The traditional structure of Tehran, as the then capital city, changed with the beginning of pseudo-modernism in the Qajar period in Iran. The transition period (the period of transferring from Qajar to Pahlavi Period), was the period of creating changes and sometimes conflict in Iranian residential architecture, which was selected as the time interval to be studied in this research. Many reasons have been mentioned for such changes and the creation of transition period, among which the index of Cultural Consumption have been selected for discussion and analysis. The most palpable element changed in the residential buildings is the façade, which employed a different approach than the preceding period, by the emergence of extroversion. Research Question: the investigations made in this study aim at providing answers to three issues of “visibility of the influence of cultural consumption on the façade of residential architecture in the transition period in Tehran”, “how the index of cultural consumption has affected the façade in transition period”, and “the relational progress of the index of cultural consumption and the element of façade, from the late Qajar period to the First Pahlavi period”. Purpose of the Study: the main purpose of the current study is, particularly, investigating and analyzing the relationship between the index of cultural consumption and the element of façade in the residential architecture and its transformation progress in the transition period. Research Method: the interpretive-historical method was employed as the main method and the case study method as the complementary one. The Most Important Findings and Conclusion: by investigating the element of façade (especially, the urban façade) in the houses dating back to the late Qajar period to the First Pahlavi period, it seems that in Qajar period, transition period and the First Pahlavi period, the innovative, passive and relational approaches of cultural consumption have been used, respectively. Manuscript profile

In evaluating the spatial structure of cities, in addition to identifying physical functional elements, how these relate in a coherent set is also essential, because the urban structure is the product of continuous formation, the most important feature of which is the interaction between physical and spatial aspects. One of the main problems of urban structure in modern urban development is a devaluation of public places, destruction of the space organization, losing special identity, and disconnecting different parts of the city. These rapid changes in Mashhad have weakened the connection of the holy shrine of Imam Reza as the most important element of the spatial organization of Mashhad with the surrounding tissue and have made it lose its cohesive nature. In addition, the continuation of the process of destruction of the old and valuable parts, especially in the joint area of the holy shrine with its adjacent texture, destroys structural cohesion and integration. Whereas the integration of an urban space shows degrees of its cohesion with the whole city, it is necessary to try to recreate the integration indicators in this context. Integration is one of the main concepts related to space composition, which has been developed based on Space Syntax. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the integration of the joint area surrounding the holy shrine in the central area of Mashhad and to find the separate areas in terms of cohesion and integration, the Space Syntax technique has been used by DepthMap software version 10. Manuscript profile

Although citizen participation in the neighborhood-centered approach is a key issue, there is ample evidence that the implementation of participatory approaches has led to disappointing results. According to researchers, the concept of urban self-organization can provide a way out of this dilemma for planners. Despite the importance of this issue, so far, no research has been done on how to use this concept in the process of planning and development of neighborhoods and cities in Iran. The present study tries to examine and analyze how to apply the concept of urban self-organization in the development of neighborhoods in Iran. A case study of this research is Sabzevar city and the research method is multi-ground theory. The analysis of the collected data led to the extraction of 547 primary codes, 77 concepts, and 31 categories. Finally, the abstracted categories and the relationships between them were drawn and presented in a model. According to the findings of this study, the pattern of self-organized participation of citizens in neighborhood development is a transparent, borderless, sustainable, and technology-based network that connects all actors involved in neighborhood development. This pattern brings about the integrated development of neighborhoods and through very soft and gradual changes, creates huge changes in the cities. Manuscript profile