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Manuscript ID : JEST-1701-3351 (R2) Visit : 77 Page: 123 - 135

10.22034/jest.2019.24501.3351

Article Type: Original Research

Determination of social carrying capacity of coastal tourists(Case Study: Bandar Gaz)

Subject Areas : Coastal Management

Keramatollah  Ziari 1 (Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran)
Mohammad Reza  Rezvani 2 (Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran)
sajad  ferdowsi 3 (Ph.D. Candidate in Tourism, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. * (Corresponding Author))

Received: 2017-01-31 Accepted : 2017-05-22 Published : 2019-07-23

Keywords: Social carrying capacity, Coastal tourism, Image capture technology, Bandar Gaz,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Social carrying capacity of tourists refers to the degree of readiness admission congestion on their behalf and if the crowd is too much to bear it would degrade the quality of the experience. According to the present study has been conducted to determination of social carrying capacity of coastal of tourists. Method: The method of data analysis in this research is descriptive and analytical. Data collected by the library and field observations and questionnaires. To determination of Social carrying capacity of coastal tourists is used of image capture technology (ICT) and social norms curves and descriptive statistics. Findings: According to the results, social carrying capacity of coastal tourists in the study area is maximum of 2019 persons and at least 425 persons at a time. Also in the present situation at an average number of people on the beach are 1,246 persons. Discussion and Conclusion:With regard to the area of the study area, it was estimated that the maximum acceptable congestion in the study area is 2019 people; somehow that does not degrade the quality of the tourist experience. It also was to determine the minimum acceptable congestion 425 persons. In this regard, it was found that in the present circumstances there were 1,246 persons at a time in coastal areas, showing the number of tourists in beach of Bandar Gaz not more than the threshold of its social carrying capacity.

References:


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_||_

  1. Han Q, Dellaert BG, Van Raaij WF, Timmermans HJ. Visitors’ strategic anticipation of crowding in scarce recreational resources. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 2010 Nov 1;17(6):449-456.
    2.
  2. Lee H, Graefe AR. Crowding at an arts festival: Extending crowding models to the frontcountry. Tourism Management. 2003 Feb 1;24(1):1-1.
    3.
  3.  Weaver, C. L., Examining the influence of indicator variables on crowding and visitor exprience: A case study of white salmon river in washongton. Unpublished Master Disserttion, West Virginia University, Morgantown. 2010.
    4.
  4. Vaske, J. J., & Shelby, L. B., Crowding as a descriptive indicator and an evaluative standard: results from 30 years of research. Leisure Sciences, 2008; 30:111-126.
    5.
  5. Zeitlin, J. M., Percieved crowding and visitor support for use rationing: A reanalysis of existing data. Unpublished Master Disserttion, Utah State University, Logan. 2008.
    6.
  6. Fleishman L, Feitelson E, Salomon I. Behavioral adaptations to crowding disturbance: evidence from nature reserves in Israel. Leisure Sciences. 2007 Jan 1;29(1):37-52.
    7.
  7.  Grieser, K. A., Visitor perception of crowding, coping, and social carrying capacity: An explanatory study in the mohonk preseve. Unpublished Master Disserttion, State University of New York, Syracuse. 2005.
    8.
  8. Manning RE. What to do about crowding and solitude in parks and wilderness? A reply to Stewart and Cole. Journal of Leisure Research. 2003 Mar 1;35(1):107-118.
    9.
  9. Stewart WP, Cole DN. Number of encounters and experience quality in Grand Canyon backcountry: Consistently negative and weak relationships. Journal of Leisure Research. 2001 Mar 1;33(1):106-120.
    10.
  10.  Toohill, K. R., Perceptions of crowding and support for management alternatives to control river-use in the snake river corridor, lincoln and teton countries, wyoming. Unpublished Master Disserttion, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 1998.
    11.
  11. Saveriades A. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tourism management. 2000 Apr 1;21(2):147-156.
    12.
  12.  Coccossis, H., & Mexa, A., Tourism carrying capacity: Methodological considerations. In H. Coccossis, & A. Mexa, The challenge of tourism carrying capacity assessment: Theory and practice (pp. 55-90). England: Ashgate. 2004.
    13.
  13. Manning RE, Valliere WA, Wang B. Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences. 1999 Jun 1;21(2):97-115.
    14.
  14. Kuentzel WF, Heberlein TA. More visitors, less crowding: Change and stability of norms over time at the Apostle Islands. Journal of Leisure Research. 2003 Dec 1;35(4):349-371.
    15.
  15. Needham MD, Rollins RB, Wood CJ. Site‐specific encounters, norms and crowding of summer visitors at alpine ski areas. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2004 Nov;6(6):421-437.
    16.
  16. Vaske JJ, Donnelly MP. Generalizing the encounter--norm--crowding relationship. Leisure Sciences. 2002 Jul 1;24(3-4):255-269.
    17.
  17. Shelby B, Vaske JJ, Heberlein TA. Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences. 1989 Jan 1;11(4):269-291.
    18.
  18. Vaske JJ, Shelby B, Graefe AR, Heberlein TA. Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research. 1986 Jul 1;18(3):137-153.
    19.
  19. Donnelly MP, Vaske JJ, Whittaker D, Shelby B. Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research. Environmental Management. 2000 Apr 21;25(4):403-414.
    20.
  20. Shelby B, Vaske JJ, Donnelly MP. Norms, standards, and natural resources. Leisure Sciences. 1996 Jan 1;18(2):103-123.
    21.
  21.  Delavar, A., Methodology of Research in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran: Publishing Virayesh, 1996 (In Persian).
    22.
  22. Saroukhani, B., Research Methods in Social Sciences, Vol. 2: Insights and Techniques, Tehran: Research Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1998 (In Persian).
    23.
  23. Needham, M. D., Tynon, J. F., Ceurvorst, R. L., Collins, R. L., Connor, W. M., & Culnane, M. J. W., Recreation carrying capacity and management at Kailua beach Park on Oahu, Hawaii. Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative research program. Oregon State University, 2008.
    24.
  24. Da Silva CP. Beach carrying capacity assessment: how important is it?. Journal of Coastal Research. 2002 Mar; 36(sp1):190-207.
    25.
  25. Needham MD, Szuster BW, Bell CM. Encounter norms, social carrying capacity indicators, and standards of quality at a marine protected area. Ocean & coastal management. 2011 Aug 1;54(8):633-641.
    26.
  26. Ribeiro MF, Ferreira JC, Silva CP. The sustainable carrying capacity as a tool for environmental beach management. Journal of Coastal Research. 2011 Jan 1;64:1411-1414.
    27.
  27. Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography. 2011 Jul 1;31(3):1075-1081.
    28.
  28. Silva SF, Ferreira JC. Beach carrying capacity: The physical and social analysis at Costa de Caparica, Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research. 2013;65(sp1):1039-1044.
    29.
  29.  Hossein Zadeh, S. R., Erfanian, A., Determination of Coastal Tourism Carrying Capacity of Kish Island, Journal of Geography and Regional Urban Development, 2015; 16:181-200 (In Persian).
    30.
  30. Ziayee, M., Shekari, F., Social Carrying Capacity and Behavioral Responses of Visitors to the Congestion on Natural Sites, Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 2013; 6:30-51 (In Persian).
    31.
  31. Manning RE, Newman P, Valliere WA, Wang B, Lawson SR. Respondent self-assessment of research on crowding norms in outdoor recreation. Journal of Leisure Research. 2001 Sep 1;33(3):251-271.
    32.

 
 

 
 

 

 

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