Evaluation of photosynthetic pigments, fluorescence indexes, gas exchange, and some active flavonoid substances in Viola tricolor L. under the effect of bio-silver nanoparticles
Subject Areas : Genetic
Arefeh Hassanvand
1
(Department of Biology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran)
Sara Saadatmand
2
(Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Hossein Lariyazdi
3
(Department of Biology,Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University , Boroujerd, Iran)
Alireza Iranbakhsh
4
(Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;)
Keywords: Chlorophyll, Carotenoid, Stomatal Conductance, Rutin, antioxidant activity,
Abstract :
Viola tricolor L. of the Violaceae family is used for its antioxidant and pharmaceutical compounds. This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles on the photosynthetic systems and gas exchange of the Viola tricolor L. Treatments included silver nanoparticles with three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm) and a control (distilled water). Results of the study showed that relative water content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a concentration, and total chlorophyll concentration, maximum fluorescence, soluble carbohydrate, and antioxidant activity were higher in the treated plants compared with the control plants. Stomatal conductance showed a significant improvement under 50 mg/L silver nanoparticles compared with the other treatments. Maximum chlorophyll b was observed in 10 ppm concentration of silver nanoparticles. Moreover, the highest chlorophyll a content was observed in the plants treated with 50 mg/L concentration of nanoparticles. Carotenoid contents significantly improved in the plants treated with silver nanoparticles. CO2 content and insoluble carbohydrate were higher in the control group compared with the other treatments. A number of effective flavonoids were assayed, including Rutin, Quercetin, and Apigenin which showed a significant difference compared with the control group in 10, 50, and 10 ppm treatments, respectively. The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles stimulate antioxidant activity and increase the secondary metabolites (flavonoid content) of Viola tricolor L.
Abou-Zeid, H.M., and Moustafa, Y. (2014). Physiological and cytogenetic responses of wheat and barley to silver nanopriming treatment. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 5(3): 265–278.
Ahmed, S., Saifullah, Ahmad, M., Swami, B.L., and Ikram, S. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 9(1): 1–7.
Alaoui-Sossé, B., Genet, P., Vinit-Dunand, F., Toussaint, M.L., Epron, D., & Badot, P. M. (2004). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science, 166(5): 1213–1218.
Alimoradi, M., Jafararpoor, M., Golparvar, A., and others. (2013). Improving the keeping quality and vase life of cut Alstroemeria flowers by post-harvest nano silver treatments. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS), 6(11): 632–635.
Anand David, A.V., Arulmoli, R., and Parasuraman, S. (2016). Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20):84–89.
Anderson, M.D., Prasad, T.K., and Stewart, C.R. (1995). Changes in isozyme profiles of catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase during acclimation to chilling in mesocotyls of maize seedlings. Plant Physiology, 109(4): 1247–1257.
Askari, M., Saffari, V.R. and A.A.M.M. (2014). Study of some physiological characteristics and yield of corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Production and Processing of Crop and Gardening, 3(9):93–103.
Bhakya, S., Muthukrishnan, S., Sukumaran, M., and Muthukumar, M. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Applied Nanoscience, 6(5):755–766.
Bohnert, H.J., Nelson, D.E., and Jensen, R.G. (1995). Adaptations to environmental stresses. The Plant Cell, 7(7): 1099.
Bondarian, F., Omidi, M., and Torabi, S. (2013). The effect of nanoelicitors on alkaloid production of Papaver somniferum in suspension cell culture. Msc thesis Azad university of Tehran. 2013,(In Persian).
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., and Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3): 178–182.
Chartzoulakis, K., Patakas, A., Kofidis, G., Bosabalidis, A., & Nastou, A. (2002). Water stress affects leaf anatomy, gas exchange, water relations and growth of two avocado cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 95(1–2): 39–50.
Chehregani Rad, A., Khorzaman, N., LariYazdi, H., and Shirkhani, Z. (2016). Changes in growth characteristics and physiological indices in Zn-Stressed Phaseolus vulgaris plants on hydroponic medium. Developmental Biology, 8(2): 31–39.
De Palma, L. (1998). Photosynthetic characteristics of six Pistachio cultivars. X GREMPA Seminar= Xeme Colloque Du GREMPA. Zaragoza: CIHEAM-IAMZ: 45–49.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F., Bekhradnia, A.R., and others. (2010). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum. Pak J Pharm Sci, 23(1):29–34.
Ehsan Pour, A.A., and Nejati, Z. (2013). Effect of nanosilver on chlorophyll, gibberellic acid content and electrophoresis pattern of proteins of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) under in vitro culture. Applied Biology, 25(2):13–26.
Ghosh, M., and Singh, S.P. (2005). A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution, 133(2): 365–371.
Hashemi, H., Secrets, Z., and Poursidi, S. (2015). The effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on growth characteristics and flavonoid content of wheat. Journal of Agriculture, 111: 49–54.
Hazrati Jahan, R., Zare, N., Dezhsetan, S., and Sheikhzadeh Mosaddeg, P. (2017). Enhanced Taxol production in cell suspension cultures of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) by combination of elicitor and precursor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(1):73–89.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W., and Sánchez‐Díaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativd) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84(1):55.
Jensen, A. (1978). Chlorophylls and carotenoids. In ‘Handbook of phycological methods: physiological and biochemical methods’.(Ed. JS Craigie)PP:59-70. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Jurca, T., Pallag, A., Marian, E., and Eugenia, M. (2019). The histo-anatomical investigation and the polyphenolic profile of antioxidant complex active ingredients from three viola species. farmacia, 67(4): 634–640.
Kayhani Behrouz, M., Mohammad Parast, B., and Qanati, F. ( 2013). Investigating the effect of silver nanoparticles on some secondary metabolites of (Achillea millefolium L.) Thesis, University of Malayer.
Keshari, A.K., Srivastava, R., Singh, P., Yadav, V.B., and Nath, G. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 11(1):37–44.
Khatami, M., and Pourseyedi, S. (2015). Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) pit aqueous extract mediated novel route for synthesis high stable silver nanoparticles with high antifungal and antibacterial activity. IET Nanobiotechnology, 9(4):184–190.
Kheiry, A., Tori, H., and Mortazavi, N. (2017). Effects of drought stress and jasmonic acid elicitors on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(2): 268–280.
Koda, T., Kuroda, Y., and Imai, H. (2008). Protective effect of rutin against spatial memory impairment induced by trimethyltin in rats. Nutrition Research, 28(9):629–634.
Khodayari M, Omidi M, Shah Nejat Bushehri A, Yazdani D, Naqvi MR and Kadkhoda Z . (2015). Effect biological elicitor and nano elicitor on increasing the production of alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Iran. Horticult. Sci. 2015; 45: 287-295.
Kumar, V., Parvatam, G., and Ravishankar, G. A. (2009). AgNO3: a potential regulator of ethylene activity and plant growth modulator. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 12(2): 8–9.
Li, G., Wan, S., Zhou, J., Yang, Z., and Qin, P. (2010). Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance, pigments content, malondialdehyde and proline accumulation responses of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings to salt stress levels. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(1):13–19.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148:350–382.
Maxwell, K., and Johnson, G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(345):659–668.
Mehrian, S.K., and Karimi, N. (2017). Biological testing of the chemically synthesized silver nano-particles for nitrate, chloride, potassium and sodium contents, and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22(1):48–55.
Mehta, P., Jajoo, A., Mathur, S., and Bharti, S. (2010). Chlorophyll a fluorescence study revealing effects of high salt stress on Photosystem II in wheat leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(1):16–20.
Najafi, S., Heidari, R. and Jamei, R. (2013). Influence of silver nanoparticles and magnetic field on phytochemical, antioxidant activity compounds and physiological factors of Phaseolus vulgaris. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences: 2812-2816.
Namdeo, A.G., & others. (2007). Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review. Pharmacogn Rev, 1(1):69–79.
Paknejad, F., Nasri, M., Moghadam, H.R.T., Zahedi, H., and Alahmadi, M.J. (2007). Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. J. Biol. Sci, 7(6): 841–847.
Parsa, M., Zeinali, A., & others. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid elicitor on the production of tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) in hairy roots and in vitro roots cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 32(4).
Patra, J.K., and Baek, K.H. (2016). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of silky hairs of corn and investigation of its antibacterial and anticandidal synergistic activity and antioxidant potential. IET Nanobiotechnology, 10(5): 326–333.
Rai, P.K., Kumar, V., Lee, S.S., Raza, N., Kim, K.H., Ok, Y.S., and Tsang, D.C.W. (2018). Nanoparticle-plant interaction: Implications in energy, environment, and agriculture. Environmental International, 119:1–19.
Ramezani, M., Asghari, S., Gerami, M., Ramezani, F., and Abdolmaleki, M. K. (2019). Effect of silver nanoparticle treatment on the expression of key genes involved in glycosides biosynthetic pathway in Stevia rebaudiana B. Plant. Sugar Tech: 1–10.
Ramezani, M., Gerami, M., and Majlesi, Z. (2019). Comparison between various concentrations of commercial and synthesized silver nanoparticles on biochemical parameters and growth of Stevia rebaudiana B. Plant Physiology Reports, 24(1): 141–152.
Riahi-Madvar, A., Yousefi, K., and Nasiri-Bezenjani, M. (2014). Positive effect of Cu and yeast extract elicitors on the content of rosmarinic acid in Melissa offisinalis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 30(5):714–723.
Ribaut, J. M., Bertioli, D. J., Raatz, B., Roberts, P., Vadez, V., Varshney, R. K., and Diop, N. N. (2012). Innovative approaches to increase tropical legume productivity in Africa and South Asia. Proceedings of International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics (ICLGG) VI I-GAB01.
Rigane, G., Younes, S. Ben, Ghazghazi, H., and Salem, R. Ben. (2013). Investigation into the biological activities and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis L. growing in Tunisia. International Food Research Journal, 20(6): 3001.
Ritchie, S. W., Nguyen, H.T., and Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas-exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1): 105–111.
Rodríguez, P., Torrecillas, A., Morales, M. A., Ortuño, M.F., and Sánchez-Blanco, M. J. (2005). Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53(2): 113–123.
Rosen, W. G., Meyer, B. S., Anderson, D. B., Böhning, R. H., and Bohning, R. H. (1960). Introduction to Plant Physiology. In AIBS Bulletin (Vol. 10, Issue 3). John Wiley and Sons.
Sabertanha, B., Fakheri, B., Mahdinezhad, N. and Alizade, Z. (2017). Effects of silver nanoparticles elicitor and drought stress on the expression of beta-carotene hydroxylase (bch) gene on the yield of saffron carotenoid (Crocus sativus L.). Crop Biotech. Spring, 17: 1–13.
Sarmast, M. K., and Salehi, H. (2021). Sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles mediate a phytostimulatory response in tobacco via the suppression of ethylene biosynthetic genes and the ethylene signaling pathway. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant:1–14.
Sato, F., Yoshioka, H., Fujiwara, T., Higashio, H., Uragami, A., and Tokuda, S. (2004). Physiological responses of cabbage plug seedlings to water stress during low-temperature storage in darkness. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(4): 349–357.
Tanaka, A., and Tanaka, R. (2006). Chlorophyll metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 9(3): 248–255.
Thirumurugan, A., Tomy, N. A., Ganesh, R. J., Gobikrishnan, S., and others. (2010). Biological reduction of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts and its effect on increased antimicrobial activity against clinically isolated organism. Der Pharma Chemica, 2(6):279–284.
Vukics, V., Hevesi Toth, B., Ringer, T., Ludanyi, K., Kery, A., Bonn, G.K., and Guttman, A. (2008). Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the main flavonoids in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.). Journal of Chromatographic Science, 46(2):97–101.
Zhao, X.-C., Qu, X., Mathews, D.E., and Schaller, G. E. (2002). Effect of ethylene pathway mutations upon expression of the ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 130(4): 1983–1991.
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Abou-Zeid, H.M., and Moustafa, Y. (2014). Physiological and cytogenetic responses of wheat and barley to silver nanopriming treatment. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 5(3): 265–278.
Ahmed, S., Saifullah, Ahmad, M., Swami, B.L., and Ikram, S. (2016). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 9(1): 1–7.
Alaoui-Sossé, B., Genet, P., Vinit-Dunand, F., Toussaint, M.L., Epron, D., & Badot, P. M. (2004). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science, 166(5): 1213–1218.
Alimoradi, M., Jafararpoor, M., Golparvar, A., and others. (2013). Improving the keeping quality and vase life of cut Alstroemeria flowers by post-harvest nano silver treatments. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences (IJACS), 6(11): 632–635.
Anand David, A.V., Arulmoli, R., and Parasuraman, S. (2016). Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20):84–89.
Anderson, M.D., Prasad, T.K., and Stewart, C.R. (1995). Changes in isozyme profiles of catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase during acclimation to chilling in mesocotyls of maize seedlings. Plant Physiology, 109(4): 1247–1257.
Askari, M., Saffari, V.R. and A.A.M.M. (2014). Study of some physiological characteristics and yield of corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) under salinity stress conditions. Journal of Production and Processing of Crop and Gardening, 3(9):93–103.
Bhakya, S., Muthukrishnan, S., Sukumaran, M., and Muthukumar, M. (2016). Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Applied Nanoscience, 6(5):755–766.
Bohnert, H.J., Nelson, D.E., and Jensen, R.G. (1995). Adaptations to environmental stresses. The Plant Cell, 7(7): 1099.
Bondarian, F., Omidi, M., and Torabi, S. (2013). The effect of nanoelicitors on alkaloid production of Papaver somniferum in suspension cell culture. Msc thesis Azad university of Tehran. 2013,(In Persian).
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M., and Chern, J.C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3): 178–182.
Chartzoulakis, K., Patakas, A., Kofidis, G., Bosabalidis, A., & Nastou, A. (2002). Water stress affects leaf anatomy, gas exchange, water relations and growth of two avocado cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 95(1–2): 39–50.
Chehregani Rad, A., Khorzaman, N., LariYazdi, H., and Shirkhani, Z. (2016). Changes in growth characteristics and physiological indices in Zn-Stressed Phaseolus vulgaris plants on hydroponic medium. Developmental Biology, 8(2): 31–39.
De Palma, L. (1998). Photosynthetic characteristics of six Pistachio cultivars. X GREMPA Seminar= Xeme Colloque Du GREMPA. Zaragoza: CIHEAM-IAMZ: 45–49.
Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Bahramian, F., Bekhradnia, A.R., and others. (2010). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum. Pak J Pharm Sci, 23(1):29–34.
Ehsan Pour, A.A., and Nejati, Z. (2013). Effect of nanosilver on chlorophyll, gibberellic acid content and electrophoresis pattern of proteins of potato (Solanum tubersum L.) under in vitro culture. Applied Biology, 25(2):13–26.
Ghosh, M., and Singh, S.P. (2005). A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution, 133(2): 365–371.
Hashemi, H., Secrets, Z., and Poursidi, S. (2015). The effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles on growth characteristics and flavonoid content of wheat. Journal of Agriculture, 111: 49–54.
Hazrati Jahan, R., Zare, N., Dezhsetan, S., and Sheikhzadeh Mosaddeg, P. (2017). Enhanced Taxol production in cell suspension cultures of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) by combination of elicitor and precursor. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(1):73–89.
Irigoyen, J.J., Einerich, D.W., and Sánchez‐Díaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativd) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84(1):55.
Jensen, A. (1978). Chlorophylls and carotenoids. In ‘Handbook of phycological methods: physiological and biochemical methods’.(Ed. JS Craigie)PP:59-70. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Jurca, T., Pallag, A., Marian, E., and Eugenia, M. (2019). The histo-anatomical investigation and the polyphenolic profile of antioxidant complex active ingredients from three viola species. farmacia, 67(4): 634–640.
Kayhani Behrouz, M., Mohammad Parast, B., and Qanati, F. ( 2013). Investigating the effect of silver nanoparticles on some secondary metabolites of (Achillea millefolium L.) Thesis, University of Malayer.
Keshari, A.K., Srivastava, R., Singh, P., Yadav, V.B., and Nath, G. (2020). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cestrum nocturnum. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 11(1):37–44.
Khatami, M., and Pourseyedi, S. (2015). Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) pit aqueous extract mediated novel route for synthesis high stable silver nanoparticles with high antifungal and antibacterial activity. IET Nanobiotechnology, 9(4):184–190.
Kheiry, A., Tori, H., and Mortazavi, N. (2017). Effects of drought stress and jasmonic acid elicitors on morphological and phytochemical characteristics of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 33(2): 268–280.
Koda, T., Kuroda, Y., and Imai, H. (2008). Protective effect of rutin against spatial memory impairment induced by trimethyltin in rats. Nutrition Research, 28(9):629–634.
Khodayari M, Omidi M, Shah Nejat Bushehri A, Yazdani D, Naqvi MR and Kadkhoda Z . (2015). Effect biological elicitor and nano elicitor on increasing the production of alkaloids in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). Iran. Horticult. Sci. 2015; 45: 287-295.
Kumar, V., Parvatam, G., and Ravishankar, G. A. (2009). AgNO3: a potential regulator of ethylene activity and plant growth modulator. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 12(2): 8–9.
Li, G., Wan, S., Zhou, J., Yang, Z., and Qin, P. (2010). Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, hyperspectral reflectance, pigments content, malondialdehyde and proline accumulation responses of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seedlings to salt stress levels. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(1):13–19.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148:350–382.
Maxwell, K., and Johnson, G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence—a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(345):659–668.
Mehrian, S.K., and Karimi, N. (2017). Biological testing of the chemically synthesized silver nano-particles for nitrate, chloride, potassium and sodium contents, and some physiological and biochemical characteristics of tomato plants. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22(1):48–55.
Mehta, P., Jajoo, A., Mathur, S., and Bharti, S. (2010). Chlorophyll a fluorescence study revealing effects of high salt stress on Photosystem II in wheat leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(1):16–20.
Najafi, S., Heidari, R. and Jamei, R. (2013). Influence of silver nanoparticles and magnetic field on phytochemical, antioxidant activity compounds and physiological factors of Phaseolus vulgaris. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences: 2812-2816.
Namdeo, A.G., & others. (2007). Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review. Pharmacogn Rev, 1(1):69–79.
Paknejad, F., Nasri, M., Moghadam, H.R.T., Zahedi, H., and Alahmadi, M.J. (2007). Effects of drought stress on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll content and grain yield of wheat cultivars. J. Biol. Sci, 7(6): 841–847.
Parsa, M., Zeinali, A., & others. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid elicitor on the production of tropane alkaloids (atropine and scopolamine) in hairy roots and in vitro roots cultures of Hyoscyamus niger L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 32(4).
Patra, J.K., and Baek, K.H. (2016). Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of silky hairs of corn and investigation of its antibacterial and anticandidal synergistic activity and antioxidant potential. IET Nanobiotechnology, 10(5): 326–333.
Rai, P.K., Kumar, V., Lee, S.S., Raza, N., Kim, K.H., Ok, Y.S., and Tsang, D.C.W. (2018). Nanoparticle-plant interaction: Implications in energy, environment, and agriculture. Environmental International, 119:1–19.
Ramezani, M., Asghari, S., Gerami, M., Ramezani, F., and Abdolmaleki, M. K. (2019). Effect of silver nanoparticle treatment on the expression of key genes involved in glycosides biosynthetic pathway in Stevia rebaudiana B. Plant. Sugar Tech: 1–10.
Ramezani, M., Gerami, M., and Majlesi, Z. (2019). Comparison between various concentrations of commercial and synthesized silver nanoparticles on biochemical parameters and growth of Stevia rebaudiana B. Plant Physiology Reports, 24(1): 141–152.
Riahi-Madvar, A., Yousefi, K., and Nasiri-Bezenjani, M. (2014). Positive effect of Cu and yeast extract elicitors on the content of rosmarinic acid in Melissa offisinalis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 30(5):714–723.
Ribaut, J. M., Bertioli, D. J., Raatz, B., Roberts, P., Vadez, V., Varshney, R. K., and Diop, N. N. (2012). Innovative approaches to increase tropical legume productivity in Africa and South Asia. Proceedings of International Conference on Legume Genetics and Genomics (ICLGG) VI I-GAB01.
Rigane, G., Younes, S. Ben, Ghazghazi, H., and Salem, R. Ben. (2013). Investigation into the biological activities and chemical composition of Calendula officinalis L. growing in Tunisia. International Food Research Journal, 20(6): 3001.
Ritchie, S. W., Nguyen, H.T., and Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas-exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1): 105–111.
Rodríguez, P., Torrecillas, A., Morales, M. A., Ortuño, M.F., and Sánchez-Blanco, M. J. (2005). Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53(2): 113–123.
Rosen, W. G., Meyer, B. S., Anderson, D. B., Böhning, R. H., and Bohning, R. H. (1960). Introduction to Plant Physiology. In AIBS Bulletin (Vol. 10, Issue 3). John Wiley and Sons.
Sabertanha, B., Fakheri, B., Mahdinezhad, N. and Alizade, Z. (2017). Effects of silver nanoparticles elicitor and drought stress on the expression of beta-carotene hydroxylase (bch) gene on the yield of saffron carotenoid (Crocus sativus L.). Crop Biotech. Spring, 17: 1–13.
Sarmast, M. K., and Salehi, H. (2021). Sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles mediate a phytostimulatory response in tobacco via the suppression of ethylene biosynthetic genes and the ethylene signaling pathway. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant:1–14.
Sato, F., Yoshioka, H., Fujiwara, T., Higashio, H., Uragami, A., and Tokuda, S. (2004). Physiological responses of cabbage plug seedlings to water stress during low-temperature storage in darkness. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(4): 349–357.
Tanaka, A., and Tanaka, R. (2006). Chlorophyll metabolism. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 9(3): 248–255.
Thirumurugan, A., Tomy, N. A., Ganesh, R. J., Gobikrishnan, S., and others. (2010). Biological reduction of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts and its effect on increased antimicrobial activity against clinically isolated organism. Der Pharma Chemica, 2(6):279–284.
Vukics, V., Hevesi Toth, B., Ringer, T., Ludanyi, K., Kery, A., Bonn, G.K., and Guttman, A. (2008). Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the main flavonoids in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.). Journal of Chromatographic Science, 46(2):97–101.
Zhao, X.-C., Qu, X., Mathews, D.E., and Schaller, G. E. (2002). Effect of ethylene pathway mutations upon expression of the ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 130(4): 1983–1991.