Einstein equations give minimum and maximum limits of cosmic scale factor by considering pressure. The contraction before expansion is like the birth of a star. As in nuclear fusion stage, the temperature and pressure of the star depends on its mass, in the order of magnitude of universe mass fusion after gravitational contraction brings about explosion. This does not require to accept the big bang singularity. Explosions have thrown external layers and formed parts of the expanding cosmos in several stages. In observable part of the universe high percentage of dark energy and dark matter confirms that these are the remains of other parts of the cosmos. Neutrinos being highly energetic and without any interaction are the most suitable candidates for dark energy and massive black holes being found at the central part of galaxies and in stellar clusters are the most suitable candidates for dark matter. We dealt with the problem of horizon by considering the idea of step- by step explosions. Manuscript profile

AbstractFePt nanoparticle systems with high magnetocrystaline anisotropy in L10 phase are proper candidates for application in magnetic information storage with density more than Gbit/in2. FePt nanoparticles are grown by Pt(acac)2 and FeCl2. 4H2O compounds in phenyl ether solvent using weak reducing agent 1,2Hexadecandiol (C16H34O2) and strong reducing agent superhydride (LiBEt3H) in two steps. Structural and magnetic properties of the nanocrystals are studied by XRD, EDS and VSM analysis. Also, the growth mechanism and the effect of double-stage growth on size distribution and the size of FePt nanoparticles are determined. For this purpose, TEM images and EDS results are used. The results show that such growth as “core-shell” leads to form 5-nm, nearly monosized FePt nanoparticles, in which a relative standard deviation is decreased from 18% to 8%. Manuscript profile

AbstractL10-FePt nanoparticles with different Ag percentages were prepared. The presence of 6% Ag in co-sputtering process with deposition rate of 1 A˙/sdocumentclass[12pt]{minimal} usepackage{amsmath} usepackage{wasysym} usepackage{amsfonts} usepackage{amssymb} usepackage{amsbsy} usepackage{mathrsfs} usepackage{upgreek} setlength{oddsidemargin}{-69pt} egin{document}$$ {dot{A}}/ ext{s} $$end{document} at 500 °C led to the formation of FePt nanoparticles with 5–7 nm size in L10-fct phase. Moreover, Ag atoms laying in boundaries of these nanoparticles in these circumstances caused c axis to orient and (001) peak intensity in XRD spectrum to increase. This is the result of the indirect exchange interactions of Fe magnetic atoms through Ag atoms in these boundaries. Therefore, where L10-FePt grains have the most boundaries with each other, the order index would be maximum. Manuscript profile

AbstractThe properties of L10-FePt nanoparticles can be improved in the presence of MgO and Ag interlayers in direct sputtering and annealing method, respectively. Such properties are crystal and compound ordering, nanostructure and crystal orientation. In this work, FePt nanoparticles in ferromagnetic L10-fct phase were synthesized using sputtering method on Ag and MgO layers. According to XRD analyses, the impact of the presence of these two kinds of interlayer on crystal structure and its orientation has been investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of 10% Ag on these properties has been studied and their granular layer nanostructures were characterized through the FE-SEM analysis. The results show that the presence of Ag as nanocompound and interlayer is desirable on declining the transition temperature and controlling the size during annealing. The presence of MgO as a sublayer in direct synthesis leads to the formation of 10 nm monosize smaller nanoparticles. According to VSM analysis, MgO and Ag sublayers have increased the magnetic coercivity of the FePt nanoparticles by 3.4 times and 3.7 times, respectively. Manuscript profile

AbstractLa0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) and La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 (LBMO) Polycrystalline manganite nanoparticles were prepared by combustion method using glycine fuel. The ignition process was done at 360 °C and 330 °C for LSMO and LBMO, respectively. Both of the samples have rhombohedral structure using XRD analysis. The reduction is observed in electrical resistivity when external magnetic field is applied during the decrease in temperature from 300 to 89 °K, which is due to the tunneling between particles. The magnetoresistance (MR) of samples was measured in this range of temperature in both the presence and absence of a magnetic field of about 10 kG. The colossal role of a kind of extrinsic MR which is 19% and 22% for LSMO and LBMO, respectively, has been investigated in this research. The metal–insulator transition temperature of 200 °K is recorded for LBMO. Manuscript profile

AbstractAnnealing is one of the stages of FePt nanoparticles preparation, during which the transition to a compositionally ordered phase occurs. In order to size and shape control of the nanoparticles in the mentioned stage, it is needed that they be distributed on a suitable surface. In the present work, the spin-coating method is suggested for preparing monolayer from L12-FePt3 nanoparticles colloidal solution on SiO2/Si substrates. FePt3 nanoparticles were gradually deposited as droplets on the center of a 500 rpm rotating substrate. This step was performed in hexane vapor atmosphere without any stopping time. The analyses revealed that a uniform surface distribution was formed so that, after annealing at 600 °C for 1 h the 6.1 nm L12-FePt3 nanoparticles were spherical in shape with standard deviation of 1.5 nm. Manuscript profile