Effect of Forest Roads on Biodiversity Regeneration of Tree Species
Subject Areas : environmental managementMaryam Bazyari 1 , Hamid Jalilvand 2 , Seyed Ataollah Hosseini 3 , Yahya kooch 4
1 - M.Sc.graduated, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Natural Resources and Agriculture Sciences of Sari, Iran. * ( Corresponding Author
2 - Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari agricultural and Natural Resorses University, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
Keywords: Regeneration diversity, Regeneration richness, evenness, Paved road, Un-paved road,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: The main purpose of natural resources management is protecting the biological variety and continuance of regeneration in the natural ecosystems. Natural regeneration is one of the most important factors in the survival and resistance of natural forests. Method: This study investigates the effects of forest roads on the changes of natural regeneration variety of wooden species from edges of forest roads towards their inner parts in three areas and two different paved and un-paved roads. Randomly, the similar conditions were identified according to topography, slope and direction. On the two sides of road, 2m×2m microplots were used for measuring differences and plants structures. Results: This study indicates that characters of different climates do not have significant difference in the up and down of road and in these three ereas. The only effective factor is condition which decreases when distance from road increases. Some light demanding spices, such as Quercus castaneifolia C.A.M.Browics Alnus subcordata (L), Gaertn & Menitsky and Diospyros lotus L., grow at the side of the roads. Conclusion: Generally, the rate of regeneration diversity and richness were higher at the sides of paved roads than at sides of un-paved roads.
1- Metslaid, M., Jo˜giste, K., Nikinmaa, E., Keith Moser, W., Porcar-Castell, A., 2007. Tree variables related to growth response and acclimation of advance regeneration of Norway spruce and other coniferous species after release. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
2- Smith, F., 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystem stability and economic development. Journal Ecological Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 191-203.
3- McMinn, J.W., 1992. Diversity of woody species 10 years after four harvesting treatment sinthe oakpine type. Canadian Journal Forest Research, Vol. 22, pp.1179-1183.
4- Roberts, M.R., and Gilliam, F.S., 1995. Patterns and mechanisms of Plant diversity in forested ecosystems: implications for forest management. Ecology Applied, Vol. 5, pp. 969-977.
5- Roberts, M.R., Zhu, L., 2002. Early response of the herbaceous layer to harvesting in a mixed coniferous-deciduous forest in New Brunswick, Canada. Forest Ecology and Managment, Vol. 155, pp. 17-29.
6- Swindel, B.F., Conde, L.F., Smith, J.E., 1984. Speciesdiversity: concept, measurement, and response to clear cutting and site preparation. Forest Ecology and Managment, Vol. 20, pp.195-208.
7- Nagaik, T., Kamitani, T., Nakshizuka, T., 2005. Effects of different forest management systems on plant species diversity in a Fagus crenata forested landscape of central Japan. Canadaian Journal Forest Reseasrch, Vol. 12(35), pp. 2832- 2840.
8- پوربابائی، حسن، «تنوع زیستی گونههای چوبی در جنگلهای استان گیلان(هیرکانی غربی)»، رسالۀ دکتری جنگلداری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکدۀ منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی نور، 1378؛ ص 264.
9- Forman, R.T.T., Alexander, l.e., 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 29, pp. 207-231.
10- Lamont, B.B., Rees, R., Witkowski, E., Whitten, V.A., 1994. Comparative size, fecundity and ecophysiology of roadside plants of Banksia hookeriana. Journal Applied Ecology, Vol. 31, pp. 137-144.
11- Parendes, LA., Jones, J.A., 2000. Role of light avalability and dspersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conserv, Vol. 14, pp. 64-75.
12- Gustavsson, T., 1990. Variation in road surface temperature due to topography and wind. Theor. Appl. Climatol, Vol. 41, pp. 227-236.
13- Hansen, M.J., Clevenger, A.P., 2005. The influence of disturbance and habitat on the presence of non-native plant species along transport corridors. Biological Conservation, Vol. 125, pp. 249–259.
14- ترابی- م، نجفی- ا، حسینی- م، معافی- م، عزتی- س، «مقایسه تنوغ زیستی و تراکم زادآوری درختی در دو ترانشه خاکبرداری و خاکریزی جادههای جنگلی »- سوّمین همایش ملّی جنگل، بهار 1388- تهران- ایران.
15- Goldblum, D., Beatty, S.W., 1999. Influence of and old/forest edge on a northeastern United States deciduous forest understory community. Journal of the Torrey botanical society, Vol. 4, pp. 335-343.
16- Nagaike, T,. 2003. Edge effects on stand structure and regeneration in a subalpian coniferous forest on Mt.Fuji, Japan, 30 years. Arctic Antarctic and Alpian Research, Vol. 4, pp. 454-459.
17- Nielsen, J.N., Severich, W., Fredericksen, T., Nabe-Nielsen, L.I., 2007. Timber tree regeneration along abandoned logging roads in a tropical Bolivian forest. New Forests, Vol. 34, pp. 31-40.
18- بینام، « طرح جنگلداری سری 4 لیرهسر حوزۀ 35 »، 1371، ص 236.
19- بینام، « طرح جنگلداری سری 1گلندرود حوزۀ 48 »، 1377، ص 342.
20- بینام، « طرح جنگلداری سری 2مکارود حوزۀ 36 »، 1377، ص 254.
21- کنت، مارتین، کاکر، پدی.(نویسندگان) مصداقی، منصور.(مترجم). «توصیف و تحلیل پوشش گیاهی». انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد 1380، ص 287.
22- Delgado, J.D., Arroyo, N.L., Arevalo, J.R, Fernández – Placios, J.M, 2007. Edge effects of roads on temperature, light, canopy cover, and canopy height in laurel and pine forests (Tenerife, Canary, and Islands). Landscape and Planning, vol. 81, pp.328-340.
23- Arevalo, J.R., Delgado, J.D., Otto, R., Naranjo, A., Salas, M., Fern´andez- Palacios, J.M., 2005. Exotic species in the roadside plant communities through an altitudinal gradient in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Perspect. Plant Ecology, vol. 7, pp.185 – 202.