., & Sinclair, J. (2020). Evaluating E-learning systems success: An empirical study. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 67–86.
Archambault, L. & Crippen, K. (2009). K–12 Distance Educators at Work, Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(4), 363-391, https://doi.org/10. 1080/15391 523.2009.10 782535.
Ascough, Richard S. (2002), “Designing for Online Distance Education: Putting Pedagogy Before Technology.” Teaching theology & religion 5.1:17–29.
Avidov-Ungar, O. (2016). A model of professional development: teachers’ perceptions of their
professional development, Teachers and Teaching, 22(6), 653-669,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1158955
Baber, H. (2021). Modeling the acceptance of e-learning during the pandemic of COVID-19-A
study of South Korea. International Journal of Management Education, 19(2).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100503
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309–328. 10.1108/01425450710826122.
Barak, M. (2010). Motivating self-regulated learning in technology education. International
Journal of Technology and Design Education. 20. 381-401. 10.1007/s10798-009-9092-x.
Baran, E., Correia, A.P., & Thompson, A.D. (2011). Transforming online teaching practice: critical analysis of the literature on the roles and competencies of online teachers, Distance Education, 32(3), 421-439, DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2011.610293
Baran, E., Correia, A.P., & Thompson, A.D. (2013). Tracing Successful Online Teaching in Higher education: Voices of Exemplary Online Teachers. Teachers College Record. 115. 1-41. 10.1177/016146811311500309.
Beijaard, D., Meijer, P. C., & Verloop, N. (2004). Reconsidering research on teachers' professional identity. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(2), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001
Berger, J. (2020). The catalyst: How to change anyone’s mind. New York: Simon Schuster.
Bernard, R. M., Borokhovski, E., Schmid, R. F., Tamim, R. M., & Abrami, P. C. (2014). A meta analysis of blended learning and technology use in higher education: Fromthe general to the applied. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 26(1), 87–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-013-9077-3
Bower, M., Highfield, K., Furney, P., & Mowbray, L. (2013). Supporting pre-service teachers' technology-enabled learning design thinking through whole of programme transformation. Educational Media International, 50(1), 39-50. https://doi.org /10.1080/095239 87.2013.777183
Brooks, D. C., & Grajek, S. (2020). Faculty readiness to begin fully remote teaching. EDUCAUSE. submitted for publication https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/3/faculty-readiness-to-begin-fully-remote-teaching.
Buus, L. (2012). “Scaffolding Teachers Integrate Social Media Into a Problem-Based Learning Approach?” The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 10 (1) 2012, (13-22), available online at www.ejel.org
Chadwick, D., & Wesson, C. & Fullwood, C. (2013). Internet Access by People with Intellectual Disabilities: Inequalities and Opportunities. Future Internet, 5. 376-397. 10.339 0/fi503 0376.
Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2018). Reprint of readiness for integrating mobile learning in the classroom: Challenges, preferences, and possibilities. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.046
Chyung, S. Y., Callahan, J., Bullock, D., Bridges, K., Guild, J., & Schrader, C. (2009). Improving Students' Learning In Precalculus With E Learning Activities And Through Analyses Of Students' Learning Styles And Motivational Characteristics, Paper presented at 2009 Annual Conference & Exposition, Austin, Texas. 10.18260/1-2—5591
Clarke, M. (2009). The Ethico‐politics of Teacher Identity. Educational Philosophy and
Theory. 41(2). 185 - 200. 10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00420.x.
Cochrane, T. & Narayan, V. (2013). Redesigning professional development: Reconceptualising
teaching using social learning technologies. Research in Learning Technology. 21. 1-19.
10.3402/rlt.v21i0.19226.
Comas-Quinn, A. (2011). Learning to teach online or learning to become an online teacher: An exploration of teachers' experiences in a blended learning course. ReCALL, 23(3), 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344011000152.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Creswell, J.W. (2003) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Davis, H.C. and Fill, K. (2007), Embedding blended learning in a university's teaching culture: Experiences and reflections. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38, 817-828.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00756.x
Demedts, L., Raes, F., Spittaels, O., Lust, G., & Van Puyenbroeck, H. (2015). De docent als sleutelfiguur bij blended learn¡ng [Teachers as key figures in blended learning]. TheMa, 1(1), 23-28.
Doering, A., Hughes, J., & Huffman, D. (2003). Preservice Teachers. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(3),342-361. https://doi.10. 1080/15391 523 .2003. 10782390
Dweck, C.S., 2008. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House Digital, New York. Education, E. S. f. E, 2017. SEFI Annual Report 2017–2018: Building Engineer.
Fullan, M. (2013). The new pedagogy: Students and teachers as learning partners. Retrieved on 5th March, 2018 from: https://michaelfullan.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/Commentary Learning-Landscapes-New-Pedagogy.pdf
Gerbic, P. (2011). Teaching using a blended approach e what does the literature tell us? Educational Media International, 48(3), 221-234. https://d oi.org/10.1 080/095239 87.20 11.6151 59.
Goldie J. G. (2016). Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age?. Medical teacher, 38(10), 1064–1069. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2016.1173661
Hajli, M., Bugshan, H., Lin, X., Featherman, M., 2013. From e-learning to social learning: a health care study. Eur. J. Train. Dev. 37 (9), 851–863.
Hill, J. R. (2006). Flexible learning environments: Leveraging the affordances of flexible delivery and flexible learning. Innovative Higher Education, 31(3), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-006-9016-6
Hiltz, S. R., Coppola, N., Rotter, N., Turoff, M., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2000). Measuring the importance of collaborative learning for the effectiveness of ALN: A multimeasure, multi-method approach. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 4(2), 103–125.
Hoyos, J., (2014). Social networking sites in the classroom: unveiling new roles for teachers and new approaches to online course design. Ikala 19, 269–283.
Hung, M.-L. (2016). Teacher readiness for online learning: Scale development and teacher perceptions. Computers & Education, 94, 120–133. https:// doi.org/1 0.1016/j.c ompedu.20 5.11.012
Kauffman, H. (2015). A review of predictive factors of student success in and satisfaction with online learning. Research in Learning Technology, 23. https://doi.o rg/10.3402/ rlt.v23.2 6507.
Kebritchi, M., Lipschuetz, A., & Santiague, L. (2017). Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 46(1), 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239516661713
Kennedy, H., Evans, S., & Thomas, S. (2011). Can the web be made accessible for people with intellectual disabilities? The Information Society, 27(1), 29–39. doi:10.1080/01972243.2011.534365
Kersaint, G. (2003). Technology beliefs and practices of mathematics education faculty. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 11(4), 549–577.
Klink, M.V.D., Kools, Q., Avissar, G., White, S., & Sakata, T. (2017) Professional development of teacher educators: what do they do? Findings from an explorative international study, Professional Development in Education, 43(2), 163-178, DOI: 10.10 80/19 41525 7.2015 .1114506.
Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2005). What happens when teachers design educational technology? The development of technological pedagogical content knowledge. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.2190/0EW7 01WB-BKHL-QDYV
Kop, R., & Hill, A. (2008). Connectivism: Learning theory of the future or vestige of the past?. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v9i3.523.
Kozma, R. B., & Vota, W. S. (2014). ICT in developing countries: Policies, implementation, and impact. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 885-894). New York, NY: Springer
Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2012). How should the higher education workforce adapt to advancements in technology for teaching and learning?. The Internet and Higher Education. 15. 247–254. 10.1016/j.iheduc.2011.12.002.
Laat, M., Lally, V., Lipponen, L., & Simons, R.-J. (2007). Online teaching in networked learning communities: A multi-method approach to studying the role of the teacher. Instructional Science, 35(3), 257-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-006-9007-0.
Li, S., Zhang, J., Yu, C., & Chen, L. (2017). Rethinking distance tutoring in e-learning environments: A study of the priority of roles and competencies of open university tutors in China. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 18(2), 189–212.
Liaw, S. S., & Huang, H. M. (2002). How web technology can facilitate learning. Information Systems Management, 19(1), 56–61.
Liaw, S. S., Huang, H. M., & Chen, G. D. (2007). Surveying instructor and learner attitudes toward e-learning. Computers & Education, 49(4), 1066–1080.
Martin, A., & Grudziecki, J. (2006) DigEuLit: Concepts and Tools for Digital Literacy Development, Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 5:4, 249-267, https://doi.org/10.11120/ital.2006.05040249
Martin, F., Budhrani, K., & Wang, C. (2019). Examining faculty perception of their readiness to teach online. Online Learning, 23(3), 97-119. doi:10.24059/olj.v23i3.1555
Mezirow, J., 1991. Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Mueller, J., Wood, E., Willoughby, T., Ross, C. & Specht, J. (2008), Identifying discriminating variables between teachers who fully integrate computers and teachers with limited integration. Computers & Education. 51. 1523-1537.10.1016/j.compedu.2008.02.003.
Nasri, N.M., Husnin, H., Mahmud, S.N.D., & Halim, L. (2020) Mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic: a snapshot from Malaysia into the coping strategies, for pre-service teachers’ education, Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 546-553, DOI: 10.1080 /026 07476.2020.1802582
Niess, M. L. (2015). Transforming teachers' knowledge: Learning trajectories for advancing teacher education for teaching with technology. In C. Angeli, & N. Valanides (Eds.), Technological pedagogical content knowledge: Exploring, developing, and assessing TPCK [technological pedagogical content knowledge] (pp. 19-37). New York, NY: Springer.
Pham, H.H. & Ho, T.T.H. (2020) Toward a ‘new normal’ with e-learning in Vietnamese higher education during the post COVID-19 pandemic, Higher Education Research & Development, 39 (7), 1327-1331, DOI: 10.1080/07294360.2020.1823945
Richards, C. (2006). Towards an integrated framework for designing effective ICT‐supported learning environments: The challenge to better link technology and pedagogy. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 15(2), 239–255. https://doi.org/10. 1080/14759390600769771.
Rogers, E. M. (1995). The diffusion of innovation, fourth. New York: Free Press.
Sahlberg, P., (2020). Will the pandemic change schools? J. Prof. Capital Commun. 1–8.
Salmon, G. (2012). E-moderating: The key to online teaching and learning. Routledge.
Singh, V., & Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988-2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2019.1663082
Smits, A. E. H. (2012). Ontwerp en implementatie van de Masteropleiding Special Education needs via e-learning. University of Twente. https://doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036533508
Smolcic, E., & Katunich, J. (2017). Teachers crossing borders: A review of the research into cultural immersion field experience for teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 62, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.11.00.
Ulla, M. B., & Perales, W. F. (2021). Facebook as an integrated online learning support application during the COVID19 pandemic: Thai university students' experiences and perspectives. Heliyon, 7(11), e08317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08317
UNESCO IESALC. (2020). COVID-19 and higher education: Today and tomorrow. Impact analysis, policy responses and recommendations. UNESCO IESALC. http://www.iesalc.unesco.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-EN-090420- 2.pdf.
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Watson, D., Taylor, R., & Taylor, R. K. (1998). Lifelong learning and the university: A post-dearing agenda. Psychology Press.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Wiesenberg, F., & Stacey, E. (2008). Teaching philosophy : moving from face-to-face to online classrooms. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education, 34, 63-79.
Willemse, T.M., Vloeberghs, L., de Bruı¨ne, E.J. & Van Eynde, S. (2016) Preparing teachers for family–school partnerships: A Dutch and Belgian perspective. Teaching Education, 27(2), 212–228.
Wong, E. M. L., Li, S. S. C., Choi, T.-H., & Lee, T. N. (2008). Insights into Innovative Classroom Practices with ICT: Identifying the Impetus for Change. Educational Technology & Society, 11 (1), 248-265.
Woodrow, J. E. (1992). The influence of programming training on the computer literacy and attitudes of preservice teachers. Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, 25(2), 200–219.
Xhaferi, G., Farizi, A., & Bahiti, R. (2018). Teacher’attitudes towards e-learning in higher education in Macedonia Case study: University of Tetovo. European Journal
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2(5).
Yastrebova E.B., Kryachkov D.A. (2013). Innovative Approaches to the Teaching of Foreign
Languages at Levels B2 - C1. Review of International Relations, 6(33), 49-61.