Effect of extraction methods on phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. at different phenological stages

Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants

Mohammad Reza Samiei ¹ , Majid Sharifi-Rad ^{2 *} , Mohammad Saranirad ³

1 - Department of range and watershed management, university of zabol
2 -
3 - Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2024-10-10 Accepted : 2025-02-02 Published : 2025-03-21

Keywords: Extraction methods biological activity active compounds Pulicaria gnaphalodes phenological stages,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different extraction methods on the chemical compounds, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of the Pulicaria gnaphalodes at different phenological stages.Total phenol, total flavonoid, total tannin, total alkaloid and total saponin were measured using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was measured by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Also, the antibacterial activity of different extracts was measured by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by human red blood cell stabilization method. The highest amounts of total phenol (67.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight), total flavonoids (37.3 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight), total tannins (45.3 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g dry weight), total alkaloids (75.2 mg atropine equivalent (AE)/g dry weight)  and total saponins (284.3 mg escin equivalent (EE)/g dry weight) were recorded for methanolic extract of the studied plant at the flowering stage and their lowest amounts were related to its aqueous extract at the seeding stage. The results of the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities showed that the methanolic extract obtained from the flowering stage has the highest antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities and the aqueous extract obtained from the seeding stage has the lowest antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. In general and considering all the extracts, it can be stated that the studied plant has the highest amount of chemical compounds and biological activity at the flowering stage and the methanolic and aqueous extracts of the studied plant at different phenological stages had the highest and lowest amount of chemical compounds and biological activity, respectively.

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