Legal-environmental study of human activities impacts with a mining approach in the seabed
Subject Areas :
environmental low
Somaye Naghibi
1
,
Ali Zare
2
,
Mansour Pournouri
3
,
Parvin Farshchi
4
1 - Student at environmental law Azad university science and research branch.
2 - Assistant professor at private law ,collage of law , theology and political science ,Tehran science and research branch , Islamic Azad university, Tehran , Iran
3 - Professor on faculty fellow International law at central branch of Azad university
4 - Assistant professor at environmental law at environment and natural resources faculty , Tehran science and research branch , Islamic Azad university, Tehran , Iran
Received: 2020-12-23
Accepted : 2022-10-08
Published : 2022-09-23
Keywords:
Deep Sea Bed,
Marin Excavation,
Marin pollution,
Abstract :
Background: Despite the limitation of natural resources on earth and the inharmonious spreading of these treasures, the world meets an ongoing tournament beyond different territories to get benefits in such a way to exploit more and more. Due to the limited land resources and the forecast for the depletion of all available reserves and capacities, deep-sea mineral resources can be considered as a reliable alternative to compensate for the land resources limitations.Studying Method: This study, using an analytical descriptive method, studies the major issues regarding the exploration and exploitation of various natural resources from the seabed and the laws governing this sector and their exploitation conditions.Findings: The research indicates that due to the sensitive and vulnerable ecosystem of marine areas, especially in the seabed and sub-seabed and the lack of knowledge necessary to carry out extraction processes in these areas, legal and executive gaps are felt in this area.Conclusion & Results: It is necessary to review the rules and regulations of international law, especially international environmental law, and implement new solutions, the process of exploration and mining with the requirements of sustainable development and exploitation in accordance with the ecological conditions and potential of these habitats.
References:
Pournouri, M. (2014) International law of the sea and convention 1982 ,(first ed) Iran,Tehran, Pay am Edalat publisher pp80-84( In Persian)
Tanaka, Y. (2015)Review of International law of the sea , (first ed) , Iran , Tehran , shahr Danesh law research institute pp :128-129( In Persian)
Churchill, R & Loo. A. (2018) Law of the sea convention, Iran, Tehran , International and political studies center , P: 137 , (In Persian))
Van Dover, C. L., Ardron, J. A., Escobar, E., Gianni, M., Gjerde, K. M., Jaeckel, A., ... & Smith, C. R. (2017). Biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining. Nature Geoscience, 10(7), 464-465.
Kiss .A, Sand, H & Langue. V, (2013), (4thed), International Environmental Law, Iran, Tehran, Tehran university publisher, pp: 112-113, (In Persian))
Ckorrocola . S, Laul . L & Robinson. N, (2012), Principle of environmental law, Iran, Tehran, mizzan publisher pp: 209-211, (In Persian)
Poorhashemi, A., and B. Arghand. (2013). “International environmental law." Nashr Dadgostar: 145-198.
Niner, H. J., Ardron, J. A., Escobar, E. G., Gianni, M., Jaeckel, A., Jones, D. O., ... & Van Dover, C. L. (2018). Deep-sea mining with no net loss of biodiversity—an
Buffelan, Lanore, Larribu, Terneyre. (2010). Droit Civil: Les obligation. Sirey: Sireyuniversité, persian, pp112-114
Sparenberg, O. A historical perspective on deep-sea mining for manganese nodules, 2019. Extr. Ind. Soc. 6, 842–854 (201
Ott, C., Schafer, H. B. (2004). The economicanalysis of civil law.Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, persian, p109
Sands, Philippe, Peel, Jacqueline. (2012). Principles of InternationalEnvironmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Persian, pp253-255
Schermer, Henry, Niels M.Blokker. (2011). international Institutional Law. Boston: MartinusNijhoff Publishers, persian, p432
Stands Philippe, Klein Pierre, Bowett, D. W. (2001). Bowett'slaw of international institutions. London: Sweet and Maxwell, persian, pp100-102
Ali, S. H. et al. Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance. Nature 543, 367–372 (2017).
Usui, A., Matsumoto, K., Maki, S., Okamoto, N., (2003) Geological study of Cobalt-rich ferro manganese crusts using a camera-monitored drill machine in the Marshall Islands Area in Proceedings of ISOPE-Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan: International Society for Offshore and PolarEngainer, persian, p54
Poorhashemi, A. (2020). Emergence of “International Environmental Law”: as a new branch of International Public Law.”. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39.
Xue, H. (2003). Transboundary Damage in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, persian,pp :156-157
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Pournouri, M. (2014) International law of the sea and convention 1982 ,(first ed) Iran,Tehran, Pay am Edalat publisher pp80-84( In Persian)
Tanaka, Y. (2015)Review of International law of the sea , (first ed) , Iran , Tehran , shahr Danesh law research institute pp :128-129( In Persian)
Churchill, R & Loo. A. (2018) Law of the sea convention, Iran, Tehran , International and political studies center , P: 137 , (In Persian))
Van Dover, C. L., Ardron, J. A., Escobar, E., Gianni, M., Gjerde, K. M., Jaeckel, A., ... & Smith, C. R. (2017). Biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining. Nature Geoscience, 10(7), 464-465.
Kiss .A, Sand, H & Langue. V, (2013), (4thed), International Environmental Law, Iran, Tehran, Tehran university publisher, pp: 112-113, (In Persian))
Ckorrocola . S, Laul . L & Robinson. N, (2012), Principle of environmental law, Iran, Tehran, mizzan publisher pp: 209-211, (In Persian)
Poorhashemi, A., and B. Arghand. (2013). “International environmental law." Nashr Dadgostar: 145-198.
Niner, H. J., Ardron, J. A., Escobar, E. G., Gianni, M., Jaeckel, A., Jones, D. O., ... & Van Dover, C. L. (2018). Deep-sea mining with no net loss of biodiversity—an
Buffelan, Lanore, Larribu, Terneyre. (2010). Droit Civil: Les obligation. Sirey: Sireyuniversité, persian, pp112-114
Sparenberg, O. A historical perspective on deep-sea mining for manganese nodules, 2019. Extr. Ind. Soc. 6, 842–854 (201
Ott, C., Schafer, H. B. (2004). The economicanalysis of civil law.Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, persian, p109
Sands, Philippe, Peel, Jacqueline. (2012). Principles of InternationalEnvironmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Persian, pp253-255
Schermer, Henry, Niels M.Blokker. (2011). international Institutional Law. Boston: MartinusNijhoff Publishers, persian, p432
Stands Philippe, Klein Pierre, Bowett, D. W. (2001). Bowett'slaw of international institutions. London: Sweet and Maxwell, persian, pp100-102
Ali, S. H. et al. Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance. Nature 543, 367–372 (2017).
Usui, A., Matsumoto, K., Maki, S., Okamoto, N., (2003) Geological study of Cobalt-rich ferro manganese crusts using a camera-monitored drill machine in the Marshall Islands Area in Proceedings of ISOPE-Ocean Mining Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan: International Society for Offshore and PolarEngainer, persian, p54
Poorhashemi, A. (2020). Emergence of “International Environmental Law”: as a new branch of International Public Law.”. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39.
Xue, H. (2003). Transboundary Damage in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, persian,pp :156-157
