Effects of Different Levels of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Extract on Hepatic Enzymes Performance and Serum Parameters in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology
Ahmad Kolivand
1
(Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Iran)
Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
2
(Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Iran)
Mohammad zakeri
3
(Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Iran)
Vahid Yavari
4
(Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Iran)
Nasim Zanguee
5
(Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Iran)
Keywords: Rainbow trout, serum biochemical parameters, Hepatic enzyme, Alfalfa extract,
Abstract :
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) extract on hepatic enzymes performance and serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this regard, 750 fish (initial weight: 10.4 ± 0.5 g) distributed in concrete pools and fed by 5 dietary treatments including 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 percent of alfalfa extract, respectively for 60 days. Serum parameters analysis showed that there was a significant difference between fish fed with alfalfa extract and control group. The highest and lowest levels of serum glucose were observed in treatment 4, and treatment 1 (control), respectively (p < 0.05). The highest level of total serum protein was observed in treatment 2, and the lowest was observed in treatment 5 (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between control, treatments 2, and treatment 4 in terms of total serum protein level (p > 0.05). The highest level of serum albumin was recorded in control. Based on the results, different levels of alfalfa extract led to a downward trend in serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The highest level of serum phosphorus was observed in treatment 4, and the lowest level was observed in the control (p < 0.05). Serum magnesium levels were also affected by alfalfa extract (p < 0.05). Based on the results, no significant differences were observed between experimental treatments in serum SGOT and SGPT levels during the 60-day experimental feeding period (p > 0.05). The highest level of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was in treatment 5 and the lowest level of serum ALP was observed in control (p < 0.05). The highest level of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was observed in control and the lowest in treatments 3 and 4 (p < 0.05). Based on the results, 2 percent of alfalfa extract in the diet had the best effects on serum biochemical parameters and hepatic enzymes.
Abdel-Tawwab M., Abdel-Rahman A.M., Ismael N.E.M. 2008. Evaluation of commercial live bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter for fry Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) challenged in situ with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 280: 185-189.
2. Afshar-Nasab M. 2008. Health status and aquatic diseases in Iran with emphasis on viral diseases. 15th Iranian Veterinary Congress, Tehran, pp: 1-4.
2. Akrami R., Gharaei A., Razeghi M., Galeshi A. 2015. Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa) powder on growth, innate immune response and haemato-biochemical parameters of beluga (Huso huso) juvenile. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 45(2): 828-834.
3. Asadi F., Halajian A., Pourkabir M., Asadian P., Jadidizadeh F. 2006. Serum biochemical parameters of Huso huso. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 15: 245-248.
4. Chi C., Jiang B., Yu X., Liu T., Xia L., Wang G. 2014. Effects of three strains of intestinal autochthonous bacteria and their extracellular products on the immune response and disease resistance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 36: 9-18.
5. Cohen T., Gertler A., Birk Y. 1981. Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes from carp (Cyprinus carpio) I. Purification and physical properties of trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase and carboxipeptidase B. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 69B: 639-646.
6. Czech A., Ognik K., Semeniuk W. 2010. Effect of PX concentrate of alfalfa in turkey hens’ feeding on blood biochemical parameters. In: Alfalfa in human and animal nutrition, Grela E.R. (ed). Stow Rozwoju Regionalnego I Lokalnego “Progress”. Dzierdziowka-Lublin, 6: 168- 169.
7. Dixit V.P., Joshi S.C. 1985. Antiatherosclerotic effects of alfalfa meal ingestion in chicks: A biochemical evaluation. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 29: 47-50.
8. Engin K., Carter C.G. 2001. Ammonia and urea excretion rates of juvenile australian short-finned eel Anguilla australis australis as influenced by dietary protein level. Aquaculture, 194: 123-136.
9. Evans G.O., Watterson C.L. 2009. General enzymology. In: Animal clinical chemistry, a practical guide for toxicologists and biochemical researchers, 2nd ed. G.O. Evans (ed.). CRC Press, New York, pp: 17-36.
10. Falamarzi Z. 2015. Effects of alfalfa (meal and extract) on growth performance, nutrition and biochemical composition of body and blood serum of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Master's degree thesis, in the field of fisheries, department of fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology.
11. Falamarzi Z., Mousavi S.M., Zakeri M., Zanguee N. 2016. Effects of different levels of Alfalfa meal and alcoholic extract on growth, nutrition, biochemical carcass composition and some serum biochemical parameters of Common Carp, Fisheries Journal (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 69(2): 235-251.
12. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2014. FAO statistical yearbook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. pp: 135.
13. Gharagozlou M.J., Qajari A., Abdi K., Seifouri P., Fallah Mehrabadi M.H., Shahbazian N. 2017. Evaluation of clinical signs and autopsy (apparent pathology) of viral haemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) in rainbow trout. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science, 26(5): 121-130.
14. Holub BJ. 2002. Clinical Nutrition: 4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 166(5): 608-615.
15. Hussein S.Y., El-Nasser M.A., Ahmed S.M. 1996. Comparative studies on the effect of herbicide atrazine on freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus and Chrysichthye auratus at Assuit, Egypt. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 57: 503-510.
16. Jasjeet D., Pankaj K., Tiwari B.N., Rakesh P. 2011. Chemo-pharmacological aspects of alfalfa: A review. Journal of Advance Scientific Research, 2: 50-53.
17. Johnson A.M., Rohlfs E.M., Silverman L.M. 1999. Proteins. In: Burtis, C.A., and Ashwood, E.R. (eds). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry 3rd. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders company, pp: 477-540.
18. Kader M.A., Bulbul M. Koshio S., Ishikawa M., Yokoyama S., Nguyen B.T., Komilus C.F. 2012. Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulled soybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major, Aquaculture, 350-353: 109-116.
19. Kaleeswaran B., Ilavenil S., Ravikumar S. 2010. Changes in biochemical, histological and specific immune parameters in Catla catla (Ham.) by Cynodon dactylon (L.). Journal of King Saud University- Science, 24: 139-152.
20. Khansari A., Yavari V., Alishahi M., Mousavi S.M., Ghorbanpoor M., Darvish Bastami K., Azizi Sh. 2013. Effects of Oliviera decumbens and Satureja khuzestanica extract on some immunological and haematological parameters of Cyprinus carpio, Comparative Clinical Pathology, 22(3): 339-342.
21. Kiantaheri M. 2015. Using different levels of Alfalfa (meal and extract) as a immunostimulant in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Master's degree thesis, in the field of fisheries, department of fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology.
22. Lall SP (2000) Nutrition and health of fish. In Cruz-Suarez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Tapia-Salazar M, Olvera-Novoa MA, Civera-Cerecedo R (eds), Avances en Nutricion Acuicola. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutricion Aquicola, 19-22 Noviembre 2000. Merida, Yucatan Mexico, pp: 13-23.
23. Masopust J. 1998 Clinical Biochemistry. Demanding and Evaluation of Biochemical Investigation. Karolinum, Praha, 832 pp.
24. McCue M.D. 2010. Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology part A, pp: 1-18.
25. Moss D.W. 1997. Physiochemical and pathophysiological factors in the release of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from cells. Clinica Chimica Acta, 257(1): 133-140.
26. Mozanzadeh M.T., Marammazi J.G., Yavari V., Agh N., Mohammadian T., Gisbert E. 2015. Dietary n–3 LC-PUFA requirements in silvery-black porgy juveniles (Sparidentex hasta). Aquaculture, 448: 151-161.
27. Naftolin F., Stanbury G. 2002. Phytoestrogens: are they really estrogen mimics. Fertility Sterility, 77: 15-18.
28. Najafi Z., Ouraji H., Yeganeh S., Keramat A. 2018. Effect of lcoholic extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on growth performance, food intake, body composition and some serum parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science, 27(5): 1-9.
29. Nekoubin H. 2012. Influence of plant foods (Azolla, Duckweeds and alfalfa) and concentrate on feeding of Amur fish (Ketoenopharyngodon idella), and its effect on growth indices, survival, body composition, some blood parameters and carcass fatty acid profile, Master's Degree Thesis, in the field of fisheries, department of fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
30. Nekoubin H., Sudagar M. 2013. Effect of Different Types of Plants (Lemna Sp., Azolla filiculoides and Alfalfa) and Artificial Diet (With Two Protein Levels) on Growth Performance, Survival Rate, Biochemical Parameters and Body Composition of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development. 5(3): 33-40.
31. Peres H., Santos S., Oliva-Teles A. 2013. Selected plasma biochemistry parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 29: 630–636.
32. Peres H., Santos S., Oliva-Teles A. 2014. Blood chemistry profile as indicator of nutritional status in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40: 1339-1347.
33. Pratheepa V., Ramesh S., Sukumaran N. 2010. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pharmaceutical Biology, 48: 1224-1239.
34. Radovic J., Sokolovic D., Markovic J. 2009. Alfalfa-most important perennial forage legume in animal husbandry. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 25: 465-475.
35. Reshef G., Gestetner B., Birk Y., Bondi A. 2006. Effect of alfalfa saponins on the growth and some aspects of lipid metabolism of mice and quails. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 27(1): 63-72.
36. Roque A., Yildiz H.Y., Carazo I., Duncan N. 2010. Physiological stress responses of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. Aquaculture, 304: 104-107.
37. Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan, J., Samal, S.K., Sarangi, N. 2008. Effect of dietary Curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), infected with Aeromonas Hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 39: 1720-1730.
38. Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan J., Samal S.K., Sarangi N. 2008. Effect of dietary Curcuma longa on enzymatic and immunological profiles of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture Research, 39: 1720-1730.
39. Sahu S., Das B.K., Mishra B.K., Pradhan J., Sarangi N. 2007. Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23: 80-86.
40. Shahsavani D., Kazerani H.R., Kaveh S., Gholipour-Kanani H. 2010. Determination of some normal serum parameters in starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771) during spring season. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 19: 57-61.
41. Shalaby A. 2006. The opposing effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on ochratoxin toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.6th International Symposium Tilapiain Aquaculture Philippines, pp: 150-157.
42. Silva F.C., Nicoli J.R., Zambonino-Infante J.L., Le Gall M.M., Kaushik S., Gatesoupe F.J. 2012. Influence of partial substitution of dietary fish meal on the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestinal brush border membrane of gilthead seabream, (Sparus aurata) and goldfish, (Carassius auratus). Aquaculture, 306: 233-237.
43. Skibola C., Smith M.T. 2000. Potential health impacts of excessive flavonoid intake. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 29: 375-383.
44. Stavros C., Angela G.E., Pascal D. 2006. Fishmeal replacement by alfalfa protein concentrate in sharp snout sea bream Diplodus puntazzo. Fisheries Science, 72(6): 1313-1315.
45. Thomas L. 1998. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 1st ed. Frankfurt: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft; pp: 241-247.
46. Vangen B., Hemre G.I. 2003. Dietary carbohydrate, iron and zinc interactions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 219: 597-611.
47. Wang Y., Kong L., Li C., Bureau D.P. 2010. The potential of land animal protein ingredients to replace fish meal in diets for cuneate drum, Nibea miichthioides, is affected by dietary protein level. Aquaculture Nutrition, 16: 37-43.
48. Wood C.M. 1993. Ammonia and urea metabolism and excretion. In: Evans, D.H. (ed.). Physiology of Fishes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp: 379-425.
49. Xie J., Liu B., Zhou Q., Su Y., He Y., Pan L., Ge X., Xu P. 2008. Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture, 281(1-4): 5-11.
50. Xu Q.Y., Wang C.A., Zhao Z.G., Luo L. 2012. Effects of replacement of fish meal by soy protein isolate on the growth, digestive enzyme activity and serum biochemical parameters for juvenile Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science, 25(11): 1588-1594.
51. Yang A.L., Chauying J.J., Chen H.L. 2003. Effects of high-cholesterol diet and parallel exercise training on the vascular function of rabbit aortas: a time course study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 95(3): 1194-1200.
52. Ye J., Liu X., Wang Z., Wang K. 2011. Effect of partial fish meal replacement by soybean meal on the growth performance and biochemical indices of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture International, 19: 143-153.
53. Yu Y. 2004. Replacement of fish meal with poultry by product meal and meat and bone meal in shrimp, tilapia and trout diets. Advance en Nutrition Acicular VII. Memories del VII Symposium international de Nutrition Acuicola. 16-19 November. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.