Construction and Validation of a Measurement Tool for Developing Fair Play in Iranian Sports

Subject Areas : Sport Management

Behdad Khlili ¹ , Ali Asghar Doroudian ^{2 *} , Amir Dana ³ , Abolfazl Farahani ⁴

1 - Department of Physical Education, NT. C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Physical Education, NT. C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Physical Education, Ta. C., Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,
4 - Department of Sports Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2025-05-24 Accepted : 2025-06-09 Published : 2025-07-21

Keywords: Sports Development, Fair Play, Sports Ethics, Sportsmanship,

Abstract :

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a measurement tool for assessing the development of fair play in Iranian sports.

Research Method: This study employed an exploratory research design. It is applied in nature and categorized as a field study. The research instrument consisted of 55 items, derived from theoretical foundations and previous studies through a systematic review. The statistical population comprised 396 academic and sports experts who were selected using purposive sampling and completed the researcher-made questionnaire designed to assess the development of fair play in Iranian sports. It is noteworthy that this study was descriptive and of a correlational nature. The face and content validity of the instrument were confirmed by a panel of academic experts, and its construct validity was verified through confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling. Based on exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, the 55 items were grouped into 16 factors, which collectively explained 56.88% of the variance in the development of fair play in sports. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficients supported the 16-factor structure of the 55-item questionnaire, confirming its validity and reliability.

Findings: The findings of this study identified the key factors contributing to the development of fair play in sports. Therefore, the results can be utilized in designing and planning training programs for sports coaches and in developing tools for evaluating their performance.

Conclusion: Moreover, by emphasizing the role of continuous education and cultural development through appropriate platforms and drawing on authentic national role models, this study outlines a clear path for transforming sports into a foundation for the moral and social advancement of society.

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