Microscopic study of flower bud formation and development in almond

Subject Areas : Developmental biology of plants and animals , development and differentiation in microorganisms

Ali Imani ¹ ( Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran )
Samira Mofakhami Mehrabadi ² ( Department of Horticulture,Training and Education Organization of Tehran Province, Tehran, Iran )

Received: 2016-05-30 Accepted : 2016-08-10 Published : 2016-08-22

Keywords: flower bud, flower differentiation, flower initiation, Prunus amygdalus,

Abstract :

initiation and floral development stages in of early, middle and late blooming almond cultivars was investigated. Before flower initiation of almond trees, bud samples were taken every 10 days from May 31, 2007 up to anthisis in the next year. Sample collection ended when more than 50% of the dissected buds had pistils initiated. Bud samples were stored in solution FAA. For a detailed study the structure of meristem, tissues and reproductive and vegetative organs of the buds using histological procedure from buds fixed in FAA by microtome cuttings as thick slices 6µ. Results showed that flower induction (flatting of doming meristem) were done in 8, 18 and 31 August of 2007 in middle blooming cultivar (A93), early blooming cultivar (H-2) and late blooming cultivar (Ferragnes) respectively. Sepals primordia were stimulated in A93, H-2 and Ferragnes cultivars in 24 and 31 August and in 13 September, respectively. Petals primordial induction in H-2, A93 and Ferragnes cultivars were occurred in 13, 15 and 17 September of 2007, respectively. Stamens primordia induction in H-2, A93 and Ferragnes were evident in that order 1, 10 and 20 October of 2007. The pistil primordium in H-2, A93 and Ferragnes were evident 10, 21 and 31 October of 2007, respectively. Anthesis was observed in H -2, A93 and Ferragnes in 7 and 21 March and in 5 April 2008, respectively. In general, it was found that process floral formation stages in early, middle and late blooming almond cultivars particular the timing of flower induction between cultivars was not similar. 

References:

[1] حاجی لو، ج، گریگوریان، و. ، ناظمیه ع. و ولیزاده. م.  . مطالعه میکروسکوپی اندام زایی در زردآلوی 1380 رقم شصتمی یک. مجله دانش کشاورزی جلد 11 شماره 3 صفحات (39-46)

[2] Battey. L. 2000. The control of the annual growth cycle in raspberry. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 75:495–503.

[3] Bridget M. L., Joseph H., Roger A., Duncan M. V., Polito V. 2001. Almond flower development: Floral initiation and organogenesis. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 126(6):689–696.

[4] Brooks R.M. 1940. Comparative histogenesis of vegetative and floral apices in Amygdalus communis L.with special reference to the carpel. Hilgardia, 13:249–299. 70

[5] Buban T. Faust M. 1982. Flower bud induction in apple trees: Internal control and differentiation, p. 174–203. In: J. Janick (ed.). Horticultural reviews. Vol. 4 AVI Publishing Bustamente-Garcia M.A. 1980. Influence of different irrigation regimes on flower bud formation and development in peach trees. MS thesis, Univ. of Calif., Davis

[6] Castro J. 2003.Diferenncial floral en cinco cultivares de almendro en Chile. Inv. Agr. 30 (2): 79-87.

[7] Diaz D.H., Rasmussen H.P., Dennis F.G. 1981. Scanning electron microscope examination of flower bud differentiation in sour cherry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 106:513–515.

[8] Gales R., Preotu A., Toma C. 2010. Aspects of floral structure and morphogenesis in Melissa officinalis. Analele stiinŃifice ale UniversităŃii “Al. I. Cuza” Iasi Tomul LVI,fasc. 1, s. II a. Biologie vegetală

[9] Guimond C.M., Andrews P.K., Lang G.A. 1998. Scanning electron microscopy of floral initiation in sweet cherry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123: 509–512.

[10] Lin J., Shabany B., Ramos D. 1977. Pistillate flower development and fruit growth in English walnut cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102:702–705.

[11] Mostolovitsa K. Y. 1973. Morphogenesis of plum flower buds in the Crimea. Horticulture Abstract, 43 (7): 4290.

[12] Polito V. 1997. Almond flower development: In: Proc. 25ª Almond Ind. Conf. 87-92. California, EE.UU.

[13] Polito V. 1981. Flower and fruit development: In: Prune Orchard Management. University of
California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, EE.UU pp 46-49.

[14] Sedgley M., Griffin A.R. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press, London.

[15] Taylor D.R., Atkey P.T., Wickenden M.F., Crisp C.M. 1997. A morphological study of flower initiation and development in strawberry (Fragaria ☓ananassa) using scanning electron microscope. Annual Applied. Biology, 130:141–152.

[16] Takeda F., Bernadine C., Strike M., Derek P. 2002. Cultivar differences and the effect of winter temperature on flower bud development in blackberry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(4):495–501.

[17] Takeda F., Crane J.C., Lin J. 1979. Pistillate flower bud development in pistachio. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 104:229–232.

[18] Tufts W.P., Morrow E.B. 1925. Fruit bud differentiation in deciduous fruits. Hilgardia 1:1–14.

[19] Warriner C.L., Johnson J.L., Smith M.W. 1985. Comparison of the initiation and development of ‘Red haven’ peach flowers in standard and meadow orchard trees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110:379–383.

[20] Westwood M.N. 1993. Temperate Zone Pomology-Physiology and Culture. 3rd ed. Timber Press, Portland, OR, USA.

[21] Web site FAO,2004

[22] Vasilev V., Baev C. 1967. A study on flower formation in certain almond varieties. Horticulture Abstract, 38 (3): 5242.

[23] Yablonskii E. A. 1972. Growth rates of fruit buds and the winter hardiness of apricot, peach and almond varieties Horticulture Abstract, 42 (1): 134.