Effect of height and soil properties on some secondary metabolites of different organs of sweet violet (Viola odorata L.) in different natural habitats of Mazandaran province
Subject Areas : GeneticNiloofar Zakaria Nejad 1 , Hossein Moradi 2 , Pourya Biparva 3 , Zahra Memariani 4
1 - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
2 - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
3 - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
4 - Department of Persian Medicine, Faculty of Persian Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Keywords: Antioxidant, Habitat, Mazandaran, Phytochemical, Anthocyanin, phenolic compounds,
Abstract :
Various environmental factors including altitude and soil properties affect the growth and production of plants in natural ecosystems. Sweet violet (Viola odoratata L.) is a gramineous and perennial plant of the Violaceae family and grows as a wildflower in the mountainous areas of northern Iran and some other regions of the country. This study was performed to compare the phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Viola odoratata L. shoot and root extracts in nine habitats of Mazandaran province in March 2020. To investigate the analysis, leaf, flower and root organs of the plant in the flowering stage were collected from nine habitats of Mazandaran province along with soil samples of these areas in March 2018. After collecting the root and shoot samples at the florescence stage and preparing methanolic extract through ultrasonic method, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively, the antioxidant activities were assayed by Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and the anthocyanin contents of flowers were measured by Wagner method. According to the findings, phenolic contents of the flowers and leaves decreased and increased, respectively with increasing height, and percentage antioxidant activities of the flowers increased while the amount of flavonoids was not affected by the habitat altitude. Analysis of soil properties revealed that the anthocyanin contents of flowers increased under the effect of deficient absorbable phosphorus in habitat 3 (Firoozjah Babol) and habitat 6 (Mohammadabad Behshahr). Also in the study of secondary metabolites, Sweet violets in habitat 7 had 67.95% and 86.18% antioxidant activities in flowers and roots, respectively; leaf and root phenol contents of 142.32 mg/g and 55.21 mg/g, respectively, and 6.52 μmol/g flower anthocyanin, so it can be selected as the superior region, and samples from this region can be used as gene banks in sexual and asexual reproduction.
Afshari, M. and Rahim Malek, M. (2017). Assessment of phenolic compounds, essential oil and antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. in growing stages. Plant Process and Function. 21: 15-25.
Alipour, N., Mahdavi, K., Mahmoudi, J. and Ghelij-Nia, H. (2015). Investigation into the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Quality and Quantity of Essential Oil of Stachys laxa. Journal of Plant Research Iranian Journal of Biology. 3: 561-572.
Amarowicz, R. and Pegg, R.B. (2019). Natural antioxidants of plant origin. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 1-81.
Antil, V., Kumar, P., Kannappan, N., Diwan, A., Saini, P. and Singh, S. (2011). Evaluation of the analgesic activity of Viola odorata aerial parts in rats. Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals. 1: 24-27.
Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Hemmati, Kh. and Rostampour, M. (2018). Effect of height and direction on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal species Artemisia aucheri Boiss and Artemisia sieberi Besser In the pastures of South Khorasan. Journal of Rangeland Research. 281-294.
Aslam, L., Kaur, R., Kapoor, N. and Mahajan, R. (2020). Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of Viola odorata from Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 26(1): 77-88.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 10(3): 1365-1368.
Chen, Y., Xie, M.Y. and Gong, X.F. (2007). Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum. Journal of Food Engineering. 81: 162-170.
Chorli, S., Khorasaninejad, S., Hemmati, Kh and Kashefi, B. (2017). Evaluation of morphological, antioxidant and essential oil content of tea medicinal plant In the habitats of Semnan, Khorasan provinces Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. Mountain North and Razavi. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 41(11): 41-52.
De Siqueira Leite, K.C., Garcia, L.F., Lobón, G.S., Thomaz, D.V., Moreno, E.K.G., de Carvalho, M.F., Rocha, M.L., dos Santos, W.T.P. and de Souza Gil, E. (2018). Antioxidant activity evaluation of dried herbal extracts: an electroanalytical approach. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 28(3): 325-332.
Fazeenah, A.A. and Quamri, M.A. (2020). BANAFSHA (VIOLA ODORATA LINN.)-A REVIEW. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10: 514-537.
Ghelichnia, H. (2019). Essential oil composition of Thymus Trauvetteri Klokov & Desj. at different growing altitudes in Mazandaran, Iran. Cercetări Agronomice in Moldova. 174: 75-83.
Ibraheem, R.M., Mhawesh, A.A. and Abood, K.W. (2018). Estimation of the whole flavonoid, antioxidant, anti bacterial challenge concerning viola odorata (banafsha) methanolic extract. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science. 49(4): 655.
Imani Dizaj Yekan, Y., Ebrahimi Gajouti, T. and Abdi Ghazi Jahan, A. (2020). Study about quantitative and qualitative variations type of Thymus pubescens essential oil affected by soil factors in Eazerbayjanprovince. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 33(2).
Ismailzadeh, S. and Yousef Zaei, F. (2019). Phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of different organs of Citrullus colocynthis L. in different habitats of southeastern Iran. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 27: 43-52.
Jurca, T.Ü.N.D.E., Pallag, A., Marian, E. and EUGENIA, M. (2019). The histo-anatomical investigation and the polyphenolic profile of antioxidant complex active ingredients from three Viola species. Farmer Journal. 67: 634-640.
Kaqazloo, Z., Hemmati, K.h. and Khorasaninejad, S. (2017). The effect of height on some secondary metabolites of different organs of plant Sambucus ebulus L. in three cities in Golestan province. Plant Environmental Physiology. 37(12): 1-13.
Kalinova, J. and Vrchotova, N. (2011). The influence of organic and conventional crop management, variety and year on the yield and flavonoid level in common buckwheat groats. Food Chemistry. 127(2): 602-608.
Karimi, S., Arzani, A. and Saeedi, Q.A. (2014). The effect of salinity stress on antioxidant activity and leaf chlorophyll content in salinity sensitive and tolerant genotypes of Carrthamus tinctorius L. Plant Process and Function. 13: 25-35.
Khandan Mirkohi, A., Kazemi, F., Babalar, M. and Naderi, R. (2014). The effect of limiting the use of phosphorus in height control and improving the quality of ordinary geranium Pelargonium hortorum. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultivation. 63-69.
Laura, A., Moreno-Escamilla, J.O., Rodrigo-García, J. and Alvarez-Parrilla, E. (2019). Phenolic compounds. In Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. 1: 253-271.
Li, W., Tan, L., Zou, Y., Tan, X., Huang, J., Chen, W. and Tang, Q. (2020). The E_ects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments onAnthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression inDark-Purple Tea Cultivar ‘Ziyan’ (Camellia sinensis). Molecules. 25.
Mahboubi, M. and Kashani, L.M. (2018). A Narrative study about the role of Viola odorata as traditional medicinal plant in management of respiratory problems. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 3: 112-118.
Moradi, H., Haddadinejad, M., Yavari, A.R., Mohamadi Azni, M., Mosavi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.M.A. (2020). Evaluation of morphological, phytochemical traits and antioxidant content of Some Viola odorata L. ecotypes from three natural habitants of Mazandaran province. Plant Ecophysiology. 43: 74-85.
Mazaraie, A.L. and Fahmideh, L. (2020). Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of three widely-used medicinal plant in natural habitats of Fars province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 29: 90-105.
Mirokili, F., Mosleh, A., Sarafraz ardakani, M.R. and Sodaizadeh, H. (2019). Investigation of the effect of salinity stress on some morphological, biochemical and Securigera securidaca L. Antioxidant of medicinal plant. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 32-33.
Mozafarian, V.A. (2013). Recognition of medicinal and medicinal plants of Iran. Contemporary Farhangmoaser, Tehran. 1444p.
Mykhailenko, O., Gudžinskas, Z., Kovalyov, V., Desenko, V., Ivanauskas, L., Bezruk, I. and Georgiyants, V. (2020). Effect of ecological factors on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Iris species from Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. Phytochemical Analysis. 5: 545-563.
Nabavi, S.J., Zali, S.H., Ghorbani, J. and Kazemi, S.Y. (2015). The effect of habitat on quality and quantity of the extracts plant cones from Juniperus Communis. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4(3): 311-318.
Nikkhah amiabad, H., Hoseini, B., Ghosta, Y. and Fatahi, M. (2017). Effect of altitude and different phenological stages on phytochemical properties and activity. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 16-30.
Omrani nejad, S.M.H. and Rezvani aghdam, A. (2019). Investigation and comparison of phytochemical and antioxidant active compounds and activities Oliveria decumbens vent. Antioxidant essential oil of various ecotypes of medicinal plants In Khuzestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4: 14-25.
Pandey, G., Khatoon, S., Pandey, M.M. and Rawat, A.K.S. (2018). Altitudinal variation of berberine, total phenolics and flavonoid content in Thalictrum foliolosum and their correlation with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 9(3): 169-176.
Saboora, A., Dadmehr, K.H. and Ranjbar, M. (2013). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and investigation on antioxidant properties of stem and leaf extracts in six Iranian species of wild Dianthus L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29: 281-295.
Safi, Z., Saeidi, K., Lorigooini, Z. And Shirmardi, H.A. (2016). Evaluation of total phenols and antioxidant activity of Mullein (Verbascum songaricum) ecotypes. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 17: 68-75.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of Enology and Viticulture. 28(1): 49-55.
Sori, M.K. (2015). Phosphorus in agriculture and the environment with emphasis on management and measurement methods. Agricultural Education and Extension Publications, Tehran. 350p.
Stankovic, M.S., Niciforovic, N., Topuzovic, M. and Solujic, S. (2011). Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations and antioxidant activity, of the whole plant and plant parts extracts from Teucrium montanuml. var. montanum, F. supinum (L.) Reichenb. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 25(1): 222-227.
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A. and Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines. 5(3): 93.
Vagner, V.V. (1979). Restrictive sums of external operatives and their natural extension. Sov, 2: 4-14.
Yang, F. and Miao, L.F. (2010). Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica. 44(1): 23-27.
Yazdanpanah, E. (2018). Profile of the authors of the article the effect of vegetative factors on the amount of polyphenols in the medicinal plant Tanacetum polycephalum.
Venu, L.N. and Austin, A. (2020). Antiviral efficacy of medicinal plants against respiratory viruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Coronavirus (CoV)/COVID 19. J Pharmacol. 9(4): 281-290.
Zargoosh, Z., Ghavam, M., Bacchetta, G. and Tavili, A. (2019). Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 1-15.
Zobayed, S.M., Afreen, F. and Kozai, T. (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosyntheticefficiency and secondary metabolite concentration in st. Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43(10): 977-984.
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Afshari, M. and Rahim Malek, M. (2017). Assessment of phenolic compounds, essential oil and antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. in growing stages. Plant Process and Function. 21: 15-25.
Alipour, N., Mahdavi, K., Mahmoudi, J. and Ghelij-Nia, H. (2015). Investigation into the Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Quality and Quantity of Essential Oil of Stachys laxa. Journal of Plant Research Iranian Journal of Biology. 3: 561-572.
Amarowicz, R. and Pegg, R.B. (2019). Natural antioxidants of plant origin. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 1-81.
Antil, V., Kumar, P., Kannappan, N., Diwan, A., Saini, P. and Singh, S. (2011). Evaluation of the analgesic activity of Viola odorata aerial parts in rats. Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals. 1: 24-27.
Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Hemmati, Kh. and Rostampour, M. (2018). Effect of height and direction on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal species Artemisia aucheri Boiss and Artemisia sieberi Besser In the pastures of South Khorasan. Journal of Rangeland Research. 281-294.
Aslam, L., Kaur, R., Kapoor, N. and Mahajan, R. (2020). Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of Viola odorata from Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 26(1): 77-88.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 10(3): 1365-1368.
Chen, Y., Xie, M.Y. and Gong, X.F. (2007). Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum. Journal of Food Engineering. 81: 162-170.
Chorli, S., Khorasaninejad, S., Hemmati, Kh and Kashefi, B. (2017). Evaluation of morphological, antioxidant and essential oil content of tea medicinal plant In the habitats of Semnan, Khorasan provinces Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. Mountain North and Razavi. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 41(11): 41-52.
De Siqueira Leite, K.C., Garcia, L.F., Lobón, G.S., Thomaz, D.V., Moreno, E.K.G., de Carvalho, M.F., Rocha, M.L., dos Santos, W.T.P. and de Souza Gil, E. (2018). Antioxidant activity evaluation of dried herbal extracts: an electroanalytical approach. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 28(3): 325-332.
Fazeenah, A.A. and Quamri, M.A. (2020). BANAFSHA (VIOLA ODORATA LINN.)-A REVIEW. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 10: 514-537.
Ghelichnia, H. (2019). Essential oil composition of Thymus Trauvetteri Klokov & Desj. at different growing altitudes in Mazandaran, Iran. Cercetări Agronomice in Moldova. 174: 75-83.
Ibraheem, R.M., Mhawesh, A.A. and Abood, K.W. (2018). Estimation of the whole flavonoid, antioxidant, anti bacterial challenge concerning viola odorata (banafsha) methanolic extract. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science. 49(4): 655.
Imani Dizaj Yekan, Y., Ebrahimi Gajouti, T. and Abdi Ghazi Jahan, A. (2020). Study about quantitative and qualitative variations type of Thymus pubescens essential oil affected by soil factors in Eazerbayjanprovince. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 33(2).
Ismailzadeh, S. and Yousef Zaei, F. (2019). Phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of different organs of Citrullus colocynthis L. in different habitats of southeastern Iran. Eco-Phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 27: 43-52.
Jurca, T.Ü.N.D.E., Pallag, A., Marian, E. and EUGENIA, M. (2019). The histo-anatomical investigation and the polyphenolic profile of antioxidant complex active ingredients from three Viola species. Farmer Journal. 67: 634-640.
Kaqazloo, Z., Hemmati, K.h. and Khorasaninejad, S. (2017). The effect of height on some secondary metabolites of different organs of plant Sambucus ebulus L. in three cities in Golestan province. Plant Environmental Physiology. 37(12): 1-13.
Kalinova, J. and Vrchotova, N. (2011). The influence of organic and conventional crop management, variety and year on the yield and flavonoid level in common buckwheat groats. Food Chemistry. 127(2): 602-608.
Karimi, S., Arzani, A. and Saeedi, Q.A. (2014). The effect of salinity stress on antioxidant activity and leaf chlorophyll content in salinity sensitive and tolerant genotypes of Carrthamus tinctorius L. Plant Process and Function. 13: 25-35.
Khandan Mirkohi, A., Kazemi, F., Babalar, M. and Naderi, R. (2014). The effect of limiting the use of phosphorus in height control and improving the quality of ordinary geranium Pelargonium hortorum. Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultivation. 63-69.
Laura, A., Moreno-Escamilla, J.O., Rodrigo-García, J. and Alvarez-Parrilla, E. (2019). Phenolic compounds. In Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables. 1: 253-271.
Li, W., Tan, L., Zou, Y., Tan, X., Huang, J., Chen, W. and Tang, Q. (2020). The E_ects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments onAnthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression inDark-Purple Tea Cultivar ‘Ziyan’ (Camellia sinensis). Molecules. 25.
Mahboubi, M. and Kashani, L.M. (2018). A Narrative study about the role of Viola odorata as traditional medicinal plant in management of respiratory problems. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 3: 112-118.
Moradi, H., Haddadinejad, M., Yavari, A.R., Mohamadi Azni, M., Mosavi, S.M. and Hosseini, S.M.A. (2020). Evaluation of morphological, phytochemical traits and antioxidant content of Some Viola odorata L. ecotypes from three natural habitants of Mazandaran province. Plant Ecophysiology. 43: 74-85.
Mazaraie, A.L. and Fahmideh, L. (2020). Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity of three widely-used medicinal plant in natural habitats of Fars province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 29: 90-105.
Mirokili, F., Mosleh, A., Sarafraz ardakani, M.R. and Sodaizadeh, H. (2019). Investigation of the effect of salinity stress on some morphological, biochemical and Securigera securidaca L. Antioxidant of medicinal plant. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 32-33.
Mozafarian, V.A. (2013). Recognition of medicinal and medicinal plants of Iran. Contemporary Farhangmoaser, Tehran. 1444p.
Mykhailenko, O., Gudžinskas, Z., Kovalyov, V., Desenko, V., Ivanauskas, L., Bezruk, I. and Georgiyants, V. (2020). Effect of ecological factors on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Iris species from Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. Phytochemical Analysis. 5: 545-563.
Nabavi, S.J., Zali, S.H., Ghorbani, J. and Kazemi, S.Y. (2015). The effect of habitat on quality and quantity of the extracts plant cones from Juniperus Communis. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4(3): 311-318.
Nikkhah amiabad, H., Hoseini, B., Ghosta, Y. and Fatahi, M. (2017). Effect of altitude and different phenological stages on phytochemical properties and activity. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 1: 16-30.
Omrani nejad, S.M.H. and Rezvani aghdam, A. (2019). Investigation and comparison of phytochemical and antioxidant active compounds and activities Oliveria decumbens vent. Antioxidant essential oil of various ecotypes of medicinal plants In Khuzestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4: 14-25.
Pandey, G., Khatoon, S., Pandey, M.M. and Rawat, A.K.S. (2018). Altitudinal variation of berberine, total phenolics and flavonoid content in Thalictrum foliolosum and their correlation with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 9(3): 169-176.
Saboora, A., Dadmehr, K.H. and Ranjbar, M. (2013). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and investigation on antioxidant properties of stem and leaf extracts in six Iranian species of wild Dianthus L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29: 281-295.
Safi, Z., Saeidi, K., Lorigooini, Z. And Shirmardi, H.A. (2016). Evaluation of total phenols and antioxidant activity of Mullein (Verbascum songaricum) ecotypes. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. 17: 68-75.
Slinkard, K. and Singleton, V.L. (1977). Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of Enology and Viticulture. 28(1): 49-55.
Sori, M.K. (2015). Phosphorus in agriculture and the environment with emphasis on management and measurement methods. Agricultural Education and Extension Publications, Tehran. 350p.
Stankovic, M.S., Niciforovic, N., Topuzovic, M. and Solujic, S. (2011). Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations and antioxidant activity, of the whole plant and plant parts extracts from Teucrium montanuml. var. montanum, F. supinum (L.) Reichenb. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 25(1): 222-227.
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A. and Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: An overview. Medicines. 5(3): 93.
Vagner, V.V. (1979). Restrictive sums of external operatives and their natural extension. Sov, 2: 4-14.
Yang, F. and Miao, L.F. (2010). Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica. 44(1): 23-27.
Yazdanpanah, E. (2018). Profile of the authors of the article the effect of vegetative factors on the amount of polyphenols in the medicinal plant Tanacetum polycephalum.
Venu, L.N. and Austin, A. (2020). Antiviral efficacy of medicinal plants against respiratory viruses: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Coronavirus (CoV)/COVID 19. J Pharmacol. 9(4): 281-290.
Zargoosh, Z., Ghavam, M., Bacchetta, G. and Tavili, A. (2019). Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 1-15.
Zobayed, S.M., Afreen, F. and Kozai, T. (2005). Temperature stress can alter the photosyntheticefficiency and secondary metabolite concentration in st. Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 43(10): 977-984.