Designing an entrepreneurial model based on enablers for Iran
Subject Areas : Financial Economics
Dawod
Mukhtarpour
1
(Department of Strategic Management, Faculty of Strategic Management, National Defense University and Higher Research Institute, Tehran, Iran)
Fardin
Shuraj
2
(Department of Strategic Management, School of Strategic Management, National Defense University and Higher Research Institute, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: Creativity, Keywords: entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Empowerment, Innovation JEL Classification: J11 , G32, O31 , G1,
Abstract :
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to design an entrepreneurial empowerment model in Iran. In this study, a combined method (qualitative and quantitative) was used. The statistical sample of the study included 33 entrepreneurship experts, 110 micro and macro business managers and 163 entrepreneurship students. The tools of this research were Delphi questionnaires, interpretive structural modeling and entrepreneurial performance. Validation of questionnaires using expert opinion and validity using factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaires was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Delphi method and interpretive structural modeling were used to identify entrepreneurial enablers and to examine the relationship between them, and structural equation modeling method was used to test research hypotheses. According to the results, a total of 9 empowerment (cultural factors, economic factors, information, political factors, contextual factors, structural factors, institutional factors, personality and individual characteristics, and the use of the global community) and 52 identifications. Were. The final results of ISM showed that the underlying factors and the benefit of globalization are at level 1 and the cultural factors are at level 6. Also, the results of sub-hypotheses showed that all entrepreneurial enablers affect entrepreneurial performance.
فهرست منابع
آرامش، حامد.؛ رس، عاطفه. و کشاورز، سهیلا.(1399). اثربخشی کارآفرینی اجتماعی در توانمندسازی زنان روستایی مورد: مناطق حاشیه‌نشین چابهار، فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، سال 9، شماره 4، صص 41-62.
خداپناه، بهمن.؛ مرادی، محمدعلی.؛ پاداش، حمید. و سخدری، کمال.(1400). شناسایی موانع نهادی توسعه کارآفرینی منطقه‌ای در ایران (رویکردی انتقادی به نظام تاریخی سیاست‌گذاری کارآفرینی)، پژوهش‌نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه‌های علوم انسانی، سال 21، شماره 4، صص 87-111.
حامد عباسی آقاملکی 2 قهرمان عبدلی 3 علی سوری 4 محسن ابراهیمی.(1399). معرفی الگویی از حاکمیت شرکتی با تمرکز بر نقش واسطه‌گری کارآفرینی، فصلنامـه اقتصاد مالی سال چهاردهم / شماره 05 / بهار 9211 صفحه 32 تا 2
سعیدیان، مسعود.؛ سعیدی، پرویز.؛ سمیعی، روح‌اله. و اشرفی، مجید.(1399). معرفی الگویی از حاکمیت شرکتی با تمرکز بر نقش واسطه‌گری کارآفرینی، فصلنامه اقتصاد مالی، سال 14، شماره 50، صص 171-190.
بختیاری صادق.؛ شایسته افسانه.(1391). بررسی تاثیر بهبود فضای کسب و کار بر رشد اقتصادی در کشورهای منتخب با تاکید بر ایران ، فصلنامه اقتصاد مالی، دوره 6 شماره 19، ص 175-204
دلجوی‌شهیر، جواد.؛ غلامی‌مبارک‌آبادی، رقیه. و سلمان‌نژاد، عبداله.(1397). توسعه و توانمندسازی کارآفرینی در فضای کسب‌وکارهای کوچک و متوسط با نگاهی به وضع موجود کارآفرینی در استان گیلان با استفاده از رویکرد SWOT، مطالعات نوین کاربردی در مدیریت و اقتصاد، سال اول، شماره 2، صص 34-53.
سعیدیان، مسعود.؛ سعیدی، پرویز.؛ سمیعی، روح‌اله. و اشرفی، مجید.(1399). معرفی الگویی از حاکمیت شرکتی با تمرکز بر نقش واسطه‌گری کارآفرینی، فصلنامه اقتصاد مالی، سال 14، شماره 50، صص 171-190.
شجاعی‌فرد، علی.(1398). توانمندسازی و ایجاد کارآفرینی روستایی در محیط‌های کسب‌وکار کوچک (مورد: دهستان آیسین-شهرستان بندر عباس)، فصلنامه علمی برنامه‌ریزی منطقه‌ای، سال 9، شماره 36، صص 185-196.
سعیدی، پرویز.؛ سمیعی، روح‌اله. و اشرفی، مجید.(1399). معرفی الگویی از حاکمیت شرکتی با تمرکز بر نقش واسطه‌گری کارآفرینی، فصلنامه اقتصاد مالی، سال 14، شماره 50، صص 171-190.
عاشوری، تقی.؛ قزلسفلو، حمیدرضا. و عسگرشمسی، میثم.(1400). طراحی الگوی توسعه کارآفرینی دورن‌سازمانی در مجموعه‌های تفریحی ورزشی، دوفصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی گردشگری، سال 9، شماره 17، صص 219-244.
مالکی، مریم.؛ سالارزهی، حبیب‌اله.؛ کشته‌گر، عبدالعلی.؛ کیخا، عالمه. و حدادی، ابراهیم.(1400). طراحی الگوی سیاست‌گذاری کارآفرینی در حوزه معادن استان سیستان و بلوچستان، نشریه روش‌های تحلیلی و عددی در مهندسی معدن، دوره 11، شماره 26، صص 1-12.
Amit, R. and Zott, C. (2001), Value creation in e-business, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, Nos. 6/7, pp. 493–520.
Analoui, F., Moghimi, S. M., and Khanifar, H. (2009), Public sector managers and entrepreneurship in Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Management Development, No. 285, pp. 22-532.
Bennani, A. D., and Oumlil, R. (2014), Acceptance of E-Entrepreneurship by Future Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: Case of Morocco, Journal of Entrepreneurship: Research & Practice, Vol. 2014, pp. 1-10.
Bhardwaj, B. R., and Momaya, S. K. (2011), Drivers and enablers of corporate entrepreneurship: Case of a software giant from India, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.187-205.
Bouncken, R.; Ratzmann, M.; Barwinski, R. & Kraus, S.(2020). Coworking spaces: Empowerment for entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital and sharing economy, Journal of Business Research, 114, PP. 102-110.
Brink, T. and Madsen, S. (2015), Entrepreneurial learning requires action on the meaning generated, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 650-672.
Chell, E. (2013), Review of Skill and the Entrepreneurial Process, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6-31.
Chulikavit, K. and Rose, J. (2003), E-Commerce and the Internationalisation of SMEs, in H. Etemad and R. Wright (eds) Globalisation and Entrepreneurship: Policy and Strategy Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Creed, A., and Zutshi, A. (2012), The E-Learning Cycle and Continuous Improvement for E-Entrepreneurs, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 3.
Deakins, D., Bensemann, j. and Battisti, M. (2016), Entrepreneurial skill and regulation: evidence from primary sector rural entrepreneurs, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 22, No. 2.
Dileep, K. M., and Ramesh, M. (2009), E-Recruitment: Leveraging Technology towards Business Excellence, Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, pp. 75-94.
Ekanem, I. (2015), Entrepreneurial learning: gender differences, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 557-577.
Erdor, M. (2012), Developments in E-Entrepreneurship in Turkey and a Case Study of a Startup Company Founded by a Woman Entrepreneur, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 4.
Hallak, R., Assaker, G. and O'Connor, P. (2014), Are Family and Nonfamily Tourism Businesses Different? An Examination of the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy-Entrepreneurial Performance Relationship, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 388-413.
Henano-Zapata, D. & Peiro, J. M.(2018). The importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship, Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62455-6_14, PP. 185-206.
Humphreys, P. and Brezillon, P. (2002), Combining Rich and Restricted Languages in Multimedia: Enriching Context for Innovative Decisions, in F. Adam, P. Brezillon, P. Humphreys and C. Pomerol (2004), Decision Making and Decision Support in the Internet Age. Cork, Ireland: University College Cork, Oak Tree Press.
Ng, D. (2020). Entrepreneurial empowerment: you are only as good as your employees, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 23, No.3-4, PP. 462-498.
Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N., Cragg, P. and Cavaye, A. (1997), Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: a structural equation model, MIS Quarterly, pp. 279–302.
Jarvis, L. (2016), Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 22, No. 2.
Jelassi, T. and Enders, A. (2005), Strategies for e-Business: Creating Value through Electronic and Mobile Commerce, New York: Prentice Hall.
Jiwa, S., Lavelle, D., and Rose, A. (2005), E-Entrepreneurship: Learning in a Simulated Environment, Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 42-56.
Jones, O. (2005), Manufacturing Regeneration through Corporate Entrepreneurship: Middle Managers and Organizational Innovation, International Journal of Operations & production Management, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 491-511.
Zhao, F. (2005), Maximize Business Profits Through E-partnerships, IRM Press.
Kassa, A. and Raju, R. (2015), Investigating the relationship between corporate enterpreneurship and employee engagement, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Kassean, H., Vanevenhoven, J., Liguori, E. and Winkel, D. (2015), Entrepreneurship education: a need for reflection, real-world experience and action, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 690-708.
Kollmann, T. (2001), Measuring the acceptance of electronic marketplaces, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Kollmann, T. (2004a), E-Venture: Grundlagen der Unternehmensgründung in der Net Economy, Wiesbaden, Gubler.
Kollmann, T. (2004b), Attitude, adoption or acceptance? – measuring the market success of telecommunication and multimedia technology, International Journal of Business Performance Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 133–152.
Kollmann, T. (2006). What is e-entrepreneurship? Fundamentals of company founding in the net economy, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 322-340.
Korsgaard, S., Müller, S. andf Tanvig, H. (2015), Rural entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship in the rural – between place and space, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 5-26.
Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., and Shoham, A. (2006). Entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations and international entrepreneurial business venture performance in South African firms. International Marketing Review, Vol. 23, pp. 504-523.
Kuan, K. and Chau, P. (2001). A perception-based model of EDI adoption in small businesses using technology–organization–environment framework, Information and Management, Vol. 38, pp. 507–521.
Lefebvre, L., Harvey, J. and Lefebvre, E. (1991), Technological experience and the technology adoption decisions in small manufacturing firms, R&D Management, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 241-249.
Lehman , K., Ronald Fillis, I., and Miles, M. (2014), The art of entrepreneurial market creation, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.163–182.
Lewis, A., Daunton, L., Thomas, B., and Sanders, G. (2010), A Critical Exploration into whether E-Recruitment is an Effective E-Entrepreneurship Method in Attracting Appropriate Employees for Enterprises, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 1, No. 2.
Lewis, A., Thomas, B., and Sanders, G. M. (2013), Pushing the Right Buttons?: A Critical Exploration into the Effects of Social Media as an Innovative E-Entrepreneurship Method of Recruitment for Enterprises, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 4, No. 3.
Liñán, F. (2008), Skill and value perceptions: how do they affect entrepreneurial intention?, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 257–272.
Lougui , M., and Nystrom, K. (2014), What obstacles do entrepreneurs encounter?, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.275-291.
Lumpkin, G.T. and Dess, G.G. (2004), E-business strategies and internet business models: how the internet adds value, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 161–173.
Malebana, M.J. (2014), Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Motivation of South African Rural University Students, Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 709-726.
Matlay, H. (2003a), Small Tourism Firms in e-Europe: Definitional, Conceptual and Contextual Considerations, in R. Thomas (ed.) Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives, pp. 297–312. Oxford: Pergamon.
Matlay, H. (2003b), e-Babel: In Search of a Theory of e-Everything, paper presented at the UCE Business School Research Seminar, Birmingham, 11–13 March.
Matlay, H. (2004), E-entrepreneurship and small e-business development: towards a comparative research agenda, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.408-414.
Matlay, H., and Martin, L. M. (2009), Collaborative and competitive strategies in virtual teams of e-entrepreneurs: a pan-European perspective, Australasian Journal of Information Systems. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 99-115.
Matlay, H., and Westhead, P. (2005), Virtual Teams and the Rise of e-Entrepreneurship in Europe, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 279–302.
Meyer, C. (2001), The second generation of speed, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 24–26.
Mirchandani, A. A. and Motwani, J. (2001). Understanding small business electronic commerce adoption: an empirical analysis, Journal of Computer Information Systems, pp. 70–73.
Mustafa, M., Ramos, H., and Wing Yan Man, T. (2015), Linking psychological ownership to employee extra-role behaviours in small overseas Chinese family businesses: does family status matter?, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Pihie, Z.A.L. and Bagheri, A. (2013), Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediation Effect of Self-Regulation, Vocations and Learning, Vol. 6, pp. 385-401.
Premkumar, G. and Roberts, M. (1999). Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses, The International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 27, pp. 467–484.
Qi, B., and McGilligan, W. (2007), An Investigation into E-Commerce Adoption Profile for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bury, Greater Manchester, UK, Springer Berlin/ Heidelberg, Vol. 4655, pp. 68-77.
Ribes-Giner, G.; Moya-Clemente, I.; Cervello-Royo, R. & Perello-Marin, M. R.(2018). Domestic economic and social conditions empowering female entrepreneurship, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 89, PP. 182-189.
Sahrakorpi, T. & Bandi, V.(2021). Empowerment or employment? Uncovering the paradoxes of social entrepreneurship for women via Husk Power Systems in rural North India, Energy Research & Social Science, 79, PP. 1-11.
Schiraldi, H., and Silva, J. (2012), Writing a business plan: reference tools to assist budding entrepreneurs, Reference Reviews, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 7-9.
Sharma, L. (2015), A review of the role of HEI’s in developing academic entrepreneurship: an evaluative study of Uttarakhand state, India, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Sharma, N. (2014), Recruitment Strategies: A power of E-Recruiting and Social Media, International Journal of Core Engineering & Management, Vol. 1, No. 5.
Shepherd, D.; Covin, G. F. & Kuratko, F. D.(2008). Project failure from corporate entrepreneurship: Managing the grief process, Journal of Business Venturing, PP. 1-16.
Starostka-Patyk, M., Tomski, P. and Zawada, M. (2015), Diversity Management as a Part of Corporate Social Responsibility Policy, Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 65, pp. 1038-1045.
Steinberg, A. (2003), The Re-Definition of Expert Knowledge in e-Entrepreneurship. London: London School of Economics.
Stockdale, R., and Standing, C. (2006), a classification model to support SME e-commerce adoption initiatives, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 381-394.
Stone, D., Stone-Romero, E., and Lukaszewski, K. (2006), Factors affecting the acceptance and effectiveness of electronic human resource systems, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 229–244.
Taylor, M. and Murphy, A. (2004), SMEs and e-business, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 280–289.
Thompson, J. (2010), Entrepreneurship enablers-Their unsung and unquantified role in competitiveness and regeneration, Local Economy February, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 58-73.
Thomson Reuters. (2013), top100innovators, available at www.top100innovators. com.
Thong, J. Y. L. (1999). An integrated model of information systems adoption in small businesses, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 187–214.
Weick, K. (2002), Puzzles in Organizational Learning: An Exercise in Disciplines Imagination, British Journal of Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. S7–S15.
Wolff, J., Pett, T., Ring, J. (2015), Small firm growth as a function of both learning orientation and entrepreneurial orientation: An empirical analysis, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 709-730.
Wymer, S. A. and Regan, E. A. (2005), Factors influencing e-commerce adoption and use by small and medium businesses, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 438-453.
Zhang, Y. (2015), Assessing Elements of Storytelling in Chinese e-Entrepreneur Giant Alibaba's Business Information Graphics, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Zhao, F. (2006), Entrepreneurship and Innovations in E-Business: An Integrative Perspective, Idea Group Publishing.
Zhao, F. (2007), Issues and challenges facing e-entrepreneurship and e-Innovation, Managing Worldwide Operations & Communications with Information Technology, IRMA International Conference.
Zhao, W., and Wang, L. (2015), How knowledge affects resource acquisition: entrepreneurs’ knowledge, intra-industry ties and extra-industry ties, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Zikic, J. and Ezzedeen, S. (2015), Towards a more integrated view of entrepreneurial careers, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 756-777.
Yan, X.(2021). Employment and entrepreneurship education for university students based on improved ACO algorithm and embedded database, Microprocessors and Microsystems, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104087, PP. 1-16.
Amit, R. and Zott, C. (2001), Value creation in e-business, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, Nos. 6/7, pp. 493–520.
Analoui, F., Moghimi, S. M., and Khanifar, H. (2009), Public sector managers and entrepreneurship in Islamic Republic of Iran, Journal of Management Development, No. 285, pp. 22-532.
Bennani, A. D., and Oumlil, R. (2014), Acceptance of E-Entrepreneurship by Future Entrepreneurs in Developing Countries: Case of Morocco, Journal of Entrepreneurship: Research & Practice, Vol. 2014, pp. 1-10.
Bhardwaj, B. R., and Momaya, S. K. (2011), Drivers and enablers of corporate entrepreneurship: Case of a software giant from India, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.187-205.
Bouncken, R.; Ratzmann, M.; Barwinski, R. & Kraus, S.(2020). Coworking spaces: Empowerment for entrepreneurship and innovation in the digital and sharing economy, Journal of Business Research, 114, PP. 102-110.
Brink, T. and Madsen, S. (2015), Entrepreneurial learning requires action on the meaning generated, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 650-672.
Chell, E. (2013), Review of Skill and the Entrepreneurial Process, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6-31.
Chulikavit, K. and Rose, J. (2003), E-Commerce and the Internationalisation of SMEs, in H. Etemad and R. Wright (eds) Globalisation and Entrepreneurship: Policy and Strategy Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Creed, A., and Zutshi, A. (2012), The E-Learning Cycle and Continuous Improvement for E-Entrepreneurs, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 3.
Deakins, D., Bensemann, j. and Battisti, M. (2016), Entrepreneurial skill and regulation: evidence from primary sector rural entrepreneurs, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 22, No. 2.
Dileep, K. M., and Ramesh, M. (2009), E-Recruitment: Leveraging Technology towards Business Excellence, Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 1 & 2, pp. 75-94.
Ekanem, I. (2015), Entrepreneurial learning: gender differences, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 557-577.
Erdor, M. (2012), Developments in E-Entrepreneurship in Turkey and a Case Study of a Startup Company Founded by a Woman Entrepreneur, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 3, No. 4.
Hallak, R., Assaker, G. and O'Connor, P. (2014), Are Family and Nonfamily Tourism Businesses Different? An Examination of the Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy-Entrepreneurial Performance Relationship, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 388-413.
Henano-Zapata, D. & Peiro, J. M.(2018). The importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship, Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62455-6_14, PP. 185-206.
Humphreys, P. and Brezillon, P. (2002), Combining Rich and Restricted Languages in Multimedia: Enriching Context for Innovative Decisions, in F. Adam, P. Brezillon, P. Humphreys and C. Pomerol (2004), Decision Making and Decision Support in the Internet Age. Cork, Ireland: University College Cork, Oak Tree Press.
Ng, D. (2020). Entrepreneurial empowerment: you are only as good as your employees, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 23, No.3-4, PP. 462-498.
Igbaria, M., Zinatelli, N., Cragg, P. and Cavaye, A. (1997), Personal computing acceptance factors in small firms: a structural equation model, MIS Quarterly, pp. 279–302.
Jarvis, L. (2016), Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 22, No. 2.
Jelassi, T. and Enders, A. (2005), Strategies for e-Business: Creating Value through Electronic and Mobile Commerce, New York: Prentice Hall.
Jiwa, S., Lavelle, D., and Rose, A. (2005), E-Entrepreneurship: Learning in a Simulated Environment, Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 42-56.
Jones, O. (2005), Manufacturing Regeneration through Corporate Entrepreneurship: Middle Managers and Organizational Innovation, International Journal of Operations & production Management, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 491-511.
Zhao, F. (2005), Maximize Business Profits Through E-partnerships, IRM Press.
Kassa, A. and Raju, R. (2015), Investigating the relationship between corporate enterpreneurship and employee engagement, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Kassean, H., Vanevenhoven, J., Liguori, E. and Winkel, D. (2015), Entrepreneurship education: a need for reflection, real-world experience and action, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 690-708.
Kollmann, T. (2001), Measuring the acceptance of electronic marketplaces, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, Vol. 6, No. 2.
Kollmann, T. (2004a), E-Venture: Grundlagen der Unternehmensgründung in der Net Economy, Wiesbaden, Gubler.
Kollmann, T. (2004b), Attitude, adoption or acceptance? – measuring the market success of telecommunication and multimedia technology, International Journal of Business Performance Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 133–152.
Kollmann, T. (2006). What is e-entrepreneurship? Fundamentals of company founding in the net economy, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 322-340.
Korsgaard, S., Müller, S. andf Tanvig, H. (2015), Rural entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship in the rural – between place and space, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 5-26.
Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., and Shoham, A. (2006). Entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations and international entrepreneurial business venture performance in South African firms. International Marketing Review, Vol. 23, pp. 504-523.
Kuan, K. and Chau, P. (2001). A perception-based model of EDI adoption in small businesses using technology–organization–environment framework, Information and Management, Vol. 38, pp. 507–521.
Lefebvre, L., Harvey, J. and Lefebvre, E. (1991), Technological experience and the technology adoption decisions in small manufacturing firms, R&D Management, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 241-249.
Lehman , K., Ronald Fillis, I., and Miles, M. (2014), The art of entrepreneurial market creation, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp.163–182.
Lewis, A., Daunton, L., Thomas, B., and Sanders, G. (2010), A Critical Exploration into whether E-Recruitment is an Effective E-Entrepreneurship Method in Attracting Appropriate Employees for Enterprises, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 1, No. 2.
Lewis, A., Thomas, B., and Sanders, G. M. (2013), Pushing the Right Buttons?: A Critical Exploration into the Effects of Social Media as an Innovative E-Entrepreneurship Method of Recruitment for Enterprises, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 4, No. 3.
Liñán, F. (2008), Skill and value perceptions: how do they affect entrepreneurial intention?, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 257–272.
Lougui , M., and Nystrom, K. (2014), What obstacles do entrepreneurs encounter?, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.275-291.
Lumpkin, G.T. and Dess, G.G. (2004), E-business strategies and internet business models: how the internet adds value, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 161–173.
Malebana, M.J. (2014), Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Motivation of South African Rural University Students, Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 709-726.
Matlay, H. (2003a), Small Tourism Firms in e-Europe: Definitional, Conceptual and Contextual Considerations, in R. Thomas (ed.) Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives, pp. 297–312. Oxford: Pergamon.
Matlay, H. (2003b), e-Babel: In Search of a Theory of e-Everything, paper presented at the UCE Business School Research Seminar, Birmingham, 11–13 March.
Matlay, H. (2004), E-entrepreneurship and small e-business development: towards a comparative research agenda, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.408-414.
Matlay, H., and Martin, L. M. (2009), Collaborative and competitive strategies in virtual teams of e-entrepreneurs: a pan-European perspective, Australasian Journal of Information Systems. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 99-115.
Matlay, H., and Westhead, P. (2005), Virtual Teams and the Rise of e-Entrepreneurship in Europe, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 279–302.
Meyer, C. (2001), The second generation of speed, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 24–26.
Mirchandani, A. A. and Motwani, J. (2001). Understanding small business electronic commerce adoption: an empirical analysis, Journal of Computer Information Systems, pp. 70–73.
Mustafa, M., Ramos, H., and Wing Yan Man, T. (2015), Linking psychological ownership to employee extra-role behaviours in small overseas Chinese family businesses: does family status matter?, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Pihie, Z.A.L. and Bagheri, A. (2013), Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediation Effect of Self-Regulation, Vocations and Learning, Vol. 6, pp. 385-401.
Premkumar, G. and Roberts, M. (1999). Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses, The International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 27, pp. 467–484.
Qi, B., and McGilligan, W. (2007), An Investigation into E-Commerce Adoption Profile for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Bury, Greater Manchester, UK, Springer Berlin/ Heidelberg, Vol. 4655, pp. 68-77.
Ribes-Giner, G.; Moya-Clemente, I.; Cervello-Royo, R. & Perello-Marin, M. R.(2018). Domestic economic and social conditions empowering female entrepreneurship, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 89, PP. 182-189.
Sahrakorpi, T. & Bandi, V.(2021). Empowerment or employment? Uncovering the paradoxes of social entrepreneurship for women via Husk Power Systems in rural North India, Energy Research & Social Science, 79, PP. 1-11.
Schiraldi, H., and Silva, J. (2012), Writing a business plan: reference tools to assist budding entrepreneurs, Reference Reviews, Vol. 26, No. 8, pp. 7-9.
Sharma, L. (2015), A review of the role of HEI’s in developing academic entrepreneurship: an evaluative study of Uttarakhand state, India, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Sharma, N. (2014), Recruitment Strategies: A power of E-Recruiting and Social Media, International Journal of Core Engineering & Management, Vol. 1, No. 5.
Shepherd, D.; Covin, G. F. & Kuratko, F. D.(2008). Project failure from corporate entrepreneurship: Managing the grief process, Journal of Business Venturing, PP. 1-16.
Starostka-Patyk, M., Tomski, P. and Zawada, M. (2015), Diversity Management as a Part of Corporate Social Responsibility Policy, Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 65, pp. 1038-1045.
Steinberg, A. (2003), The Re-Definition of Expert Knowledge in e-Entrepreneurship. London: London School of Economics.
Stockdale, R., and Standing, C. (2006), a classification model to support SME e-commerce adoption initiatives, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 381-394.
Stone, D., Stone-Romero, E., and Lukaszewski, K. (2006), Factors affecting the acceptance and effectiveness of electronic human resource systems, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 16, pp. 229–244.
Taylor, M. and Murphy, A. (2004), SMEs and e-business, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 280–289.
Thompson, J. (2010), Entrepreneurship enablers-Their unsung and unquantified role in competitiveness and regeneration, Local Economy February, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 58-73.
Thomson Reuters. (2013), top100innovators, available at www.top100innovators. com.
Thong, J. Y. L. (1999). An integrated model of information systems adoption in small businesses, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 187–214.
Weick, K. (2002), Puzzles in Organizational Learning: An Exercise in Disciplines Imagination, British Journal of Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. S7–S15.
Wolff, J., Pett, T., Ring, J. (2015), Small firm growth as a function of both learning orientation and entrepreneurial orientation: An empirical analysis, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 709-730.
Wymer, S. A. and Regan, E. A. (2005), Factors influencing e-commerce adoption and use by small and medium businesses, Electronic Markets, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 438-453.
Zhang, Y. (2015), Assessing Elements of Storytelling in Chinese e-Entrepreneur Giant Alibaba's Business Information Graphics, International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Zhao, F. (2006), Entrepreneurship and Innovations in E-Business: An Integrative Perspective, Idea Group Publishing.
Zhao, F. (2007), Issues and challenges facing e-entrepreneurship and e-Innovation, Managing Worldwide Operations & Communications with Information Technology, IRMA International Conference.
Zhao, W., and Wang, L. (2015), How knowledge affects resource acquisition: entrepreneurs’ knowledge, intra-industry ties and extra-industry ties, Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, Vol. 7, No. 2.
Zikic, J. and Ezzedeen, S. (2015), Towards a more integrated view of entrepreneurial careers, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 756-777.
Yan, X.(2021). Employment and entrepreneurship education for university students based on improved ACO algorithm and embedded database, Microprocessors and Microsystems, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2021.104087, PP. 1-16.