Determination of Physical-Ecological Carrying Capacity of Coastal Tourism and its Effectiveness of Satisfaction of Tourists (Case Study: Bandar Gaz)
Subject Areas : Coastal Management
Keramatollah Ziari
1
(
Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
)
Mohammad Reza Rezvani
2
(
Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
)
sajad ferdowsi
3
(
Ph.D., Candidate in Tourism, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran* (Corresponding Author)
)
Keywords: Importance-Performance, Coastal tourism, Satisfaction, Physical-Ecological Carrying Capacity,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Carrying capacity is one of the issues which are considered the goals of sustainable tourism. Accordingly, present study was conducted to determine the physical-ecological carrying capacity of beach of Bandar Gaz and effectiveness of the tourists' satisfaction. Method: The method of data analysis in this research is descriptive and analytical. Data collected by the library and field observations and questionnaires. To determination of physical-ecological carrying capacity have been used from the instructions of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and also to understand the satisfaction level of tourists due to expectations from service performance to have been used from analysis Importance-Performance. Results: Based on the results, it is estimated to physical carrying capacity 7089 people, real carrying capacity 3863 people and the effective carrying capacity 1880 people per day. The results of analysis Importance-Performance show that among 24 indicators studied, there are 8 indicators in the second quarter, 14 in the first quarter and 2 indicators in the third quarter. Conclusion: According to the analysis Importance-Performance indicators more than 50 percent in the first quarter, indicating that most indicators of the respondents' views are very important but the performance of destination management has been weak in this regard that whereby effective carrying capacity than real carrying capacity has fallen 48.66 percent.
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2. Underwood, A. J. and Chapman, M. G. (Eds)., Coastal marine ecology of temperate Australia, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd, 1995.
3. Holliday, S., a partnership for sustainability the key to managing our precious coast (keynote address). n Eorobodalla Shire Council (Eds), Proceedings of the 8th Annual NSW Coastal Conference, Batemans Bay, NSW, November 10-13, 1998.
4. Maghsudi, M. The role of coastal landforms in tourism development, 2003; 1:113-127 (In Persian).
5. Pourokhshury, Z., Optimal Environmental Development Strategies in Coastal Tourism, Tehran: Publications of Environmental Conservation Organization, 2001 (In Persian).
6. Mohseni, R., Sustainable Tourism in Iran Functions Challenges and Solutions, Journal of Geographic Space, 2009; 28:173-149 (In Persian).
7. Ghadami, R., Rezayee, N., Sanayeie, M., Investigating the Coastal Tourism Carrying Capacity in the Framework of Social and Security, Journal of Disciplinary knowledge of Mazandaran, 2011; 5: 9-30 (In Persian).
8. Friesen, S. S., Sustainable Tourism Development, A master's Degree Project, the university of Calgary, Faculty of Environmental Design (planning), 1997.
9. Baum, T., The Fascination of Islands: A Tourist Perspective, University of Buckingham, The North Atlantic Islands Programmer of the Institude Ofisland Studies at The University of Prince Edward Island, 1998.
10. Abernethy VD. Carrying capacity: the tradition and policy implications of limits. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics. 2001 Jan 1;2001(1):9-18.
11. Papageorgiou K, Brotherton I. A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Journal of Environmental management. 1999;56(4):271-84.
12. UNEP/PAP., Guidelines for carrying capacity assessment for tourism in Mediterranean coastal areas, Turkey: Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity, 1997.
13. Cooke K. Guidelines for socially appropriate tourism development in British Columbia. Journal of travel research. 1982 Jul;21(1):22-8.
14. Getz D. Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning. Annals of Tourism Research. 1983 Jan 1;10(2):239-63.
15. Ghaderi, Z., Principles of Planning of Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism, Tehran: Municipalities and village administrators of Country, 2004 (In Persian).
16. Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography. 2011 Jul 1;31(3):1075-1081.
17. Delavar, A., Methodology of Research in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran: Publishing Virayesh, 1996 (In Persian).
18. Saroukhani, B., Research Methods in Social Sciences, Vol. 2: Insights and Techniques, Tehran: Research Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1998 (In Persian).
19. Cifuentes M. Determinación de capacidad de carga turística enáreas protegidas. Bib. Orton IICA/CATIE; 1992.
20. Ziari, K., Rezvani, M., Ferdowsi, S. (2019). Determination of social carrying capacity of coastal tourists (Case Study: Bandar Gaz), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019; 21(5):123-135 (In Persian).
21. Lascurain, H. C., Tourism, Eco-tourism and Protected Areas, The state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, xiv, 1996.
22. Tabibian, M., Sotoudeh, A., Shayesteh, K., Chalbianlou, R., An Investigation of the Concepts and Methods of Quantitative Estimation of Carrying Capacity and an Applied Example Based on the Experience of Strategic Planning of Tourism Development in the Abbasabad Valley Ganjnameh Hamedan, Journal of Fine Arts, 2007; 29:17-28 (In Persian).
23. Bera S, Majumdar DD, Paul AK. Estimation of Tourism Carrying Capacity for Neil Island, South Andaman, India. Journal of Coastal Sciences. 2015 Sep 2;2(2):46-53.
24. Rajan B, Varghese VM, Pradeepkumar AP. Beach carrying capacity analysis for sustainable tourism development in the South West Coast of India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management. 2013 Apr 1;63(1):67-73.
25. Ramezani, B., Ghaemi Rad, T., Designing the Tourism Planning of the Ancient Fortress of Ghaleh Rukhan Fouman-Guilan. Determining the Carrying Capacity of Environment, Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 2012; 1:19-30 (In Persian).
26. Meshkini, A., Eliaszadeh, S., Zabetian, A., Evaluation of Mehr Housing Projects Locating with Physical Environmental Approach Using Hierarchy Analysis Model Case Study Yazd Province, Journal of Urban Studies, 2012; 2:57-70 (In Persian).
27. Sheikh, A., Jafari, A., Yarali, N., Sotoudeh, A., Evaluation of Tourism Carrying Capacity of Gheisari Protected Area in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013; 5:51-63 (In Persian).
28. Hossein Zadeh, S. R., Erfanian, A., Determination of Coastal Tourism Carrying Capacity of Kish Island, Journal of Geography and Regional Urban Development, 2015; 16:181-200 (In Persian).
29. Movahedi, S., Amani, H., Bani Kamali, S., Identification and Calculation of the Carrying Capacity of Zones of Ecotourism Development in the Sabalan Region, Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 2013; 49:141-154 (In Persian).
30. Rezaei, P., Ghahremani, N., Evaluation of the Carrying Capacity determination the uses of Tourism Complex, Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 2015; 31:85-102 (In Persian).
31. Pourahmad, A., Mirzai Qaleh, F., Orouji, H. Alizadeh, M., Investigating and Determining Tourism Carrying Capacity in Qeshm Island for Sustainable Tourism Development, National Conference of Persian Gulf, 2012 (In Persian).
32. Alizadeh, M., Orouji., H., Molayee, Q. Jafari, R. Determination of Tourism Carrying Capacity in Kan and Sulghan for Conservation of Natural Resources, National Congress of Geography Students of country, 2011 (In Persian).
33. Jomepour, M. and Namayandeh, A. Assessing Ecotourism Potential and Capacity of Desert District of Maranjab Kashan, Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2012; 1:45-72 (In Persian).
34. Cisneros MA, Sarmiento NV, Delrieux CA, Piccolo MC, Perillo GM. Beach carrying capacity assessment through image processing tools for coastal management. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2016 Oct 1;130:138-47.
35. Pouryazdi, S. And Malekian, S., Estimating the Tourism Carrying Capacity of Urban Parks in Qom, Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical sciences, 2013; 30:211-228 (In Persian).
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1. Mousavi, M., Hekmat Nia, h., Abdollah Zadeh, M., Coastal Tourism Nature and Concepts, Tehran: Arad Book Publishing, 2015 (In Persian).
2. Underwood, A. J. and Chapman, M. G. (Eds)., Coastal marine ecology of temperate Australia, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd, 1995.
3. Holliday, S., a partnership for sustainability the key to managing our precious coast (keynote address). n Eorobodalla Shire Council (Eds), Proceedings of the 8th Annual NSW Coastal Conference, Batemans Bay, NSW, November 10-13, 1998.
4. Maghsudi, M. The role of coastal landforms in tourism development, 2003; 1:113-127 (In Persian).
5. Pourokhshury, Z., Optimal Environmental Development Strategies in Coastal Tourism, Tehran: Publications of Environmental Conservation Organization, 2001 (In Persian).
6. Mohseni, R., Sustainable Tourism in Iran Functions Challenges and Solutions, Journal of Geographic Space, 2009; 28:173-149 (In Persian).
7. Ghadami, R., Rezayee, N., Sanayeie, M., Investigating the Coastal Tourism Carrying Capacity in the Framework of Social and Security, Journal of Disciplinary knowledge of Mazandaran, 2011; 5: 9-30 (In Persian).
8. Friesen, S. S., Sustainable Tourism Development, A master's Degree Project, the university of Calgary, Faculty of Environmental Design (planning), 1997.
9. Baum, T., The Fascination of Islands: A Tourist Perspective, University of Buckingham, The North Atlantic Islands Programmer of the Institude Ofisland Studies at The University of Prince Edward Island, 1998.
10. Abernethy VD. Carrying capacity: the tradition and policy implications of limits. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics. 2001 Jan 1;2001(1):9-18.
11. Papageorgiou K, Brotherton I. A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: the case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Journal of Environmental management. 1999;56(4):271-84.
12. UNEP/PAP., Guidelines for carrying capacity assessment for tourism in Mediterranean coastal areas, Turkey: Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity, 1997.
13. Cooke K. Guidelines for socially appropriate tourism development in British Columbia. Journal of travel research. 1982 Jul;21(1):22-8.
14. Getz D. Capacity to absorb tourism: Concepts and implications for strategic planning. Annals of Tourism Research. 1983 Jan 1;10(2):239-63.
15. Ghaderi, Z., Principles of Planning of Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism, Tehran: Municipalities and village administrators of Country, 2004 (In Persian).
16. Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia de Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography. 2011 Jul 1;31(3):1075-1081.
17. Delavar, A., Methodology of Research in Psychology and Educational Sciences, Tehran: Publishing Virayesh, 1996 (In Persian).
18. Saroukhani, B., Research Methods in Social Sciences, Vol. 2: Insights and Techniques, Tehran: Research Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 1998 (In Persian).
19. Cifuentes M. Determinación de capacidad de carga turística enáreas protegidas. Bib. Orton IICA/CATIE; 1992.
20. Ziari, K., Rezvani, M., Ferdowsi, S. (2019). Determination of social carrying capacity of coastal tourists (Case Study: Bandar Gaz), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2019; 21(5):123-135 (In Persian).
21. Lascurain, H. C., Tourism, Eco-tourism and Protected Areas, The state of nature-based tourism around the world and guidelines for its development, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, xiv, 1996.
22. Tabibian, M., Sotoudeh, A., Shayesteh, K., Chalbianlou, R., An Investigation of the Concepts and Methods of Quantitative Estimation of Carrying Capacity and an Applied Example Based on the Experience of Strategic Planning of Tourism Development in the Abbasabad Valley Ganjnameh Hamedan, Journal of Fine Arts, 2007; 29:17-28 (In Persian).
23. Bera S, Majumdar DD, Paul AK. Estimation of Tourism Carrying Capacity for Neil Island, South Andaman, India. Journal of Coastal Sciences. 2015 Sep 2;2(2):46-53.
24. Rajan B, Varghese VM, Pradeepkumar AP. Beach carrying capacity analysis for sustainable tourism development in the South West Coast of India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management. 2013 Apr 1;63(1):67-73.
25. Ramezani, B., Ghaemi Rad, T., Designing the Tourism Planning of the Ancient Fortress of Ghaleh Rukhan Fouman-Guilan. Determining the Carrying Capacity of Environment, Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 2012; 1:19-30 (In Persian).
26. Meshkini, A., Eliaszadeh, S., Zabetian, A., Evaluation of Mehr Housing Projects Locating with Physical Environmental Approach Using Hierarchy Analysis Model Case Study Yazd Province, Journal of Urban Studies, 2012; 2:57-70 (In Persian).
27. Sheikh, A., Jafari, A., Yarali, N., Sotoudeh, A., Evaluation of Tourism Carrying Capacity of Gheisari Protected Area in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Journal of Applied Ecology, 2013; 5:51-63 (In Persian).
28. Hossein Zadeh, S. R., Erfanian, A., Determination of Coastal Tourism Carrying Capacity of Kish Island, Journal of Geography and Regional Urban Development, 2015; 16:181-200 (In Persian).
29. Movahedi, S., Amani, H., Bani Kamali, S., Identification and Calculation of the Carrying Capacity of Zones of Ecotourism Development in the Sabalan Region, Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 2013; 49:141-154 (In Persian).
30. Rezaei, P., Ghahremani, N., Evaluation of the Carrying Capacity determination the uses of Tourism Complex, Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 2015; 31:85-102 (In Persian).
31. Pourahmad, A., Mirzai Qaleh, F., Orouji, H. Alizadeh, M., Investigating and Determining Tourism Carrying Capacity in Qeshm Island for Sustainable Tourism Development, National Conference of Persian Gulf, 2012 (In Persian).
32. Alizadeh, M., Orouji., H., Molayee, Q. Jafari, R. Determination of Tourism Carrying Capacity in Kan and Sulghan for Conservation of Natural Resources, National Congress of Geography Students of country, 2011 (In Persian).
33. Jomepour, M. and Namayandeh, A. Assessing Ecotourism Potential and Capacity of Desert District of Maranjab Kashan, Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 2012; 1:45-72 (In Persian).
34. Cisneros MA, Sarmiento NV, Delrieux CA, Piccolo MC, Perillo GM. Beach carrying capacity assessment through image processing tools for coastal management. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2016 Oct 1;130:138-47.
35. Pouryazdi, S. And Malekian, S., Estimating the Tourism Carrying Capacity of Urban Parks in Qom, Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical sciences, 2013; 30:211-228 (In Persian).