تنش های محیطی خشکی و شوری مهمترین عوامل کاهنده عملکرد گیاهان در جهان می باشند. شوری بر جنبه های مختلف رشد اثر گذاشته و موجب کاهش و به تاخیر افتادن جوانه زنی، کاهش بنیه بذر، کاهش رشد اندام های هوایی و کاهش تولید ماده خشک می گردد. بررسی قدرت حیاتی بذر گیاهان دارویی در برابر تنش های مختلف از جمله تنش شوری از عوامل اساسی در موفقیت زراعت انبوه این گیاهان است. در این مطالعه شاخص بنیه بذر سه گیاه دارویی L. Arcitum lappa (باباآدم)، L. Artemisia absinthium (افسنطین( و L. Cichorium intybus (کاسنی) تحت تیمارهای شوری 0، 100، 200، 300 و 400 میلی مولار کلرید سدیم با چهار تکرار در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج بدست آمده گویای آن است که بالاترین میزان شاخص بنیه بذر در تیمار شاهد مربوط به گونه L. Cichorium intybus و برابر با 84/85درصد است. اما این صفت از تیمار 300 میلی مولار به بعد روند ثابتی یافته است و تقریبا شاخص بنیه بذر به صفر رسیده است. درواقع گونه. L Cichorium intybus دارای بالاترین شاخص بنیه و گونه Arcitum lappa دارای کمترین بنیه و قوه نامیه برای جوانه زنی در شرایط تنش شوری است Manuscript profile

Background & Aim: Fabaceae plant family cow tail (Smirnovia iranica) is one of the valuable species of native shrubs and sand dunes in the central region of Iran which is consistent with the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landscape; it has the active ingredients of medicinal values. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of some phytochemicals in this plant for the first time. Experimental: The habitat of the plant, located in Kashan sand dunes four study sites were chosen from a distance of 30 km. Phytochemical study during the third week of April 1391 flowering branches and leaves collected at each site using soxhlet apparatus for 8 h were extracted by methanol extract of leaves and flowers. Mayer and Wagner's reagent for alkaloids detected the test for determining anthocyanins and flavonoids cyanidin, Chloroferric solution to test for the presence of tannins and test the reaction of anthraquinone Bourne - Tragr was used. Results & Discussion: The results indicate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins, and the presence or absence of low- anthraquinone in both the body and the whole site. The final conclusion in terms of the priority phytochemicals valuable plant in flower organs and the optimum harvest Qasim Abad is the preferred site. Recommended applications/industries: Based on the results of this study , this native plant have worth phytochemicals that preservation and resuscitation and Advantage of its be considered Manuscript profile

Background & Aim:Indigenous knowledge is a part of the unique culture of each country, which has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a particular ecosystem through experience and it has gradually become as a part of the social and productive culture of that community. The purpose of this study was to collect medicinal herbs and treatments associated with gastrointestinal motility by villagers and Semiramis tribes. Experimental:Medicinal plants were collected from different parts of Semirom and transferred to Isfahan Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Data collection was done by questionnaire and randomly collected from indigenous peoples of the region (village and tribes) regarding the use of medicinal plants for various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the method of use, how to prepare and the parts used. Finally, data were recorded in the tables and charts and interpreted. Results:The results showed that the interviewed 26 people referred to various gastrointestinal diseases, which mostly used the limb. Recommended applications/ industries: The indigenous people of the Semirom region had fairly large information of plant and medicinal plant in environments around them, especially among nomadic people, because they had to leave for three to four months a year due to changes in the seasons. Manuscript profile

Background & Aim: Smirnova iranica Sabeti is one of the valuable and adapted shrub species native to the sandy fields of Central Iran and of Fabaceae family that in terms of the production of forage and soil conservation and creating a beautiful landscape and medicinal value is critically important. No study has been conducted on this plant essence in Iran, so far. Experimental: In the habitat of the plant, located in Kashan sandy areas, during flowering in the third week of April, leaves were collected and after extraction of essential oils using simultaneous method of distillation and extraction using organic solvents, a chromatography device connected to a mass spectrometer (GC / MS) was used in order to identify the combinations of essential oils. Results & Discussion: The essence yield was 0.04% and the color of essential oils was yellowish. The important and main combinations of essential oils were β-Ionone, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, Phytol and (Z, Z, Z) -9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol which consisted more than 6 percent of the composition. Industrial and practical recommendations: Hence, it can be concluded that Smirnova iranica sabeti is a versatile plant found in sandy fields of Iran with medicinal, anti-virus, anti-cancer and anti-bacterial properties and is rich in vitamin A precursor. Manuscript profile

Background & Aim: Achillea millefolium is one of the most valuable medicinal and industrial species, which is available in the Iran pastures, and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. This plant wild grows in plains, roadsides and mountain areas. Therapeutically, it has been a healer of wounds, and due to having tannins and bitter and aromatic substances, it has an effect on the nervous system and heart. The plant has two subspecies in Iran, including Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis and Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium. These two subspecies, in terms of the apparent specificities, have been very similar, and only in terms of the height, size and color of the inflorescence, are different from each other. The main aim of this study was to identify chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves of Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis. Experimental: The samples of leaves of Achillea millefolium subsp. elbursensis, during flowering, were collected from a natural habitat in Dizin (3350 m a.s.l). The essential oil of the plant was isolated by hydro-distillation. Chemical composition of volatile oil of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/ MS. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that essential oil yield of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was 0.82% (v/w). According to results of GC/MS analysis for the essential oil, 20 compounds identified. The main constituents in the essential oil of A. millefolium subsp. elbursensis was chamazulene (69.2%), 1,8-cineole (4.9%), and E-caryophyllene (4.4%). Recommended applications/industries: Based on the results of this study, the subspecies elbursensis, is a rich and unique source for chamazulene, which should be preserved as an indigenous genetic resource, in the natural environment, and strategies for its culture and building mass, must be provided. Manuscript profile

Germination represents a fundamental stage of plant life highly responsive to change of environmental conditions. Low germination percent and seedling establishment are basic problems in saline regions. One of the sensitive stages of plants to salinity is the germination stage. This study was conducted using a factorial experiment with three factors such as species with two levels (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak), nanosilver in 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 ml) and salinity in 4 levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) using a completely randomized design in four replications in University of Kashan, Iran in 2016. Results showed that the interaction among species, salinity and nanoparticles was significant only for germination rate (P≤0.01). Silver nanoparticles increased germination percent, germination rate and root length up to 200 mM sanity, but they enhanced seed vigor and shoot length up to 100 mM salinity as compared to the control treatment. In 100 mM salt concentration, the 20 and 30 mL nano-silvers were effective, but for 200 mM salinity, the application of 10 mL nano-silver was effective. Manuscript profile

A part of plant species composition in natural ecosystems is live seeds that are hidden in the soil and known as soil seed bank. Detecting this species resource has a key role in protecting and restoring the vegetation. The present study aims to investigate the soil seed bank and its relationship with the aboveground vegetation along an elevation gradient in Kashan, Iran. For sampling from the soil seed bank, three transects with 200 m length were established in June 2017. The soil samples were taken from two depths ranging 0-5 and 5-10 cm out of 1 m2 plots with 20 m intervals. The soil samples were transferred to the greenhouse. Moreover, the cover percent of plant species within each plot was recorded in the vegetation season in spring 2018. The features of soil seed bank in different elevations were compared by F-test. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the effect of altitude from sea level on the Shannon's diversity and soil depth on the density, Menhinik and Margalef richness was significant. The higher value of Shannon diversity in upper altitude (2800-3000 m above sea level) and higher value of Dnensity, Margalof and Menhinik in upper soil depth (0-5 cm) was obtained. The results of greenhouse experiments showed that most of the germinated seeds belong to annual grass species. While the surface cover of most species is related to perennial plants. The highest coverage of Artemisia aucheri was from 2600-2800 m and the lowest percentage of cover belonged to Alyssum linifolium in the elevations of 2800-3000 m. It can be concluded that in the study area, seeds of perennial plants do not have a readiness for germination in soil depths or they should remain in soil for a long time and should be described as stable seed banks. Manuscript profile