A-RPL: Routing Algorithm with the Ability to Support Mobility in Internet of Things Networks
Subject Areas : Electronics Engineering
Forough Fazli
1
,
Maisam Mansubbassiri
2
,
Farshad Babazadeh
3
1 - Ph.D. Student, Department of Electronics, College of Electrical Engineering, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Faculty Member, Department of Electronics, College of Electrical Engineering, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - faculty member department of electronics college of electrical engineering yadegar-e-imam khomeini (RAH) shahre rey branch islamic azad university tehran iran
Keywords: AHP, mobility, IoT, routing, RPL,
Abstract :
Quick development of technologies and emergence of Internet of Things technology that can link everything environment us is one of the most amazing developments environ the universe. Need to connect and manage fixed and mobile nodes in this type of networks in order to create a proper interaction among them, addition to solving many serious limitations, has caused researchers to address various challenges of this technology. One of the most important challenges is to provide an efficient routing protocol that is able to manage different aspects of network efficiency alongside manages mobility of nodes and dynamic topology of network. RPL (Routing Protocol for Low Power & Lossy Networks) is one of the famous routing protocols is proposed for internet of things networks. This protocol is designed specifically for Internet of Things networks with fixed nodes, so we developed a new routing algorithm called A-RPL to support mobility and solved some challenges caused by mobility. Our algorithm works better than some superior algorithms were proposed in recent years, because they still suffer from various disadvantages, especially for mobile networks
[1] N. Shabbir and S. R. Hassan, “Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),” 2017, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70208.
[2] D. Ismail, M. Rahman and A. Saifullah, “Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Opportunities, challenges, and directions,” Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, no. January, pp. 8:1–8:6, 2018, doi: 10.1145/3170521.3170529.
[3] O. Gaddour and A. Koubâa, “RPL in a nutshell: A survey,” Journal on Computer Networks, vol. 56, no. 14, pp. 3163–3178, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2012.06.016.
[4] N. Gupta, A. Pughat, and V. Sharma, “A critical analysis of RPL objective functions in internet of things paradigm,” Journal on Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, vol. 14, pp. 2187-2208, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12083-021-01180-9.
[5] K. Subash and L. Arockiam, “A Survey on issues and Challenges in RPL Based Routing for IoT,” Journal on Annals of R.S.C.B., vol. 25, no. 5, pp.501-510, 2021.
[6] D. Pancaroglu and S. Sen, “Load balancing for RPL-based Internet of Things: Areview,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 116, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102491.
[7] C. Pu, “Sybil Attack in RPL-Based Internet of Things: Analysis and Defenses,” Journal on IEEE Internet of Things, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 4937-4949, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2971463.
[8] Z. Shah, A. Levula, K. Khurshid, J. Ahmed, I. Ullah and S. Singh, “Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions,” Journal on electronics, vol. 10, no. 19, 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10192320.
[9] J. Ko and M. Chang, “MoMoRo: Providing mobility support for low-power wireless applications,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 585–594, 2014, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2014.2299592.
[10] O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, R. Rangarajan, O. Cheikhrouhou, E. Tovar and M. Abid, “Co-RPL: RPL routing for mobile low power wireless sensor networks using Corona mechanism,” Proceeding of 9th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES 2014), 2014, pp. 200–209, doi: 10.1109/SIES.2014.6871205.
[11] H. Fotouhi, D.l Moreira and M. Alves, “mRPL: Boosting mobility in the Internet of Things,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 26, March 2015, pp. 17–35, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.10.009.
[12] B. Ghaleb, A. Al-Dubai and E. Ekonomou, "E-Trickle: Enhanced Trickle Algorithm for Low-Power and Lossy Networks," IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Liverpool, UK, 2015, pp. 1123-1129, doi: 10.1109/CIT/IUCC/DASC/PICOM.2015.168.
[13] M. Barcelo, A. Correa, J. L. Vicario, A.i Morell and X. Vilajosana, “Addressing Mobility in RPL with Position Assisted Metrics,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 2151–2161, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2015.2500916.
[14] Y. Tahir, S. Yang and J. McCann, “BRPL: Backpressure RPL for High-Throughput and Mobile IoTs,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29–43, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2017.2705680.
[15] M. Bouaziz, A. Rachedi and A. Belghith, “EKF-MRPL: Advanced mobility support routing protocol for internet of mobile things: Movement prediction approach,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 93, pp. 822–832, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2017.12.015.
[16] H. Fotouhi, D. Moreira, M. Alves and P. Meumeu Yomsi, “mRPL+: A mobility management framework in RPL/6LoWPAN,” Journal on Computer Communications, vol. 104, May 2017, pp. 34–54, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2017.01.020.
[17] S. Sanshi and C. D. Jaidhar, “Enhanced mobility aware routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks,” Journal on Wireless Networks, vol. 25, pp. 1641–1655, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s11276-017-1619-6.
[18] K. S. Bhandari, A. S. M. Sanwar Hosen and G.H. Cho, “CoAR: Congestion-aware routing protocol for low power and lossy networks for IoT applications,” Journal on Sensors, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 3838 , 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18113838.
[19] S. Murali and A. Jamalipour, “Mobility-aware energy-efficient parent selection algorithm for low power and lossy networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2593–2601, 2018, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2872443.
[20] F. Gara, L. B. Saad, R. B. Ayed and B. Tourancheau, “A new scheme for RPL to handle mobility in wireless sensor networks,” Journal on Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 173–186, 2019, doi: 10.1504/IJAHUC.2019.098479.
[21] M. Bouaziz, A. Rachedi, A. Belghith, M. Berbineau and S. Al-Ahmadi, “EMA-RPL: Energy and mobility aware routing for the Internet of Mobile Things,” Journal on Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 97, pp. 247–258, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2019.02.042.
[22] P. Suganya and C.H. Pradeep Reddy, “LNR-PP: Leaf Node Count and RSSI Based Parent Prediction Scheme to Support QoS in Presence of Mobility in 6LoWPAN,” Journal on Computer Communications, vol. 150, January 2020, pp. 472–487, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.012.
[23] J. Kniess and V. d. Figueiredo Marques, “MARPL: A crosslayer approach for Internet of things based on neighbor variability for mobility support in RPL,” Journal on Transactions on Emerging Telecommunication Technologies, vol. 31, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1002/ett.3931.
[24] S. Hoghooghi and R. Javidan, “Proposing a new method for improving RPL to Support mobility in the Internet of Things,” Journal on IET Networks, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 48-55, 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-net.2019.0152.
[25] R. H. Hussain, “Strategies for Enhancing the Performance of (RPL) Protocol,” Journal on Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 198-203, 2021, doi: 10.37917/ijeee.17.2.22.
[26] A. Mohammadsalehi, B. Safaei, A. M. Hosseini Monazzah, L. Bauer, J. Henkel and A. Ejlali, “ARMOR: A Reliable and Mobility-aware RPL for Mobile Internrt of Things Infrastructures,” Journal on IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1503-1516, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3088346.
[27] F. Fazli and M. Mansubbassiri, “V-RPL: An effective routing algorithm for low power and lossy networks using multi-criteria decision-making techniques,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 132, July, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.102868.
[28] D. M. Castro and F. S. Parreiras, “A review on multi-criteria decision-making for energy efficiency in automotive engineering,” Journal on Appled Computing and Informatics, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aci.2018.04.004.
[29] D. Sabaei, J. Erkoyuncu and R. Roy, “A review of multi-criteria decision making methods for enhanced maintenance delivery,” Journal on Procedia CIRP, vol. 37, pp. 30–35, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.086.
[30] E. K. Zavadskas, J. Antucheviciene and S. Kar, “Multi-objective and multi-attribute optimization for sustainable development decision aiding,” Journal on Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 11, 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11113069.
[31] T. L. Saaty, “A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures,” Journal on Mathematical Psychology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 234–281, 1977.
[32] M. Brunelli, “A survey of inconsistency indices for pairwise comparisons,” International Journal of General Systems, vol. 47 , no. 8 , pp. 751–771, 2018, doi: 10.1080/03081079.2018.1523156.
[33] S. Klutho, “Mathematical Decision Making An overview of the analytic hierarchy process,” Journal on Computer Science, 2013.
_||_[1] N. Shabbir and S. R. Hassan, “Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),” 2017, doi: 10.5772/intechopen.70208.
[2] D. Ismail, M. Rahman and A. Saifullah, “Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Opportunities, challenges, and directions,” Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, no. January, pp. 8:1–8:6, 2018, doi: 10.1145/3170521.3170529.
[3] O. Gaddour and A. Koubâa, “RPL in a nutshell: A survey,” Journal on Computer Networks, vol. 56, no. 14, pp. 3163–3178, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2012.06.016.
[4] N. Gupta, A. Pughat, and V. Sharma, “A critical analysis of RPL objective functions in internet of things paradigm,” Journal on Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, vol. 14, pp. 2187-2208, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12083-021-01180-9.
[5] K. Subash and L. Arockiam, “A Survey on issues and Challenges in RPL Based Routing for IoT,” Journal on Annals of R.S.C.B., vol. 25, no. 5, pp.501-510, 2021.
[6] D. Pancaroglu and S. Sen, “Load balancing for RPL-based Internet of Things: Areview,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 116, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2021.102491.
[7] C. Pu, “Sybil Attack in RPL-Based Internet of Things: Analysis and Defenses,” Journal on IEEE Internet of Things, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 4937-4949, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.2971463.
[8] Z. Shah, A. Levula, K. Khurshid, J. Ahmed, I. Ullah and S. Singh, “Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions,” Journal on electronics, vol. 10, no. 19, 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10192320.
[9] J. Ko and M. Chang, “MoMoRo: Providing mobility support for low-power wireless applications,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 585–594, 2014, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2014.2299592.
[10] O. Gaddour, A. Koubâa, R. Rangarajan, O. Cheikhrouhou, E. Tovar and M. Abid, “Co-RPL: RPL routing for mobile low power wireless sensor networks using Corona mechanism,” Proceeding of 9th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES 2014), 2014, pp. 200–209, doi: 10.1109/SIES.2014.6871205.
[11] H. Fotouhi, D.l Moreira and M. Alves, “mRPL: Boosting mobility in the Internet of Things,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 26, March 2015, pp. 17–35, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2014.10.009.
[12] B. Ghaleb, A. Al-Dubai and E. Ekonomou, "E-Trickle: Enhanced Trickle Algorithm for Low-Power and Lossy Networks," IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology; Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Liverpool, UK, 2015, pp. 1123-1129, doi: 10.1109/CIT/IUCC/DASC/PICOM.2015.168.
[13] M. Barcelo, A. Correa, J. L. Vicario, A.i Morell and X. Vilajosana, “Addressing Mobility in RPL with Position Assisted Metrics,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 2151–2161, 2016, doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2015.2500916.
[14] Y. Tahir, S. Yang and J. McCann, “BRPL: Backpressure RPL for High-Throughput and Mobile IoTs,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29–43, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2017.2705680.
[15] M. Bouaziz, A. Rachedi and A. Belghith, “EKF-MRPL: Advanced mobility support routing protocol for internet of mobile things: Movement prediction approach,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 93, pp. 822–832, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2017.12.015.
[16] H. Fotouhi, D. Moreira, M. Alves and P. Meumeu Yomsi, “mRPL+: A mobility management framework in RPL/6LoWPAN,” Journal on Computer Communications, vol. 104, May 2017, pp. 34–54, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2017.01.020.
[17] S. Sanshi and C. D. Jaidhar, “Enhanced mobility aware routing protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks,” Journal on Wireless Networks, vol. 25, pp. 1641–1655, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s11276-017-1619-6.
[18] K. S. Bhandari, A. S. M. Sanwar Hosen and G.H. Cho, “CoAR: Congestion-aware routing protocol for low power and lossy networks for IoT applications,” Journal on Sensors, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 3838 , 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18113838.
[19] S. Murali and A. Jamalipour, “Mobility-aware energy-efficient parent selection algorithm for low power and lossy networks,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 2593–2601, 2018, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2872443.
[20] F. Gara, L. B. Saad, R. B. Ayed and B. Tourancheau, “A new scheme for RPL to handle mobility in wireless sensor networks,” Journal on Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 173–186, 2019, doi: 10.1504/IJAHUC.2019.098479.
[21] M. Bouaziz, A. Rachedi, A. Belghith, M. Berbineau and S. Al-Ahmadi, “EMA-RPL: Energy and mobility aware routing for the Internet of Mobile Things,” Journal on Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 97, pp. 247–258, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.future.2019.02.042.
[22] P. Suganya and C.H. Pradeep Reddy, “LNR-PP: Leaf Node Count and RSSI Based Parent Prediction Scheme to Support QoS in Presence of Mobility in 6LoWPAN,” Journal on Computer Communications, vol. 150, January 2020, pp. 472–487, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.012.
[23] J. Kniess and V. d. Figueiredo Marques, “MARPL: A crosslayer approach for Internet of things based on neighbor variability for mobility support in RPL,” Journal on Transactions on Emerging Telecommunication Technologies, vol. 31, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.1002/ett.3931.
[24] S. Hoghooghi and R. Javidan, “Proposing a new method for improving RPL to Support mobility in the Internet of Things,” Journal on IET Networks, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 48-55, 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-net.2019.0152.
[25] R. H. Hussain, “Strategies for Enhancing the Performance of (RPL) Protocol,” Journal on Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 198-203, 2021, doi: 10.37917/ijeee.17.2.22.
[26] A. Mohammadsalehi, B. Safaei, A. M. Hosseini Monazzah, L. Bauer, J. Henkel and A. Ejlali, “ARMOR: A Reliable and Mobility-aware RPL for Mobile Internrt of Things Infrastructures,” Journal on IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1503-1516, 2021, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3088346.
[27] F. Fazli and M. Mansubbassiri, “V-RPL: An effective routing algorithm for low power and lossy networks using multi-criteria decision-making techniques,” Journal on Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 132, July, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2022.102868.
[28] D. M. Castro and F. S. Parreiras, “A review on multi-criteria decision-making for energy efficiency in automotive engineering,” Journal on Appled Computing and Informatics, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aci.2018.04.004.
[29] D. Sabaei, J. Erkoyuncu and R. Roy, “A review of multi-criteria decision making methods for enhanced maintenance delivery,” Journal on Procedia CIRP, vol. 37, pp. 30–35, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2015.08.086.
[30] E. K. Zavadskas, J. Antucheviciene and S. Kar, “Multi-objective and multi-attribute optimization for sustainable development decision aiding,” Journal on Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 11, 2019, doi: 10.3390/su11113069.
[31] T. L. Saaty, “A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures,” Journal on Mathematical Psychology, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 234–281, 1977.
[32] M. Brunelli, “A survey of inconsistency indices for pairwise comparisons,” International Journal of General Systems, vol. 47 , no. 8 , pp. 751–771, 2018, doi: 10.1080/03081079.2018.1523156.
[33] S. Klutho, “Mathematical Decision Making An overview of the analytic hierarchy process,” Journal on Computer Science, 2013.