Analyzing of Pollution and Damages in International Environmental Law
Subject Areas : environmental lowyalda khalatbari 1 , Davood Hermidas Bavand 2 , Ali Zare 3 , Seyed Abbas Poorhashemi 4
1 - PhD Student, Environmental Law, Department of natural resources and environment, Science and research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Visitng Professor of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran.
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Private law, College of law and Political Science, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Scientific Member & President of the Canadian Institute for International Law Expertise (CIFILE), Toronto, Canada.
Keywords: Compensation, International Responsibility, Environnemental Damage, Environnemental Pollution,
Abstract :
With increasing the global environmental hazards and lack of efficiency of international environmental law to prevent the environmental damages, one of the major concerns for environmental damage is to develop indicators of environmental damages. According to the Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international treatises are an important source of international law. Moreover, more than a thousand of bilateral or multilateral treatises and agreements on international environmental law show the place of the international treatise in international environmental law system. In this context, developing the indicators of environmental damages, in addition to prevent the environmental pollutions aims to establish the international responsibility in the environmental damages. Therefore, this study tries to analyze the possibility of developing indicators of environmental damage in international treatise, which is Important to improve the state's international responsibility in environmental damage cases.
1-Larsson, Marie Louise, “ Legal of the Environment and Envionmental Damage”. Estokholm Institute Law 1957 -2009 . pp155.158,159
2-پورهاشمی. سیدعباس و ارغند. بهاره، 1393، کلیات حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست، تهران نشر دادگستر.ص 2
3- Romppanen, Seita, : “Reflection on Environmental Responsibility with on emphasis on the Nord Stream pipeline in the Baltic Sea Area”. -LL.M in ntural Raesources Law and International Environmental Law ,Januery 2010 .p37,947 .
4- LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN EASTERN EUROPE, CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA (EECCA) : OECD 2012 -P 9
5-Springer, A L, Towards a meaningful concept of pollution in international law, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol 26 1977, et seq (hereinafter Springer 1977). pp 550 and 556-557/ See also C Redgwell, Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, Quantifying Environmental Harm, Marine Policy, March 1992, discussing pollution as damage.
6- Environmental Programe Agency- EPA
7- The Clean Air Act(CAA)
8-Environmental Dispute Resolution System in Japan. July 2011, Mitsuhisa YOSHIDA Examiner Environmental Dispute Coordination Commission, government of Japan. p6.
9-Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
10-The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), http://www.oecd.org/environment/
11-مشهدی .علی، 1389 ، ترمینولوژی حقوق محیط زیست، چاپ اول، تهران، انتشارات خرسندی،صص105.23.24
12- NOUMEA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE NATURAL) RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC REGION,Noumea24 November 1986
13- Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden enviromnet( Jedaa Convention 1982(.
14-Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol).
15-قانون 9 نوامبر2000 هلند راجع به دسترسی به اطلاعات زیست محیطی، حمایت از محیط زیست و ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی
16-مجموعه قوانین و مقررات محیطزیست
17-فتائی. ابراهیم، 1386، مقدمه ای بر شناخت محیط زیست، چاپ اول، اردبیل، انتشارات مهد تمدن. ص214
18- کاتوزیان. ناصر و انصاری. مهدی،تابستان 1387، مسوولیت ناشی از خسارت های زیست محیطی، فصل نامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره38 ، شماره 2.
19-زمانی. سید قاسم،1381 ، توسعه مسوولیت بین المللی در پرتو حقوق بین الملل محیط زیست، مجله پژوهش های حقوقی، شماره یک.ص44
20- Sands, Philippe, Principles of International Environmental Law, 2nd Edition, October 2003.p877
21- Romppanen, Seita, : “Reflection on Environmental Responsibility with on emphasis on the Nord Stream pipeline in the Baltic Sea Area”. -LL.M in ntural Raesources Law and International Environmental Law ,Januery 2010.p37.
22-Prieur Michel , “Droit de l’environnement”, 1avril 1996.
23-Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, Section 107(a)(4)(C)
24-LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN EASTERN EUROPE(EECCA).2012
25-Ghestin, Jacques. Jourdain, Patrice Geneviève Viney, , “Les effets de la responsibilite”, LGDJ 2001. P 178.
26-رجبی. عبدالله، 1388 ، بررسی معیارهای ویژه در طراحی نظام مسوولیت مدنی خسارات زیست محیطی، حقوق محیط زیست(نظریه ها و رویه ها)، چاپ اول، تهران، انتشارات خرسندی، صص 159.161
27- Brans Edward. H. P. Uilhoorn Mark. u : “liability for damage to public Natural Resources”,17 september 1997. Pp9-12.B.Sandvik:Miljoskadeansvar,p123
28- ضیایی بیگدلی. محمدرضا،1387، حقوق بین الملل عمومی، تهران، انتشارات گنج دانش، چاپ سی و دوم.صص 493-494
29-Hankin, Xue , “ Transboundery Damage in International Law”. Cambrige University Press. Frist puplished 2003p3.4
30- Brans Edward H.P. “Liability for Damage to Public Natural Resources under the 2004 EC Environmental Liability Directive Standing and Assessment of Damages”. E N V I R O N M E N T A L L A W R E V I E
W. E N V L R E V 7 ( 2 0 0 5 ).p107.
31- Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects,(Space Liability Convention 1972
32- the 1984 Protocol to the 1969 Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage imposes compensation for the cost.
33- T.Kuokkanen. Defining environmental damage in international and Nordic environmental law in The Legal Status of Individual in Nordic environmental law, Juridica Lapponica series 10.p53.
34- Sands, Philippe, Principles of International Environmental Law, 2nd Edition, October 2003.p877.
35- UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA1982.
36- موسوی. سید فضل الله و قیاسیان. فهیمه،بهار 1390، جبران خسارت زیست محیطی در حقوق بین الملل، فصل نامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 41،شماره 1.
37- Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities(CRAMRA)
38- رودیگر.ولفروم(نویسنده)،. پیوند حقوق بشر و محیط زیست؛ یک مسوولیت اجتماعی در عرصه بین الملل، ساعد، نادر(مترجم)،صص3.5.6
See the Sixth)39- Report of the Special Rapporteur to the ILC, Yearbook . .., 1990, Vol. II, Part One, pp. 96-97)
40-Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Cause during Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Navigation Vessels (CRTD)Geneva 10.10.1989
41- تقی زاده انصاری. مصطفی و فائقی راد. مونا، 1389، مسوولیت بین المللی دولت ها در حفاظت از محیط زیست، دو فصلنامه کانون وکلای دادگستری گیلان، سال دوم، شماره چهارم، ص 26.
42- The 1991 United Nations Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (the Espoo Convention) .
43- International Convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage (CLC1992)
44- International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Liability Convention).
45-The 1992 United Nations Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (the Helsinki Convention(.
46-Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Resulting from Activities Dangerous to the Environment . (Lugano,21,VI,1993) .
47- Addendum to European Committee on legal cooperation(CDCJ) (92) 50 (Provisional), p. 30
48- INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONON LIABILITY AND COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGE IN CONNECTION WITH THE CARRIAGE OF HAZARDOUSAND NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES BY SEA, (1996 HNS CONVENTION ).
49-International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001 London, 23 March 2001.
_||_