An Overview of Printed Microstrip Antennas in Eyewear Applications
Subject Areas : Telecommunications Engineering
Mahdi
Jalali
1
(Department of Electrical Engineering, Naghadeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naghadeh , Iran)
Keywords: Coupling, Eyewear, Smart Glasses, MIMO, SAR,
Abstract :
This article reviews some of the smart antennas used in Eyewear, which can receive frequencies of 700-960 MHz and 2.7-1.7 GHz, as well as Wi-Fi 5G (5.18-5.85 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6e (5.925 -7.125 GHz) to be used in wireless Eyewear glasses. Since the antennas of Eyewear devices that work in 4G, 5G cellular communication standard and Wi-Fi 6 internal wireless communication is a new category, first a general study for antenna bandwidth in different locations is done. Given that, these antennas are designed as mutual elements (coupled) and are mostly placed on FR4 or polycarbonate substrate. Then the MIMO antennas used in these glasses are investigated and gain, efficiency and SAR studies are performed along with different modes. In order to obtain a good adaptation to the use cases, the human head is always considered in the simulations. After that, antenna designs with suitable dielectric cover and frame are suggested.
[1] S. Hong, S. H. Kang, Y. Kim and C. W. Jung, "Transparent and Flexible Antenna for Wearable Glasses Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 2797-2804, July 2016, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2554626.
[2] K. Faith and Z.E. Atef, “Smart Glasses Radiation Effects on a Human Head Model at Wi-Fi and 5G Cellular Frequencies,” in Proceedings of the International ACES Communications, Beijing, China, 29 July–1 August 2018, doi: 10.3390/electronics10232936.
[3] A. Cihangir, F. Gianesello and C. Luxey, "Dual-Antenna Concept With Complementary Radiation Patterns for Eyewear Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 3056-3063, June 2018, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2819822.
[4] A. Bisognin et al., "Ball Grid Array-Module With Integrated Shaped Lens for WiGig Applications in Eyewear Devices," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 872-882, March 2016, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2517667.
[5] A. Cihangir et al., “Investigation of the effect of metallic frames on 4G eyewear antennas,” Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), 2014, pp. 60-63, doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2014.6996320.
[6] H. Nakano and J. Yamauchi, "Printed Slot and Wire Antennas: A Review," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2158-2168, July 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2180269.
[7] S.C. Chen and M.C. Hsu, “ LTE MIMO Closed Slot Antenna System for Laptops with a Metal Cover,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 28973–28981, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2901964.
[8] I. R. R. Barani and K. -L. Wong, "Integrated Inverted-F and Open-Slot Antennas in the Metal-Framed Smartphone for 2×2 LTE LB and 4×4 LTE M/HB MIMO Operations," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 5004-5012, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2854191.
[9] Q. Cai, Y. Li, X. Zhang and W. Shen, “Wideband MIMO Antenna Array Covering 3.3—7.1 GHz for 5G Metal-Rimmed Smartphone Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 142070–142084,2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2944681.
[10] C.T. Liao, Z.K. Yang and H.M. Chen, “Multiple Integrated Antennas for Wearable Fifth-Generation Communication and Internet of Things Applications,” IEEE Access , vol. 9, pp.120328–120346,2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3107730.
[11] M. Jalali; M.N. Moghadasi and R.A. Sadeghzadeh, “Dual circularly polarized multilayer MIMO antenna array with an enhanced SR-feeding network for C-band application,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , vol. 9 , no. 8: Biomedical Applications of RF/Microwave and Optics Technologies , pp. 1741 - 1748, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1017/S1759078717000435.
[12] S. Choi and J. Choi, "Miniaturized MIMO antenna with a high isolation for smart glasses," IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), Verona, Italy, 2017, pp. 61-63, doi: 10.1109/APWC.2017.8062241.
[13] M. Jalali, T. Sedghi and S. Shafei, “ Dual-band antenna fed with CPW technology using modified mirrored L-shaped conductor-back plane,” Wireless personal communications, vol. 78 , no. 2, pp. 881-887, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11277-014-1789-9.
[14] J. Kulkarni, A. Desai and C.Y. Desmond, “Wideband Four-Port MIMO Antenna Array with High Isolation for Future Wireless Systems,” Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 128, p. 153507, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153507.
[15] M. A. Ul Haq and S. Koziel, "Ground Plane Alterations for Design of High-Isolation Compact Wideband MIMO Antenna," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 48978-48983, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2867836.
[16] H. Khalid, W.A. Awan, M. Hussain, A. Fatima, M. Ali, N. Hussain, S. Khan, M. Alibakhshikenari and E. Limiti, “Design of an Integrated Sub-6 GHz and mmWave MIMO Antenna for 5G Handheld Devices,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11,no. 18, p. 8331, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11188331.
[17] T T. T. Le and T. -Y. Yun, "Wearable Dual-Band High-Gain Low-SAR Antenna for Off-Body Communication," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1175-1179, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3074641.
[18] A. Cihangir et al., "Dual-Band 4G Eyewear Antenna and SAR Implications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 2085-2089, April 2017, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2670562.
[19] "RF Exposure Procedures and Equipment Authorization Policies for Mobile and Portable Devices, " Availableonline:https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/kdb/forms/FTSSearchResultPage.cfm?switch=P&id=20676.
[20] "IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques," in IEEE Std 1528-2003 , vol., no., pp.1-120, 19 Dec. 2003, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94414.
[21] "FCCWi-Fi 6E RF Exposure—FCC Report," Available online: https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/MSQI005D/5126834.pdf (accessed on 4 February 2021).
[22] M.A. Chung and W.H. Chang, “Low-cost, low-profile and miniaturized single-plane antenna design for an Internet of Thing device applications operating in 5G, 4G, V2X, DSRC, WiFi 6 band, WLAN, and WiMAX communication systems,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, pp. 1765–1773, 2020, doi: 10.1002/mop.32229.
[23] M. Jalali and T. Sedghi, “Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Array with Enhanced Characteristics using EBG structure,” ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 13-24, 2019, sid: paper/229582/en.
[24] P. Yang, “Reconfigurable 3-D Slot Antenna Design for 4G and Sub-6G Smartphones with Metallic Casing,” Electronics, vol. 9,no. 2, p. 216, 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9020216.
[25] W. He, B. Xu, Y. Yao, D. Colombi, Z. Ying and S. He, “Implications of Incident Power Density Limits on Power and EIRP Levels of 5G Millimeter-Wave User Equipment,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 148214–148225,2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015231.
[26] Y. Hong and J. Chou, “60 GHz Patch Antenna Array with Parasitic Elements for Smart Glasses,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1252–1256,2018, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2018.2841512.
[27] Y. -Y. Wang, Y. -L. Ban and Y. Liu, "Sub-6GHz 4G/5G Conformal Glasses Antennas," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 182027-182036, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959603.
[28] Y. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Peng and S. Wu, "A Glasses Frame Antenna for the Applications in Internet of Things," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 8911-8918, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2924236.
[29] M.-A. Chung, C.-W. Hsiao, C.-W. Yang and B.-R. Chuang, “4 × 4 MIMO Antenna System for Smart Eyewear in Wi-Fi 5G and Wi-Fi 6e Wireless Communication Applications,” Electronics , vol. 10, p. 2936,2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10232936.
[30] K. N. Paracha et al., "A Low Profile, Dual-band, Dual Polarized Antenna for Indoor/Outdoor Wearable Application," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 33277-33288, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894330.
[31] S.Rezaee and Y.Zehforoosh, “Design of a Planar Multiband Antenna Using Metamaterials,” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol. 11, no. 43, pp. 15-26, 2022, doi: 10.30495/jce.2022.689028. (in Persian).
_||_[1] S. Hong, S. H. Kang, Y. Kim and C. W. Jung, "Transparent and Flexible Antenna for Wearable Glasses Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 2797-2804, July 2016, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2554626.
[2] K. Faith and Z.E. Atef, “Smart Glasses Radiation Effects on a Human Head Model at Wi-Fi and 5G Cellular Frequencies,” in Proceedings of the International ACES Communications, Beijing, China, 29 July–1 August 2018, doi: 10.3390/electronics10232936.
[3] A. Cihangir, F. Gianesello and C. Luxey, "Dual-Antenna Concept With Complementary Radiation Patterns for Eyewear Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 3056-3063, June 2018, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2819822.
[4] A. Bisognin et al., "Ball Grid Array-Module With Integrated Shaped Lens for WiGig Applications in Eyewear Devices," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 872-882, March 2016, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2517667.
[5] A. Cihangir et al., “Investigation of the effect of metallic frames on 4G eyewear antennas,” Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC), 2014, pp. 60-63, doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2014.6996320.
[6] H. Nakano and J. Yamauchi, "Printed Slot and Wire Antennas: A Review," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2158-2168, July 2012, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2180269.
[7] S.C. Chen and M.C. Hsu, “ LTE MIMO Closed Slot Antenna System for Laptops with a Metal Cover,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 28973–28981, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2901964.
[8] I. R. R. Barani and K. -L. Wong, "Integrated Inverted-F and Open-Slot Antennas in the Metal-Framed Smartphone for 2×2 LTE LB and 4×4 LTE M/HB MIMO Operations," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 10, pp. 5004-5012, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2854191.
[9] Q. Cai, Y. Li, X. Zhang and W. Shen, “Wideband MIMO Antenna Array Covering 3.3—7.1 GHz for 5G Metal-Rimmed Smartphone Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 142070–142084,2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2944681.
[10] C.T. Liao, Z.K. Yang and H.M. Chen, “Multiple Integrated Antennas for Wearable Fifth-Generation Communication and Internet of Things Applications,” IEEE Access , vol. 9, pp.120328–120346,2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3107730.
[11] M. Jalali; M.N. Moghadasi and R.A. Sadeghzadeh, “Dual circularly polarized multilayer MIMO antenna array with an enhanced SR-feeding network for C-band application,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , vol. 9 , no. 8: Biomedical Applications of RF/Microwave and Optics Technologies , pp. 1741 - 1748, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1017/S1759078717000435.
[12] S. Choi and J. Choi, "Miniaturized MIMO antenna with a high isolation for smart glasses," IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), Verona, Italy, 2017, pp. 61-63, doi: 10.1109/APWC.2017.8062241.
[13] M. Jalali, T. Sedghi and S. Shafei, “ Dual-band antenna fed with CPW technology using modified mirrored L-shaped conductor-back plane,” Wireless personal communications, vol. 78 , no. 2, pp. 881-887, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s11277-014-1789-9.
[14] J. Kulkarni, A. Desai and C.Y. Desmond, “Wideband Four-Port MIMO Antenna Array with High Isolation for Future Wireless Systems,” Int. J. Electron. Commun., vol. 128, p. 153507, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2020.153507.
[15] M. A. Ul Haq and S. Koziel, "Ground Plane Alterations for Design of High-Isolation Compact Wideband MIMO Antenna," in IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 48978-48983, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2867836.
[16] H. Khalid, W.A. Awan, M. Hussain, A. Fatima, M. Ali, N. Hussain, S. Khan, M. Alibakhshikenari and E. Limiti, “Design of an Integrated Sub-6 GHz and mmWave MIMO Antenna for 5G Handheld Devices,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11,no. 18, p. 8331, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11188331.
[17] T T. T. Le and T. -Y. Yun, "Wearable Dual-Band High-Gain Low-SAR Antenna for Off-Body Communication," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1175-1179, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3074641.
[18] A. Cihangir et al., "Dual-Band 4G Eyewear Antenna and SAR Implications," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 2085-2089, April 2017, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2670562.
[19] "RF Exposure Procedures and Equipment Authorization Policies for Mobile and Portable Devices, " Availableonline:https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/kdb/forms/FTSSearchResultPage.cfm?switch=P&id=20676.
[20] "IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques," in IEEE Std 1528-2003 , vol., no., pp.1-120, 19 Dec. 2003, doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94414.
[21] "FCCWi-Fi 6E RF Exposure—FCC Report," Available online: https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/MSQI005D/5126834.pdf (accessed on 4 February 2021).
[22] M.A. Chung and W.H. Chang, “Low-cost, low-profile and miniaturized single-plane antenna design for an Internet of Thing device applications operating in 5G, 4G, V2X, DSRC, WiFi 6 band, WLAN, and WiMAX communication systems,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, pp. 1765–1773, 2020, doi: 10.1002/mop.32229.
[23] M. Jalali and T. Sedghi, “Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Array with Enhanced Characteristics using EBG structure,” ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 13-24, 2019, sid: paper/229582/en.
[24] P. Yang, “Reconfigurable 3-D Slot Antenna Design for 4G and Sub-6G Smartphones with Metallic Casing,” Electronics, vol. 9,no. 2, p. 216, 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics9020216.
[25] W. He, B. Xu, Y. Yao, D. Colombi, Z. Ying and S. He, “Implications of Incident Power Density Limits on Power and EIRP Levels of 5G Millimeter-Wave User Equipment,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 148214–148225,2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015231.
[26] Y. Hong and J. Chou, “60 GHz Patch Antenna Array with Parasitic Elements for Smart Glasses,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1252–1256,2018, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2018.2841512.
[27] Y. -Y. Wang, Y. -L. Ban and Y. Liu, "Sub-6GHz 4G/5G Conformal Glasses Antennas," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 182027-182036, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959603.
[28] Y. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Peng and S. Wu, "A Glasses Frame Antenna for the Applications in Internet of Things," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 8911-8918, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2924236.
[29] M.-A. Chung, C.-W. Hsiao, C.-W. Yang and B.-R. Chuang, “4 × 4 MIMO Antenna System for Smart Eyewear in Wi-Fi 5G and Wi-Fi 6e Wireless Communication Applications,” Electronics , vol. 10, p. 2936,2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10232936.
[30] K. N. Paracha et al., "A Low Profile, Dual-band, Dual Polarized Antenna for Indoor/Outdoor Wearable Application," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 33277-33288, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2894330.
[31] S.Rezaee and Y.Zehforoosh, “Design of a Planar Multiband Antenna Using Metamaterials,” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol. 11, no. 43, pp. 15-26, 2022, doi: 10.30495/jce.2022.689028. (in Persian).