Study of defense mechanism of microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis infected by Paraphysoderma sedebokerensis

Subject Areas : Developmental biology of plants and animals , development and differentiation in microorganisms

Bahareh Nahidian ¹ , Faezeh Ghanati ² , Maryam Shahbazi ³ , neda Soltani ⁴ , Morteza Gholami ⁵

1 - PhD candidate of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Tarbiat modares University
2 - Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), POB 14115-154
3 - Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
4 - Department of Petroleum Microbiology, Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
5 - Chemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Golestan University, Golestan, Iran.

Received: 2018-01-08 Accepted : 2018-02-23 Published : 2017-11-22

Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, hydrogen peroxide, Chytrid, Free intracellular amino acids, Haematococcus pluvialis,

Abstract :

In the present study, the first early physiological responses of the green micro algae Haematococcus pluvialis during infection by chytrid Paraphysoderma sedebokerensis was studied. To this end, the palmeloid form of Haematococcus pluvialis was cultivated for two days in three media including the medium infected with chytrid (chyt) and the culture of chytrid infected (IBS) and uncontaminated (HBS) cells. Then, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, extracellular peroxide, and free intracellular enzymes were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC techniques. The activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the chytrid infected cells after 24, 24, and 48 h was 2.3, 6.7, and 2.6 times higher those of control. These values for the cells cultivated with the infected media after 12, 12, and 36 h was found to be 2.1, 2.5, and 2.6 times higher than control. The extracellular peroxide content in the algae cultivated with the contaminated media was nearly constant and about 4 fold of the other specimens; while those of chytrid infected cells was slightly increased from 1.3 to 1.8 μM during 48 h cultivation. Amino acids histidine, alanine, asparagine, aspatic acid, arginine, and methionine were of the highest and the phenylalanine and tryptophan were of the lowest content. These results can be attributed to the cells defense response to chytrid infection thorough enhancement of peroxide content and activation of antioxidative pathways.

References:

[1]. Arakawa, T., Timasheff, S. N. 1985, The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes . Biophysical Journal, 47(3): 411-414.

[2]. Biermann, M., Bardl, B., Volstadt, S., Linnemann, J., Knupfer, U., Seidel, G., Horn, U. 2013, Simultaneous analysis of the non-canonical amino acids norleucin and norvaline in biopharmaceutical-related fermentation processes by a new ultra-high performance liquid choromatography approach Amino Acids, 44(4): 1225-1231.

[3]. Boubakri, H., Wahab, M. A., Chong, J., Gertz, C., Gandoura, S., Mliki, A., Bertsch, C., Soustre-Gacougnolle, I. 2013, Methionine elicits H2O2 generation and defense gene expression in grapevine and reduces Plasmopara viticola infection. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170: 15611568.

[4]. Carney, L.T., Sorensen, K. 2015, Methods for treating a culture of Haematococcus pluvialis for contamination using hydrogen peroxide, U.P. Office, Editor, Heliae Development LIc: USA.

[5]. Fassett, R.G., Coombes, J. S. 2009, Astaxanthin, oxidative stress, inflamation, and cardiovascular disease Future Cardiology, 5: 333-342.

[6]. Guerin, M., Huntley, M. E., Olaizola, M. 2003, Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition. Trends in Biotechnology, 21(5): 210-216.

[7]. Gutman, J., Zarka, A., Boussiba, S. 2011, Evidence for the involvement of surface carbohydrates in the recognition of Haematococcus pluvialis by the parasitic blastoclad paraphysoderma sedebokerensis Fungal Biology, 115(8): 803-811.

[8]. Gutman, J., Zarka, A., Boussiba, S. 2009, The host-range of Paraphysoderma sedebokerensis, a chytrid that infects Haematococcus pluvialis. European Journal of Phycology, 44(4): 509-514.

[9]. Han, D., Li, Y., Hu, Q. 2013, Astaxanthin in microalgae: Pathways, functions, and biotechnological implications. Algae, 28(2): 131-147.

[10]. Han, D., Wang, J ,.Sammerfeld, M., Hu, Q. 2012, Susceptibility and protective mechanism of motile and non motile cells of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae) to photooxidative stress. Journal of Phycology, 48: 693-705.

[11]. Hoffman, Y.A.C., Zarka, A., Gutman, J., James, T. Y., Boussiba, S. 2008, Isolation and characterization of a novel chytrid species (phylum blastocladiomycota), parasitic on the green alga Haematococcus. Mycology Research, 112: 70-81.

[12]. Jianguo, L., Xiaoli, Z., Yanhong, S., Wei, L. 2010, Antioxidative capacity and enzyme activity in Haematococcus pluvialis cells exposed to superoxide free radicals. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 28(1): 1-9.

[13]. Kazan, K., Manners, J. M. 2009, Linking development to defense: auxin in plant– pathogen interactions. Cell press, 14(7): 373-382.

[14]. Kim, D.-Y., Vijayan, D., Praveenkumar, R., Han, J.-I., Lee, K., Park, J.-Y., Chang, W.-S ,.Lee, J.-S., Oh, Y.-K. 2016, Cellwall disruption and lipid/astaxanthin extraction from microalgae: Chlorella and Haematococcus. Bioresource Technology, 199: 300-310.

[15]. Kumar, K., Mishra, S. K., Shrivastav, A., Park, M. S., Yang, J.-W. 2015, Recent trends in the mass cultivation of algae in raceway ponds. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51: 875-885

[16]. Olive, A.J., Sassetti, C. M. 2016, Metabolic crosstalk between host and pathogen: Sensing, adapting and competing. Nature Reviews: Microbiology, 14: 221-234.

[17]. Panis, G., Carreon, J. R. 2016, Commercial astaxanthin production derived by green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: A microalgae process model and a technoeconomic assessment all through production line .Algal Research, 18: 175190.

[18]. Sadeghnezhad, E., Sharifi, M., Zare- Maivan, H. 2016, Profiling of acidic (amino and phenolic acids) and phenylpropanoids production in response to methyl jasmonate-induced oxidative stress in Scrophularia striata suspension cells. Planta, 244 (1): 75-82.

[19]. Sahebjamei, H., Abdolmaleki, P., Ghanati, F. 2007, Effects of magnetic field on the antioxidant enzymes activities of suspension cultured tobacco cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 28(1): 42-47.

[20]. Sharma, P., Jha, A. B., Dubey, R. S., Pessarakli, M. 2012, Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defence mechanism in plant under stressful conditions. Journal of Botany, 2012: 1-27.

[21]. Takayama, M., Ezura, H. 2015, How and why does tomato accumulate a large amount of GABA in the fruit? Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 1-7

[22]. Udenigwe, C.C., Aluko, R. E. 2011, Chemometric analysis of the amino acid requirements of antioxidant food protein hydrolysates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12: 3148-316

[23]. Xi, T., Kim, D. G., Roh, S. W., Choi, J.-S., Choi, Y.-E. 2016, Enhancement of astaxanthin production using Haematococcus pluvilais with novel LED wavelength shift strategy. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100: 6231-6238.

[24]. Zeier, J. 2013, New insights into the regulation of plant immunity by amino acid metabolic pathways. Plant, Cell, and Environment, 36: 2085-2103.