هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی برهمکنش تنش شوری و کروم بر برخی شاخص‌های بیوشیمیایی گیاه خرفه بود. این پژوهش درقالب طرح کاملا تصادفی گلخانه‌ای و با 3 تکرارانجام شد. 4 سطح شوری (0، 4، 8 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس ‌بر ‌متر) بااستفاده از کلرید‌سدیم هر 4 روز ازطریق آبیاری و سطوح تیمار کروم (0، 7، 14، 21 و 28 میلی‌گرم بر کیلو‌گرم وزن خشک خاک) فراهم شد و قبل از کشت بذر در خاک، سطوح مختلف تیمار کروم با افزایش دی ‌کرومات ‌پتاسیم به خاک، تهیه شد. مقادیر کربوهیدرات‌های محلول و نامحلول در الکل، پروتئین‌ها، پرولین، مالون دآلدئید و پراکسیدهیدروژن پس از 60 روز از کشت گیاهان اندازه‌گیری و سنجش شدند. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش سطوح مختلف کروم و شوری مقادیر پرولین، پراکسید، مالون دآلدئید، کربوهیدرات محلول روند افزایشی داشت، اما کربوهیدرات‌های نامحلول و پروتئین‌ها روند کاهشی داشت. کمترین میزان کربوهیدرات‌های نامحلول و پروتئین‌ها و بیشترین میزان پرولین، پراکسید، مالون دآلدئید، کربوهیدرات محلول در الکل در تنش ترکیبی سطوح شوری 12 دسی‌زیمنس‌بر‌متر و کروم 28 میلی‌گرم بر کیلو‌گرم مشاهده گردید. تنش ترکیبی شوری و کروم باعث کاهش بیشتری در کربوهیدرات‌های نامحلول و پروتئین‌ها خرفه گردید. Manuscript profile

Classification of Ecological Species Groups (ESG) in plant community analysis is one method to describe vegetation and relating them to environmental factors. This study was conducted to recognize ESG and their relationships with some environmental factors in Chamanbid-Jozak protected area from 2014 to 2016. This area is located in the eastern part of North Khorasan province, Iran. The study area contains steppe vegetation with some woodlands and shrubs of Paliurus spina–christi, Cerasus pseudoprostrata, and Cerasus microcarpa. To recognize ESG, a systematic-random sampling, by using 1 m2 Sampling Unit (SU), was carried out to provide a matrix of 74 sampling units and 42 species. Canopy cover percentage of different species was recorded in each SU. Physiographical, physical, and chemical factors, including altitude, slope, soil texture, gravel percentages, Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), lime, soil acidity (pH), Phosphorus (P), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were measured. Euclidean distance and Ward's method of clustering were used to classify the plant species. Six ESG were detected in clustering and indicator species analyses. The relationships among these ESG and environmental factors were analyzed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The first ESG consisting four indicator species was influenced by organic carbon and K of almost f.0 fertile soils. ESG2 and ESG3 consisting four and one, indicator species, respectively. These ESG were only slightly affected by phosphorus and less by environmental factors evaluated in this study. ESG4, including eight indicator species was mostly affected by environmental factors such as altitude, slope, pH, and N. Both ESG5 and ESG6 were affected by gravel percentages. ESG classification of vegetation for sound and proper resource management in future via using long-term projects is recommended. Manuscript profile

This study was aimed to ethnobotanical survey on important medicinal plants that are used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders which are available in medicinal markets of Bojnord, Iran. The indigenous knowledge was collected through interviews (30 men and 4 women) of medicinal plants sellers for a period of 5 years from 2017 to 2022. Data were analyzed using ethnobotanical quantitative indices for Frequency of Citations (FC), Relative Frequency Citation (RFC), Use Report (UR), Cultural Importance Index (CII), Number of Uses (NU), Relative Importance Index (RII), Fidelity Level (FL), and Family Importance Value (FIV). In total, 90 plant species belonging to 35 plant families were reported for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The most FIV index was identified for Asteraceae (12 species with FIV = 35) followed by Apiaceae (10 species with FIV = 29). The most utilized plant parts were fruit (29%) followed by shoot (20%) and seed (18%). Based on the results, FC index ranged from 1 to 26. Some species such as Bunium persicum, Anethum graveolens, Descurainia sophia had minimum and Melissa officinalis had maximum citation. The NU index varied between 1 to 10 in which the highest used number was calculated for Trachyspermum copticum. In addition, the RFC ranged between 0.03 to 0.77, indicating the high native knowledge of people about medicinal plants and their usages. Result of this study indicated that although people in Bojnord County have access to modern medicinal preparations, a considerable population still use medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes. Regarding the rich traditional knowledge of these people, the represented data can potentially be a precious reference containing useful information for subsequent phytochemical, biological, and pharmacological investigations. The results clearly indicate that high number of used medicinal plants in the herbal markets of Bojnord is related to the diverse topographic-climatic of this region. Manuscript profile