The Effects of Spermine and Salicylic Acid on Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars (Badami and Qazvini) under Copper Stress

Subject Areas : Microbiology

M.R. salarizadeh ¹ , S. Saeidisar ² , H. Abbaspour ³ , H. Hokmabadi ⁴

1 - Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
3 - Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
4 - Damghan Pistachio station, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Semnan Province (Shahrood), AREEO, Shahrood, Iran

Received: 2016-12-28 Accepted : 2016-12-28 Published : 2016-12-01

Keywords: Growth regulators, Pistachio, Copper stress, Potential growth,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of Spermine and Salicylic acid on several growth parameters, such as shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, amount of protein and carbohydrate, of Badami and Qazvini pistachio cultivated variety under copper stress. The experiment design was completely randomized with three replicates per treatment and four levels of copper (o.5, 30, 45, 60 µM), one level of SA (o.5mM) and one level of Sp (o.5 mM). The excess copper significantly reduced the fresh and dry weight of the shoot and amount protein in pistachio plants. The carbohydrate was also increased as a response to the increase of copper. However, the damage was higher in Qazvini pistachios compared to Badami pistachios. The SPM and SA treatments increased the shoot length and root and shoot fresh weights as well as the amount of protein and moderated the carbohydrate in the pistachio plants under copper stress. The carbohydrate in plant was also increased. It was concluded that SA and SPM could be used as a potential growth regulators to improve copper stress in pistachio plants.

References:

Abdel-Fattah GM, Ibrahim, AH, Amir SM, Shoker AE (2013) Synergistic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and spermine on amelioration of salinity stress of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. gimiza 9). Australian Journal of Crop Science. 7, 1525-1532.

Afrousheh M, Hokmabadi H, Mireseved Hosseini IH (2010) Effect of nitrogen, iron, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum deficiencies biochemical and ecophysiological characteristics of pistachio seedling (Pistacia vera). Options Mediterraneenes. 94, 53-63

Aidid SB, Okamoto H (1993) Responses of elongation rate, turgor pressure and cell wall extensibility of stem cells of Impatiens balsmina to Lead Copper and Zinc. Biometals. 6, 245- 249.

Alaoui-Sosse B, Genet P, Vinit-Dunand F, Toussaint ML, Epron D, Badot PM (2004) Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science. 166, 1213-1218.

 

Alcazar R, Cuevas JC, Patron M, Altabella T, Tiburcio AF (2006) Abscisic acid modulates polyamine metabolism under water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia Plantarum. 128, 448–455.

Aly A, Mohamed A (2012) The impact of copper ion on growth, thiol compounds and lipid peroxidation in two Maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) grown in vitro. Australian journal of crop science. 6, 541-549.

Barkosky RR, Einhellig FA (1993) Effects of salicylic acid on plant water relationship. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 19, 237–247.

Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantition of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72, 248-254.

Cutt JR, Klessig DF (1992) Salicylic acid in plants: A changing perspective. Pharmaceutical Technology 16, 25–34.

Dat JF, Foyer CH and Scott IM (1998) Changes in salicylic acid and antioxidants during induced thermotolerance in Mustard seedlings. Plant Physiology. 118, 1455–1461.

Duraipandian M, Periyanayagi G, Marisamy K, Sevugaperumal R, Ganesh D, Ramasubramanian V (2015) Amelioration of copper caused stress in terms of morphometric, pigmental, biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of Eleusine coracana (L.) gaertn. Global Journal of Environmental Research. 9, 10-13.

Eleftheriou EP, Karataglis S (1989) Ultra structural and morphological characteristics of cultivated wheat growing on copper-polluted fields. Botanica Acta. 102, 134-140.

El Meskaoui A, Trembaly FM (2009) Effects of exogenous polyamines and inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on endogenous free polyamine contents and the maturation of white spruce somatic embryos. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8, 6807-6816.

EL- Housin EA, Ahmed MA, Hassanein MS, Tawfik MM (2014) Effect of Salicylic Acid (SA) on growth and quality of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) under salt stress. Am. Eurasian. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 14, 275-281.

El-Tayeb MA (2005) Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regulation. 45, 215-224.

Fariduddin Q, Hayat S, Ahmad A (2003) Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica. 41, 281–284.

Galston AW, Kaur-Sawhney R (1995) Polyamines as endogenous growth regulators. In: Plant Hormones. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Ed. P. J. Davies, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 158-178.

Guzel S, Terzi R (2013) Exogenous hydrogen peroxide increases dry matter production, mineral content and level of osmotic solutes in young maize leaves and alleviates deleterious effects of copper stress. Botanical studies 54, 2-10.

Harper JR, Balke NE (1981) Characterization of the inhibition of K⁺ absorption in oat roots by salicylic acid. Plant Physiology. 68, 1349–1353.

Hayat S, Fariduddin Q, Ali B, Ahmad A (2005) Effect of salicylic acid on growth and enzyme activities of Wheat seedlings. Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 53, 433–437.

Hokmabadi H, Arzani K, Grierson PF (2005) Growth, chemical composition, and carbon isotope discrimination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedling in response to salinity. Australian journal of Agricultural Research. 56, 135–144.

 Jain M, Mathur G, Koul S, Sarin NB (2001) Ameliorative effects of proline onsalt-stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Plant Cell Reports. 20, 463-468.

Kakkar RK, Sawhney VK (2002) Polyamine research in plants – a changing perspective. Physiologia Plantarum. 116, 281–292.

Khan W, Prithiviraj B, Smith DL (2003) Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. Journal of Plant Physiology. 160, 485–492.

Khodary SEA (2004) Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in the salt stressed Maize plants. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological. 6, 5-8.

Kuznetsov VV, Shevyakova NI (2007) Polyamines and stress tolerance of plants. Plant Stress. 1, 50-71.

Larqueґ-Saaveda A (1979) Stomatal closure in response to salicylic acid treatment. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzen Physiologie. 93, 371–375.

Metwally A, Finkmemeier I, Georgi M, Dietz KJ (2003) Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in barley seedlings. Plant Physiology. 132, 272–281.

Misra N, Misra R (2012) Acid changes plant growth parameters and proline metabolism in rauwolfia serpentina leaves grown under salinity stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. 12, 1601-1609.

Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, van Breusegem F (2004) Abiotic stress series. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Science. 9, 490–498.

Mourato MP, Martins LL, Campos-Andrada MP (2009) Physiological responses of Lupinus luteus to different copper concentrations. Biologia Plantarum. 53, 105–111.

Pancheva TV, Popova LP, Uzunova AN (1996) Effects of salicylic acid on growth and photosynthesis in barley plants. Journal of plant physiology 149, 57-63.

Popova L, Pancheva T, Uzunova A (1997) salicylic acid: Properties, biosynthesis and physiological role. Bulgarian Plant Physiology. 23, 85-93.

Prasad MNV, Malec P, Waloszek A, Bojko M, Strzałka K (2001) Physiological responses of Lemna trisulca L.(duckweed) to cadmium and copper bioaccumulation. Plant Science. 161, 881–889.

Raskin I (1992) Role of salicylic acid in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 43, 439-463.

Razavi S (2005) Pistachio production: Iran vs. the World. Acta Horticulture. 726, 225–230.

Roychoudhury A, Basu S, Sengupta DN (2011) Amelioration of salinity stress by exogenously applied spermidine or spermine in three varieties of Indica Rice differing in their level of salt tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168, 317-328.

Sakhabutdinova AR, Fatkutdinova DR, Bezrukova MV, Shakirova FM (2003) Salicylic acid prevents the damaging action of stress factors on Wheat plants. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 21, 314-319.

Sheldon AR, Menies NW (2005) The effect of copper toxicity on the growth and root morphology of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Knuth.) in resin buffered solution culture. Plant and Soil.  27, 341–349

Siddiqui HM, Al-Whaibi M, Ali HM, Sakran AM, Basalah MO, AlKhaishany MY (2013) Mitigation of nickel stress by the exogenous application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in Wheat. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 7, 1780-1788.

Singh B, Usha K (2003) Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in Wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 39, 137–141. 

Sinniah UR, Ellis RH, John P (1998) Irrigation and seed quality development in rapid-recycling Brassica: soluble carbohydrates and heat stable proteins. Annals of Botany. 82, 647–655.

Smith MA, Wood EJ (1992) Molecular and ceel biochemistry biosynthesis. Chapman and Hall, Pubs. London, UK: 128-134.

Somogyi M (1952) Notes on sugar determination. Journal of Biological chemistry. 195, 19-29.

Tang W, Newton RJ (2005) Polyamines reduce salt-induced oxidative damage by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing lipid peroxidation in Virginia pine. Plant Growth Regulation. 46, 31–43.

Tiburcio AF, Besford RT, Capell T, Borrell A, Testillano PS, Risueno MC (1994) Mechanism of polyamine action during senescence responses induced by osmotic stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 45, 1789–1800.

Wang X, Shi G, Xu Q, Hu J (2007) Exogenous polyamines enhance copper tolerance of Nymphoides peltatum. Plant Physiology. 164, 1062-1070.

Zhang W, Jiang B, Li W, Song H, Yu Y, Chen J (2009) Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating anti oxidative system. Scientia Horticulturae. 122, 200-208.

Zhao F, Song, CP, He J, Zhu H (2007) Polyamines improve K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in barley seedlings by regulating root ion channel activities. Plant Physiology. 145, 1061-1072.