Comparison of cadmium concentration and its weekly intake in imported and Iranian rice
Subject Areas : Food Science and Technology
1 - Associate Professor, Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Keywords: Cadmium, Iranian rice, Imported rice, Tolerable weekly intake,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of Cadmium (Cd) and its weekly intake among imported rice and the rice samples cultivated in Isfahan and Borojerd in 2011. For this reason, a total of 30 Indian imported rice samples together with 5 Iranian rice specimens were obtained from Hamedan and Tehran retails. The samples were subjected to acid digestion and afterwards the Cd concentrations were determined using ICP-OES. According to the results the mean ± SD values of Cd concentrations in imported and Iranian rice samples were determined as 107.60 ± 19.54 and 44.760 ± 12.55 µg/kg dry weight, respectively. Moreover, comparison of the mean concentrations of Cd in recent study with FAO/WHO permissible limits revealed that the Cd concentrations were below the approved limit. Data suggested that weekly intake of Cd through the consumption of imported and Iranian rice samples was 2.07 and 0.86 µg/kg body weight, respectively which was below the WHO/FAO limit. Based on the results of this study, both imported and Iranian rice do not pose a Cd-related health problem for the consumers. However, long-term accumulation of Cd in critical tissues could have health consequences.
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Rivail, I.F., Koyama, H. and Suzuk, S. (1990). Cadmium content in rice and its intake in various countries. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44: 910-916.
Shimbo, S., Watabe, T., Zhang, Z.W. and Ikeda, M. (2001). Cadmium and Lead contents in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998-2000. Science of the Total Environment, 281: 165-175.
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Watanable, T., Nakatsuka, H. and Ikedam, M. (1989). Cadmium and lead contents in rice available in various areas of Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 80: 175-184.
Watanable, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C.S., Zhang, Z.W. and Ikeda, M. (1996). Cadmium Contents in rice samples from various areas in the world. Science of the Total Environment, 184: 191-196.
WHO (1992). International programme on chemical safety, Environment Health criteria, No. 134. Cadmium, Geneva.
WHO (2004). Joint FAO/WHO Expert standards programme codex Alimentations commission, Geneva, Switzerland, available in the: http://www.who.int.
Yap, D.W., Adezrian, J., Khairiah, J., Ismail, B.S. and Ahmad-Mahir, R. (2009). The uptake of heavy metals by paddy plants (Oryza sativa) in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 6(1): 16-19.
Zazouli, A.Z., Shokrzadeh, M., Izanloo, H. and Fathi, S. (2008). Cadmium content in rice and its daily intake in Ghaemshahr region of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(20): 3686-3689.
Zhong, J., Yu, M., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Hu, R. and Gong, W. (2006). Study on the dietary nutrition intake level in Zhejiang Province. Dis Surveillance, 21(12): 670-672.
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Adriano, D.C. (1992). Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals, Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis, pp: 109-158.
Afshar, M., Ghazaei, S. and Saad, E. (2000). Determination of cadmium in Amol and Thailand rice, 4th International Iranian Congress on Poisoning, Theran, Iran.
Al-Saleh, I. and Shinwari, N. (2001). Report on the levels of cadmium, lead, and mercury in imported rice grain samples. Biological Trace Element Research, 83(1): 91-96.
ASTM. (2000). Annual Book of ASTM standards, water and Environmental technology. Standard Guide for preparation of Biological samples for inorganic chemical Analysis, Vol. 11(1): D 4638-95a.
Bakhtiarian, A., Gholipour, M. and Ghazi-Khansari, M. (2001). Lead and cadmium content of korbal rice in Northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 30(3-4): 129-132.
Bhattacharya, P., Samal, A.C., Majumdar, J. and Santra, S.C. (2010). Accumulation of arsenic and its distribution in rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) in Gangetic West Bengal, India. Paddy and Water Environment, 8(1): 63-70.
Fu, J., Zhou, Q., Liu, J., Liu, W., Wang, T., Zhang, Q. and Jiang, G. (2008). High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere, 71: 1269-1275.
Hedayatifar, R., falahi, E. and birjandi, M. (2011). Determination of Cadmium and Lead levels in high consumed rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivated in Lorestan province and its comparison with national standards, Quarterly Research Journal of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 12(4): 22-15. [in Persian]
Ikeda, M., Watanabe, T., Moon, C-S., Koizumi, A., Fujita, H. and Nakatsuka, H. (1989). Dietary intake of lead among Japanese farmers. Archives of Environmental Health, 44: 23-7.
Jarvis, S.C., Jones, L.P.H. and Hopper, M.J. (1976). Cadmium uptake from solutions by plants and its transport from roots to shoots. Plant and Soil, 44: 179-191.
Lin, H.T., Wong, S.S. and Li, G.C. Heavy metal content of rice and shellfish in Taiwan. Food and Drug Analysis. 2004; 12(2):167-74.
Lin, H.T., Wong, SS. and Li, G.C. (2004). Heavy metal content of rice and Shellfish in Taiwan. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 12(2): 167-174.
McLaughlin, M.J., Tiller, K.G. and Singh, B.R. (1999). Cadmium in soils and plants, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Moon, C.S., Zhang, Z.W., Shimbo, S. and Ikeda, M. (1995). Dietary intake of cadmium and lead among general population in Republic of Korea. Environmental Research, 71: 46-54.
Pirzadeh1, M., Afyuni, M. and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H. (2012). Status of Zinc and Cadmium in Paddy Soils and Rice in Isfahan, Fars and Khuzestan Provinces and their Effect on Food Security, Journal of Science & Technology Agricultural & Natural Resource, Water and Soil Scicene, 16(60) : 93-81. [in Persian]
Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H., Rahman, M.M., Miah, M.A.M. and Tasmin, A. (2008). Arsenic accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.): Human exposure through food chain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69: 317-324.
Rivail, I.F., Koyama, H. and Suzuk, S. (1990). Cadmium content in rice and its intake in various countries. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44: 910-916.
Shimbo, S., Watabe, T., Zhang, Z.W. and Ikeda, M. (2001). Cadmium and Lead contents in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998-2000. Science of the Total Environment, 281: 165-175.
Shokrzadeh, M., Paran-Davaji, M. and Shaki, F. (2013). Study of the Amount of Pb, Cd and Cr in Imported Indian Rice to Iran and Tarom rice Produced in the Province of Golestan. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Science, 23(109): 115-123. [in Persian]
Shokrzadeh, M., Rokni, M.A. and Galstvan. (2013). Lead, Cadmium, and Chromium Concentrations in Irrigation Supply of/and Tarom Rice in Central Cities of Mazandaran Province-Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Science, 23(98): 234-242. [in Persian]
Watanable, T., Nakatsuka, H. and Ikedam, M. (1989). Cadmium and lead contents in rice available in various areas of Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 80: 175-184.
Watanable, T., Shimbo, S., Moon, C.S., Zhang, Z.W. and Ikeda, M. (1996). Cadmium Contents in rice samples from various areas in the world. Science of the Total Environment, 184: 191-196.
WHO (1992). International programme on chemical safety, Environment Health criteria, No. 134. Cadmium, Geneva.
WHO (2004). Joint FAO/WHO Expert standards programme codex Alimentations commission, Geneva, Switzerland, available in the: http://www.who.int.
Yap, D.W., Adezrian, J., Khairiah, J., Ismail, B.S. and Ahmad-Mahir, R. (2009). The uptake of heavy metals by paddy plants (Oryza sativa) in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 6(1): 16-19.
Zazouli, A.Z., Shokrzadeh, M., Izanloo, H. and Fathi, S. (2008). Cadmium content in rice and its daily intake in Ghaemshahr region of Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(20): 3686-3689.
Zhong, J., Yu, M., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Hu, R. and Gong, W. (2006). Study on the dietary nutrition intake level in Zhejiang Province. Dis Surveillance, 21(12): 670-672.
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