Investigating the Remediation of Soils Polluted with Heavy Metals as a Case Study
Subject Areas :
Agriculture and Environment
Ramin Salmasi
1
,
Hamid Reza Pyrowan
2
1 - Assistant Professor, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Department, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran*(Corresponding Author).
2 - Associate Professor, Soil and Water Engineering Research Department, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Institute, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
Received: 2012-04-08
Accepted : 2012-09-11
Published : 2019-03-21
Keywords:
Fixation,
Remediation,
soil,
Pollutant,
Efficiency,
Abstract :
Abstract Background and Objective: Irrigation of the vegetables by polluted wastewater leads to accumulation of heavy metals in these plants. Heavy metals fixation in-situ using inorganic amendments is a method for reducing heavy metals absorption by plants. The goal of this study is to determine the efficiency of five types of amendments in heavy metals fixation in the waste-water-irrigated soils around Tabriz city. Method: For this purpose, solutions containing Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn were added to 0.5 g of five amendments including calcite, hematite, zeolite, illite, and bentonite and to 10 soil samples taken from the nortwest of Tabriz city. After shaking for 2 hours, concentration of these five elements in the solutions filtered by atomic absorption instrument was determined. The mean percentages of these elements were compared and the best amendments were determined by Dunkan method. Findings: There were significant differences among the amendments in terms of heavy metals retention. Calcite had the highest Cd, Ni, and Zn absorption capacities; hematite had the highest Cu and Pb absorption capacities; and illite had the least absorption capacity for the five elemnts. Calcite, zeolite, bentonite, and hematite showed a significantly higher Cd, Ni, and Zn absorbtion capacity (5%) as compared to the 10 soil samples. The highest Pb absorption capacity by calcite and hematite (without significant differences) were observed. Discussion and Conclusion: Calcite, hematite, and zeolite had the highest absorption of Cu. However, the highest absorption of Cu belonged to hematite with a significant difference of 5% as compared to the other two amendments. Among the five amendments, calcite and hematite showed a similar results and led to a significant increase in absorption capacity (by 5%) for the five pollutants when added to the 10 studied soil samples. These ammendments led to the reduced absorption and accumulation of the mentioned elements in the plants cultivated in the agricultural lands around Tabriz city.
References:
Reference
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Iskandar, I.J. 1989. Environmental restoration of metal contaminated soils, CRC Press.
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Klute, A., D.R. Nielson and R.D. Jackson. 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, SA, Madison, WI.
Zachara J.M., C.E. Cowan and C.T. Resch.1991. Sorption of divalent metals on calcite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55:1549-1562.
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Rybicka, E,W. Calmano and A. Breeger. 1995. Heavy metals sorption/desorption on competing clay minerals. Applied Clay Science, 9:369-381.
Xueyuan G. J. Evans, and S. J. Barabash, 2010. Modeling the adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn onto montmorilonite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74:5718-5728.
Puls, R.W. and L.B. Hinrich. 1998. Sorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn by kaolinite and montmorilonite suspensions. SSSA, 25:1289-1292.
Zaparro, M. and K. Miller. 2001. Lead, cadmium and calcium selectivity coefficients on montmorillonte, kaolinite and illite. J. Env. Qual., 3:250-252.
Freedman, Y.E., M. Magaritz and G.L. Long,. 1994. Interaction of metals with mineral surfaces in natural groundwater environment. Chemical Geology, 116:111-121.
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Gadepalle, V.P. 2009. Remediation of Cu and Cd in contaminated soils using compost with inorganic amendments. Water, Air, Soil Poll., 196:355-368.
Okhovvat, A., J. Mohammady. 2009. Investigation of bentonite effect in Pb and Cd adsorption. 11h Soil Sci. Con., 40-43 (In Persian).
Querol, X., A. Alastuey and N. Moreno. 2006. Immobilization of heavy metals in polluted soils by addition of zeolite material. Chemosphere, 62:171-180.
Mahmodabady, M. R., B. Atarody, Gh. Hadarabady, M. H. Sabery. 2009. 11h Soil Sci. Con., 77-80 (In Persian).
17. Chubin, R.G. 1981. Adsorption of Pb onto soil constituents. J. Env. Qual., 10:225-228.
26. Hamidpour, M., M. Afyuni, M. Kalbasi, A.H. khoshgoftarmanes and V.J. Inglezakis. 2010. Mobility and plant availability of Cd and Pb adsorbed on zeolite and bentonite. Applied Clay Science, 48:342-348 (In Persian).
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Reference
Prasad, M.N.V. 2008. Trace elements as contaminated and nutrients, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sherameti, I. 2006. Soil heavy metals, Springer Verlag.
Iskandar, I.J. 1989. Environmental restoration of metal contaminated soils, CRC Press.
Garau, L. 2002. In situ fixation of metals in soils using bauxite residue: chemical assessment. Env. Poll., 118:435-443.
Tse-Ming, L. 2004. Effect of chemical amendments on the concentration of Cd and Pb in long-term contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 57: 1459-1471.
Garcia-Sanchez, A., A. Alastuey and X. Querol. 1999. Heavy metal adsorption by different minerals: application to the remediation of polluted soils. Sci. Total Env., 242:179-188.
Chlopeka, B. and N. Adriano. 1997. Effects of amendments on heavy metal contents in maize. Soil Sci., 140:230-237.
Gworek, B. 1992. Lead inactivation in soils by zeolite. Plant Soil, 143:71-79.
Jalili, A., M. Jalali. 2009. Effects of organic and Chemical amendments on reduction of heavy metals transport in a polluted soil. 11h Soil Sci. Con., 23-26 (In Persian).
Taghipour, H. 2009. Invesigation of soil pollution of around of Tabriz city. Final report of Health and Nutrition Faculty, Medical Sci. of Tabriz university (In Persian).
Page, A.L., R. H. Miller, D.R. Keeny, D.E. Baker and J.D. Roads.1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, ASA, Madison, WI.
Klute, A., D.R. Nielson and R.D. Jackson. 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, SA, Madison, WI.
Zachara J.M., C.E. Cowan and C.T. Resch.1991. Sorption of divalent metals on calcite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55:1549-1562.
Sposito, G. 1989. The Chemistry of soils, Oxford University Press.
Rybicka, E,W. Calmano and A. Breeger. 1995. Heavy metals sorption/desorption on competing clay minerals. Applied Clay Science, 9:369-381.
Xueyuan G. J. Evans, and S. J. Barabash, 2010. Modeling the adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn onto montmorilonite. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74:5718-5728.
Puls, R.W. and L.B. Hinrich. 1998. Sorption of Cd, Ni, and Zn by kaolinite and montmorilonite suspensions. SSSA, 25:1289-1292.
Zaparro, M. and K. Miller. 2001. Lead, cadmium and calcium selectivity coefficients on montmorillonte, kaolinite and illite. J. Env. Qual., 3:250-252.
Freedman, Y.E., M. Magaritz and G.L. Long,. 1994. Interaction of metals with mineral surfaces in natural groundwater environment. Chemical Geology, 116:111-121.
Mench, M.J., V.L. Didier, M. Löffer, A. Gomez and P. Masson. 1994. A mimicked in situ remediation study of metal contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. J. Environ. Qual., 23:58-63.
Kumpiene, J., A. Lagerkvist and C. Maurice. 2008. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments- A review. Waste Mana., 12:215-225.
Gadepalle, V.P. 2009. Remediation of Cu and Cd in contaminated soils using compost with inorganic amendments. Water, Air, Soil Poll., 196:355-368.
Okhovvat, A., J. Mohammady. 2009. Investigation of bentonite effect in Pb and Cd adsorption. 11h Soil Sci. Con., 40-43 (In Persian).
Querol, X., A. Alastuey and N. Moreno. 2006. Immobilization of heavy metals in polluted soils by addition of zeolite material. Chemosphere, 62:171-180.
Mahmodabady, M. R., B. Atarody, Gh. Hadarabady, M. H. Sabery. 2009. 11h Soil Sci. Con., 77-80 (In Persian).
17. Chubin, R.G. 1981. Adsorption of Pb onto soil constituents. J. Env. Qual., 10:225-228.
26. Hamidpour, M., M. Afyuni, M. Kalbasi, A.H. khoshgoftarmanes and V.J. Inglezakis. 2010. Mobility and plant availability of Cd and Pb adsorbed on zeolite and bentonite. Applied Clay Science, 48:342-348 (In Persian).
