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      • Open Access Article

        1 - Analysis of obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional period
        reyhaneh nourmohammadi Hossain farzanepour somaye hamidi
        Citizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a More
        Citizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a citizen of a state. Citizenship rights are realized when all members of the society achieve all civil and political rights and the citizen has responsibility as a member of the society along with the better management of the society and establishing social order and recognizing these interactive rights have an effective role in promoting citizenship rights and creating a society based on social order and justice. The present article, relying on the historical sociology approach based on Bryan.S.turner's theory, has tried to understand citizenship and citizenship rights in the constitutional era, by using library documents and resources and descriptive-analytical method by examining the obstacles to the realization . In this article, it is trying to answer the question that what were the factors and obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional era? The hypothesis of this research is that in the context of the weak central government, the weakness of the political culture of the mass of the people, the political elites did not ultimately lead to the formation of citizenship rights. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Analysis of the components of physical governmentality in Mirza Malekom Khan's political thought
        bigom naseri Somayeh Hamidi Hossain farzanepour
        The structure of pre-constitutional political power reflects metaphysical governmentality. With the arrival of modernity in Iran, some components of physical governmentality under the name of constitutional government were considered in the minds of intellectuals. The i More
        The structure of pre-constitutional political power reflects metaphysical governmentality. With the arrival of modernity in Iran, some components of physical governmentality under the name of constitutional government were considered in the minds of intellectuals. The intellectuals of this period knew the reasons for the backwardness of the country and the progress of the West in the differences between the foundations of the governmentality. Among these intellectuals is Mirza Malekom Khan. He sought to lay the groundwork for government reform in Iran. Thus, he tried to correct the shortcomings and make the political system more efficient by criticizing power, and this led to the comparison of the pre-modern, pre-modern society and authoritarian government with the democratic and legitimate West. This descriptive-analytical method and using the main text of Malkom Khan's works seeks to analyze the principles of modern governmentality in his mind and explain the transition to mechanical rule based on law and order in the mind of this intellectual. The result of the present article is that Malkom Khan was a pioneer and propagandist of modernism and considered the solution to get out of Iran's backwardness in adhering to the monarchy, following the idea of freedom and the rule of law and accepting the modern system of government. Manuscript profile