Journal of Environmental Science and Technology: 4 (2)

Open Access Article

1 - Study of noise pollution in the district 5 of Tehran municipally
sanaz fathi parvin nassiri mohammad reza monazam smaeilpour roya moradi fatemeh razaghei

Introduction: The purpose of this study is the amount of sound pollution in the region 5 of Tehran.This area because the population density, residential neighborhood with various highway, too manytraffic and transportation are important for attention.Material and method More

Introduction: The purpose of this study is the amount of sound pollution in the region 5 of Tehran.This area because the population density, residential neighborhood with various highway, too manytraffic and transportation are important for attention.Material and method: This study was done in mordad and tir mounts in 1390 that in 61 stations onthree state in peak hour traffic that sounds parameters were measured then getting into GIS software ofdata geograpic and layers of information to provide amount of pollution in the region, was determinedisruption of sound pollution, critical point and the regions whithout sound pollution. In this studyused 260 questionnaire.Results: The average of Equivalent Noise level (Leq) in the the region 5 of Tehran was 72.3 dB(A)that maximum valu of Leq have been registered in station bridge to the air industry in amount of 80.7dB(A) and the least amount registered in the station kohsar park in amount of 55.9dB(A) alsomaximum amount of the indexes sounds (L90, L10) Traffic Noise Index (TNI) and Level of NoisePollution (LNP) each respective values 90 dB(A), daneshgahe elmi va carbordi station, 80.3 dB(A)Tehran- karaj highway station and 106.2dB(A) station of ferdos- aghil and 92.2 dB(A) in thedaneshgahe elmi va karbordi station respectively.Conclusion: As the results show in all of the stations of measurement of noise, Equivalent NoiseLevel was measured more than the day standard level of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Classifying Gas Companies for HSE Performance Using MADM Technique
Nabiollah Mansouri Shabnam Azimi Hosseini

Introduction: Oil and gas industry with respect to the quality and quantity of raw materials,intermediate and final products, as well as having three properties of high complexity , low flexibilityand high vulnerability are critical industries and occurrence of an event More

Introduction: Oil and gas industry with respect to the quality and quantity of raw materials,intermediate and final products, as well as having three properties of high complexity , low flexibilityand high vulnerability are critical industries and occurrence of an event in aspects of human,environmental and economic can be disaster. The overall benefits of this research could be defined asassessing the HSE performance quantitatively based on the multi attributes decision making method inorder to create a motivation for different gas companies to make them improve themselves.Material and method: This work started with observing the processes of the sites of 4 groups ofcompanies in the Iran National Gas Company namely: Provincial Gas, Development & Engineering,Gas Distribution and Refinery, gathering and classifying the effective parameters on HSEmanagement system along with hard-work parameters too. Then the data was analyzed with TOPSISmethod.Results: Analyzing gathered data and indexes by TOPSIS was resulted to ranking the studiedcompanies as follow: with the final score of 0.74, 0.55, 0.40 and 0.19 from 1 respectively.Conclusion: In this study to compare the performance of the gas companies, 29 indicators (23 HSEindicators, and 6 indicators of hard work) were developed and TOPSIS method were used to rankmentioned companies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Effects of pH controlling to enhance the electrokinetic coupled with nZVI barrier, for remediation of Cr (VI) contaminated kaolinite
Sara Mirzaie Mohsen Saeedi Nader Shariatmadari Hossein Fakhraee

Introduction:Contamination of soils by heavy metals has become an important issue inenvironmental problems. Chromium contamination has been found in industrial areas and occurs intwo oxidation states in soils: Cr (VI) as a toxic metal by significantly high mobility and More

Introduction:Contamination of soils by heavy metals has become an important issue inenvironmental problems. Chromium contamination has been found in industrial areas and occurs intwo oxidation states in soils: Cr (VI) as a toxic metal by significantly high mobility and Cr (III) as anontoxic with lower mobility compared to Cr (VI) which strongly adsorbed onto soils.Material and methods: Electrokinetic (EK) coupled with permeable reactive barriers (PRB)-particularly nano scale zero valent iron (nZVI)- is among innovative technologies of soil remediation.The effectiveness of pH controlling at EK process reservoirs, in the case of electrokinetic-nZVI barrieris investigated in the present study.Results: the research showed that the reduction efficiency could be improved to 20% when nZVIbarrier is used. pH value in EK-nZVI experiments was maintained at 2 and 4 in anode reservoir aswell as anode-cathode reservoirs. The results revealed that in lower pH conditions, the reductionefficiency was improved up to 82%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Determination of Diesel Index of biodiesel fuel Produced from Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Composition by ASTM D-611
Saleh Mohamadi Bahman Najafi

Introduction: One of the quality parameters of combustion is Diesel index (DI) that Indicating thedegree and quality of diesel fuel. One of the methods that can be measured this parameter withoutspending too much time is the ASTM D 611 standard.Material and Methods: In More

Introduction: One of the quality parameters of combustion is Diesel index (DI) that Indicating thedegree and quality of diesel fuel. One of the methods that can be measured this parameter withoutspending too much time is the ASTM D 611 standard.Material and Methods: In this study to produce biodiesel fuel was used ethanol and bytransesterification method from seven kinds of vegetable oils (corn, soybean, rice bran, grape seed,olive, sunflower and rapeseed) method was used. In order to get the diesel index, determination ofaniline point and the API degree is required. Therefor Aniline point was evaluated by ASTM D611-04.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the values of index of diesel fuels produced formfrom Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Composition are in 38-45 range. While the DI value of diesel fuel is51.56. Also, the results presented that the low values of density of biodiesel fuels is reduced thedegree of API. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Geostatistical Analysis of Scaling and Corrosion Potential in the Lordegan Aquifer
Yaser Ostovari Habib Beigi-Harchegani Alireza Davoudian

Introduction: An important aspect of water quality is the potential for scaling and corrosion. Theoccurrence of either of these two phenomena can increase maintenance costs and shorten the lifespanof the water supply and distribution systems as well as impair water hygi More

Introduction: An important aspect of water quality is the potential for scaling and corrosion. Theoccurrence of either of these two phenomena can increase maintenance costs and shorten the lifespanof the water supply and distribution systems as well as impair water hygiene and aesthetics.Materials and methods: The main goals of this study were to evaluate the potential for corrosionand/or scaling of the groundwater of the Lordegan aquifer, and to map relevant indices. For thispurpose, data from 32 wells, five qanats and five springs, all located in the Lordegan plain, were usedto calculate Langelier saturation and Ryznar stability indices. Kriging interpolation method was usedto create maps of the stability indices.Results and Discussion: Based on the Langelier index, 93 percent of samples had low to moderatepotential for scaling and only 7 percent of the samples had high potential for scaling. Based on theRyznar index, 6 percent of samples had less to moderate corrosion potential and 38 percent of thesamples had a high potential for corrosion. In general, due to the presence of carbonatic geologicalformations, the scaling potential of this groundwater is dominant over its corrosion potential. Basedon the Langelier index, 76 percent of the Lordegan aquifer area (i.e. 4500 ha) has low scaling potentialand based on the Ryznar index 84 percent of the Lordegan aquifer area (i.e. 5040 ha) has low tomoderate corrosion potential. Overall, scaling or corrosion in drinking water and drip irrigationsystems does not seem to be a significant problem. These results, however, only pertain to normalwater temperature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Environmental risk management and assessment of Tehran urban & suburban metro by using EFMEA method (Case study: Sadeghieh terminal)
Sepideh Ghaderi Azarnoosh Rahimi Mohsen Hedayatifar Seyed Mohammad Arab Najafi

Introduction:Tehran urban & suburban metro is one of the most crowded public transports that activein 5 main line and Four terminals (Sadeghieh terminal, Mehrshahr terminal, Fathabad terminalandDardashtterminal) are considered for periodic major and semi-essential r More

Introduction:Tehran urban & suburban metro is one of the most crowded public transports that activein 5 main line and Four terminals (Sadeghieh terminal, Mehrshahr terminal, Fathabad terminalandDardashtterminal) are considered for periodic major and semi-essential repairs activities, trainsmaintenance and …. Sadeghieh Terminal as a one of the largest and most strategic metro terminals isactive at the western end of the Tehran Metro Line 2.The aims of this paper is assessing and managingthe environmental risks of Sadeghieh terminal activities with the use of EFMEA method.Material and method: The EFMEA method is a qualitative method that aims to identify andprioritize environmental aspects.Results: The evaluation results shown 46 environmental risks were identified and 8/7 % of risks withlow level, 78/3% of risks with medium level and 13% of risks with high level.Conclusions: The highest risk number is 150 that refer to washing trains activities and sanitary wateruses in Sadeghieh terminal. The proposed corrective action to prevent water waste is collection andtransport wastewater to treatment plant and reuse of produced water. Another proposed correctiveaction to prevent groundwater pollution is collection and transport wastewater to urban wastewatercollection system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The determination of N: P ratio in Cyanobacterial bloom of Anabaena flos- aquae in the Caspian Sea, Iran in situ
Maryam Fallahi S.Mohammad Reza Fatemi Ali Mashinchian Atoosa Noori Koupaei

Introduction: The aim of this study is determining the N: P ratio which causes the maximum bloomof toxic cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos- aquae of the Caspian Sea and finding the N: P ratio thateliminates its bloom. To perfect this study, the effect of different phosphorus More

Introduction: The aim of this study is determining the N: P ratio which causes the maximum bloomof toxic cyanobacteria: Anabaena flos- aquae of the Caspian Sea and finding the N: P ratio thateliminates its bloom. To perfect this study, the effect of different phosphorus concentrations on thegrowth level was also inspected.Material and method: The experiments were carried out in situ (the temperature and light intensitywere kept at 25± 2 degrees centigrade and 3500± 350 lux respectively). Different N: P ratios andvarying phosphorus concentrations were applied as treatments with respect to logarithmic calculations.Three replicates were considered for each treatment and one control (Zinder media). The laboratoryexperiments lasted 96 hours. Visual counting at the start and end of the experiments were carried outto assess the growth percentage.Results: In this project, Anabaena bloomed in Zinder media (control) with 9.9 μg/lit ofnitrogen, 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorous and the 0.0033N:1P ratio.N: P ratios of 15: 1 to 22: 1 resulted in the maximum bloom of Anabaena flos- aquae. The maximumlevel of growth percentage was reached to 5219.84± 1486.69 in 18.15N: 1P ratio with 53.72 mg/lit ofnitrogen and 2.96 mg/lit of phosphorus. The bloom ended at 218.86N: 1P.Studies on the effect of phosphorus concentration showed phosphorus concentration in Zinder media(2.96 mg/l) is the optimum value for Anabaena bloom.1- Associate Professor, Inland waters research institute, Bandar Anzali2- Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University3- Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University4- PhD. Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityAbstracts of Articles in EnglishJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.2, Summer 2015190Conclusion: The whole results indicate, although in the presence of enough phosphorusconcentration, Anabaena bloomed even with low nitrogen concentrations (9.9 μg/l in Zinder media)by fixing atmospheric nitrogen when enough phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations supplied withlow N: P ratio the maximum bloom intensity was observed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Investigation on Forest Canopy Gap Resultant Dead Woods in Intact Beech Forest (Case Study; Jamand Series- Golband)
Mohammadreza Pourmajidian Ghavamoddin Zahedi Amiri Hamid Jalilvand Mahdi Mirdar Harijani

Introduction: Dead woods cause forming natural canopy gap in forest stand and more essential forbiodiversity in forests, thus most research has been on protection and existence of dead wood in foreststand.Material and method: In this research by surveying the whole of f More

Introduction: Dead woods cause forming natural canopy gap in forest stand and more essential forbiodiversity in forests, thus most research has been on protection and existence of dead wood in foreststand.Material and method: In this research by surveying the whole of field surface of about 47 hectaresfrom one beech stand in Noshahr veisar forest, the canopy gap size and dead woods were measured.Total 14 dead woods were known in canopy gap surface that maximum number of kind samplingrelated to Fagus orientalis species. For measurement of dead wood decay degree, they were classifiedin 4 classifications.Result: Result showed according to low slope of the field, dead trees have large height and dbh thatcan show most dead trees were in longevity age. Also, the passing of time causes dead wood decaydegree to increase and it decreases canopy gap size. According to the conclusion, correlation of deadwoods decay degree with number of regeneration per hectare was significant at 5% level.Consolation: most of sampling from regeneration was measured at surface of canopy gap by deadwoods with decay degree of 3&4. Moreover, in this research canopy gap size was not significant at5% level with regeneration per hectare Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study the role of Communication media in environmental training from the viewpoint of teachers in schools of Sarpolzohab city
Tayebeh Shahbazi seyed Mohammad shobiri Bahman Zandi

IN today s world the environment preservation is considered as one of the majorcomponents of justice and stable development .the very concept and definition of justice connotes thisright and access to it so far as the destruction and pollution of the environment inflict More

IN today s world the environment preservation is considered as one of the majorcomponents of justice and stable development .the very concept and definition of justice connotes thisright and access to it so far as the destruction and pollution of the environment inflicts irreparabledamage on people not least the poor. The environment crisis has global dimensions .Enhancing thepublic culture of the environment preservation calls upon educating people of all walks of life,particularly adolescents as the societys bio-environmental harbingers. this research has beenundertaken in the interest of upgrading the public awareness of the environment preservation under thetitle of "the effect of mass media on bio-environmental education from the standpoint of secondaryschool teachers in the city of sar-pole zahab".the statistical society of the research comprised thesecondary school teachers of the city of sar pole zahab (201 members) out of wich 100 were selected.Material and method: the means of the research was the researcher-made questionnaire assessed byway of the simple random sampling. The questionnaire was then handed out among the samplemembers and their responses were collected. following this the questions of the questionnaire as wellas the four variables of the research( The effect of the media on realizing the environment, spreadingthe bio-environmental events on the part of the media, the hnfiuence of the media on the awarenessand attitude of students with regard to environment, the hnfluence of the media on the behavior andactivities of students as regards the environment were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics(absolute, relative and accumulative frequencies) and non-parametric binomial test.Result: the findings hmplied that answering all the questions on the effect of the mass media onextending the public awareness of the bio-environmental concerns(the eighth question of thequestionnaire concerning the encouraging and rewarding the exemplary environment preservingstudents)was approved with over% 60 with respect to the variables of the research, except thevariables understanding the environment and positive attitude at the significance level of 5%,the zerohhypothesis was not rejected and the effect of the media education on the awareness and attitude ofstudents was approved at 70% or less. Considering the other variables (The effect of media education1- MSc in Curriculum, Payam Nour University, Tehran.2- Assistant Professor, Payam Nour University, Tehran.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.2, Summer 2015193on spreading the bio-environmental events, the effect of media education on the behavior andactivities of students concerning the environmental preservation), the zeroth hypothesis was rejected atthe significance of 5%showing that the effect of media education on these cases is effective with morethan 70%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Estimating the Recreational Value and Determining Effective Parameters on Willingness to Pay of Saint Stephanus Church Visitors by applying Two Stages Heckman Approach
Mohammad Khodaverdizadeh Babollah Hayati Hossein Raheli Mohammad Kavoosi Kalashami

Saint Stephanus church is one of the famous churches of North-West of Iran located in boarder ofAras River. Mentioned place is one the tourism and promenade zone in East Azerbaijan province thathas incredible potential and capacities due to its environmental perspective More

Saint Stephanus church is one of the famous churches of North-West of Iran located in boarder ofAras River. Mentioned place is one the tourism and promenade zone in East Azerbaijan province thathas incredible potential and capacities due to its environmental perspective and recreational aspect.So, investigating recreational value of this place could be useful in predicting needs, removingscarcities and development of tourism industry in East Azerbaijan province. The main characteristic ofpresent study was separating effective parameters for existence of recreational value and wtp levels byapplying two stages Heckman approach. Requested data set were obtained by completingquestionnaires and interviewing with 317 individuals who visit mentioned church in 2008. Resultsrevealed that variables include revenues, education, family size and dummy variable of sex wereeffective on existing of wtp and variables such as revenues, family size, education, age and dummyvariable of satisfying with welfare facilities were dominant on wtp level. Mean wtp for each visitoracquired 4800 RLs per year and annual recreational value of Saint Stephanos church was 1344 millionRLs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Analysis of urban green space and the optimal location using raster calculator (Case Study: 3rd Mashhad Municipality Zone)
Baratali Khakpor Mahdi Kazemi Biniaz Amir Asadi Mohammad Mohsen Razavi

City parks are one of the most important urban land use and states of their distributionin city has high important in city. Zone 3 of municipal Mashhad in terms of city green space has noappropriate status so that green space per capita is 1.7 that it is away from unite More

City parks are one of the most important urban land use and states of their distributionin city has high important in city. Zone 3 of municipal Mashhad in terms of city green space has noappropriate status so that green space per capita is 1.7 that it is away from united nation standardsand also this district in comparison to Mashhad (with 9.8 per capita) shows low proportion whilethe district under study in terms of population is one of the most density of Mashhad districts cityparks in order to reduction and diminish shortage and deficiencies in this district.Material and method: For achieve this aim the lands of district must be valued based on criterionssuch as gray land, distance from educational and cultural institution, population density. Access to cityinfrastructure and city arteries and distance from parks and green space, than by using raster calculatormodel at Arc Gis .the required layers have provide and than have allocated a appropriate Weight toevery layer upon their in locating green space.Results: the 3rd zone Green space per capita is 1.7 meters, That demonstrate 774,347 square meterslack comparing with standard percapita. Considering high population density of this area, new greenspaces are needed.Conclusion: and Discussion: Base on results of combing the information layer land of district forchoosing the best place for making green space ,have prioritized .finally, the prioritized landcompared with land use map that had consistent with present land use . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Investigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrod Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics
Vahed Kiyani Jahangir Feghhi

Introduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of More

Introduction: Awareness of the types of land cover and human activities as a data base of planning isimportant, which for optimum use of natural resources in sustainable development way to aware ofecological resources in limited time and minimum cost needed. The aim of this study has beenInvestigation of Cover/Land Use Structure of Sefidrood Watershed by Landscape Ecology Metrics.Material and method: In this study cover/land use maps of watershed with the goal Sefidrood paperusing Arc GIS 9.2 software maps the desired category and eventually became relevant measures usingsoftware Fragstat 3.3 were extracted. Measures used in the grade level (the user) in this studymeasures grade level, percentage area, the number of spots, total margin, shape, Land, the largestspots, the average level of spot, average spot shape index and mean nearest neighbor distances wereEuclidean.Results: Index numbers to measure tear stains classes used in this study, the largest number of spotsand tear, ie the most agriculture-related classes (691) and the lowest dissociation related to the forestclass (30), respectively. The highest rating land to grassland class (39/56) had the spots are moredispersed than classes and the lowest to the forest class (10/78) and in the forest of stain lessdispersion of have. The highest mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance of the amount of disruptionpieces spots shows a class related to the agricultural class (6747/32 m) and the lowest value was to theforest class (908/32).Conclusion: User disruption in agriculture is the highest amount of fragmentation can therefore beconcluded their relationship with their collection has been discontinued and the notion that this isagricultural land have less integrity (fragmented more disruption) than other classes. The use ofrenewable resources should be a way that do not cause disturbs the balance of the environment, becusethe change in resources due to changes in ecological structure and function of Landscape is impressivein the area. However, applying principles of landscape ecology gives an initial assessment in thelandcape ecological scale that on the way for rapid assessment and scientific use and emphasizedservices of the nature, The prioritization each of the pathes is based on their quality. So suggestedutilization princpel of landscape ecology to provide structural information to design and landuseplanning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Effect of of temperature and diet on growth and survival of Angel larvae (Pterophyllum scalare)
Soodabeh Abdolbaghian Abass Matinfar Shahla Jamili

Introduction: Considering the abundant profit of business of ornamental fishes, research has doneabout their Culture and Preservation this Study done for Survey of Suitable position of growth,Survival and introduction of Proper diet and temperature for Culture of Angel More

Introduction: Considering the abundant profit of business of ornamental fishes, research has doneabout their Culture and Preservation this Study done for Survey of Suitable position of growth,Survival and introduction of Proper diet and temperature for Culture of Angel fish fry (PterophyllumScalar).Material and method: In this study, Food treatments include dry blood worm, Artemia decapsulatedcyst and dry blood worm in addition to, Artemia decapsulated cyst.Three temperature at 27, 29 and 31 degree of centigrade were considered with nine repetition andThus 27 aquariums with 60 × 40 × 30 centimeter dimension were allocated for these treatment and atreatment with pollaki food and 28 degree of centigrade was used for the observing group. Thendegree of growth and survival of Angel fry was studied in 30 days.Results: The maximum Variation of length and weigh the treatment with and decopsulatedartemia cysts in oddition to, dry blood worm and the least one was the treatment with andArtemia decopsulated Cysts. The Maximum mean of Survival Percentage Belongs totemperature treatment and decapsulated Artemia Cyst in addition to dry blood warm resulting in81/212 0/877 and the minimum belogs to observant treatment which is 38/182 0 . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Revitalization and quality improvement of urban edges of creeks in Isfahan through lighting (Case study: Farshadi creek)
Fereshte Ahmadi HasanAli Laghaii Niloofar Yazdkhasti

Introduction: Creeks are considered one of the key elements of spatial structure of the city Isfahan andsince Safavid era, they have given Isfahan a distinctive feature, making it different from other Iranian cities.Creeks, as one of the active urban edges, have influen More

Introduction: Creeks are considered one of the key elements of spatial structure of the city Isfahan andsince Safavid era, they have given Isfahan a distinctive feature, making it different from other Iranian cities.Creeks, as one of the active urban edges, have influenced the formation and quality improvement ofsurrounding neighborhoods and for years they have created freshness, increased the readability of urbanspaces (finding directions and addresses), and created memories and a sense of belonging to a place. Intoday’s time, however, these identifying elements of city structure have lost their previous importance to alarge degree, especially in historical neighborhoods. Several factors including shortage or lack of water, andconsequently the decrease of green areas around the creeks and not using them as a public urban space,darkness and frightening areas near the walls of some creeks at night time have decreased the sense ofsecurity and reduced dynamic activities around the creeks. Therefore, the present research study aims atrevitalization and quality improvement of urban edges of creeks in Isfahan through lighting.Material and method: Using descriptive-analytical method, the present study has aimed at investigatingthe present conditions of Farshadi creek as a case study to propose strategies and measures for nighttimelighting and using color and light to give identity to the creek. These measures are extendable and can be usedfor other creeks and urban edges with similar features. As a result, the level of security will increase and lifeand activity will come back to neighborhoods at night and daytime.Results: In lighting, especial attention should be paid to the color of light, the direction of light, LED lamp,methods and modes of lighting, and locating lamps. In addition, special features and different perceptive,functional, physical, visual, social and economic characteristics and roles of each urban edge should be takeninto account in order to preserve the identity, roles and functions. By doing so, security and freshness willincrease in neighborhoods and the city will be active, attractive and green at any time of day and night.1- Department of urban planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture and urban planning, NajafAbad Branch,Islamic Azad University, NajafAbad, Isfahan, Iran.2- Associate Professor of Tehran University3- Department of urban planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture and urban planning, NajafAbad Branch,Islamic Azad University, NajafAbad, Isfahan, Iran.J.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.2, Summer 2015199Conclusion: Based on the present study, through using different lighting techniques and methods obtained bythe experiences of the world and Iran, as well as through using the creativity and participation of the publicand natives, appropriate lighting for creeks and urban edges can be designed and applied with the help ofmodern and economic techniques and knowledge. As a result, environmental, social, and economicsustainability of urban edges and creeks at nighttime and daytime can be achieved and activities, attractionand greenness of the city and neighborhoods can be preserved. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Role of In-Between Space in the Spatial Organization of Urban and Architectural Elements. Case Study: Tabriz City in Ghajar Period
Lida Balilan Asl Dariush sattarzadeh

Introduction: One of the major problems in the fabric of most cities in the world, is the crisis in theidentity of urban and architecture. The physical display of the identify crisis in the cities is the spatialseparation of the architectural and urban elements, in the More

Introduction: One of the major problems in the fabric of most cities in the world, is the crisis in theidentity of urban and architecture. The physical display of the identify crisis in the cities is the spatialseparation of the architectural and urban elements, in the particular and whole scales. As to the claimof this paper, an ignorance of the connective and in-between spaces is an important and impressivefactor in the physical identity crisis of the historical fabrics.Material and method: To obtain the mentioned objectives and to prove the hypothesis of theresearch, a phenomenological approach and historical analysis method are used to analyze the contentof the texts.Result & Discussion: The obtained results suggest that the in-between space due to its constructiveobjectives takes on an equivocal nature. It becomes both the process and the product. Thus, itcontributes to the formation process in order that a unified whole should emerge; it also helpssimultaneously the concepts be classified and take orientation. Therefore, in a rotational movement thein-between space influences the spatial organization through its impact on the basics and principles.On the other hand, through its spatial features such as space relations, the spatial organization isinfluential in the development and evolution of the in-between spaces. The result emphasizes on thecomprehensibility of the in-between spaces in the various urban and architectural scales, andconsequently it puts emphasis on the significance of the in-between spaces as the major factors in thespatial organization. Manuscript profile

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