The effect of botanical extracts on Agonoscena pistaciae Burckardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)
Subject Areas :
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Keywords: Agonoscena pistaciae, Amygdalus scoparia, Azadirachta indica, Carum copticum, Plant extracts. ,
Abstract :
The common pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae Burckardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)) is one of the most important pests of pistachio trees. The damage of this pest is economic. The farmers use chemical insecticides to control it. Regarding to the disadvantages of chemical insecticides, the finding of a safe, effective and natural method to control pests is essential. The use of plant derivatives is one of the proposed methods to control of this pest. Plant extracts play a safe and important role to control of this pest due to having secondary metabolites that have insecticidal properties. Various plant extracts have been studied on Agonoscena pistaciae. The seed extracts of Amygdalus scoparia L., Amygdalus communis L. var amara (DC.) focke and Prunus dulcis var amara, Carum copticum L., Achillea millefolium L., Allium sativum L., Capsicum annuum L., Eucalyptus globulus Labil, Azadirachta indica L., the leaves of Lawsonia inermis L., Citrus reticulate L., the leaves, stems and flowers of Thymus vulgaris L., the leaves and flowers of Rosmarinus officinalis L., the seed of Ricinus communis L., and the leaves and flowers of Sophopra alopecuriodes L., the branches, leaves and flowers of Viola odorata, Matricaria chamomilla L., Nerium oleander L., Rhazya stricta Decne (eshvarak), Cocos nucifera L., and the seed and root of Rubia tinctorum L., Eruca sativa, Spinacia oleracea and Viola ignobilis are effective to control of nymphs of common pistachio psyllid.
Therefore, due to the fact that the inert ingredient of these biological insecticides is effective on Agonoscena pistaciae, they are safer for the environment, natural enemies and humans; on the other hand, they have a good price and they are biodegradable in the environment, they can be a good substitute for chemical insecticides to control of this pest and are used as a tool in the integrated management of Agonoscena pistaciae.
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