An ethnobotanical study in some villages of Semnan County
Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants
Atefe
Amirahmadi
1
(Department of Plant Science, School of Biology and Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)
Fahimeh
Ghamari
2
(School of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran)
Reza
Naderi
3
(School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran)
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Ethnobotany, Therapeutic effects, relative frequency of citation,
Abstract :
Ethnobotany studies the knowledge of native people in different regions and their information about the use of plants. The purpose of this research is the ethnobotanical study of villages in the south and east of Semnan city including 7 villages: Abkhuri, Ahmadabad (North), Ahmedabad (South), Kheyrabad, Delazian, Roknabad and Alaa. After examining and getting to know the study area, in order to obtain the required information, the areas were visited and interviews were conducted randomly in March 2021. Information was collected in the form of a questionnaire and mostly from elderly people familiar with the use of medicinal plants. In this research, 47 species belonging to 48 genera and 24 plant families were introduced by local people. The richest plant families were Lamiaceae with 10 species, Apiaceae with 6 species, Asteraceae with 4 species, and Fabaceae with 3 species. The highest value of the Relative Frequency Citation index (RFC) is related to Mentha spicata with 0.73, Thymus kotschyanus with 0.65, Carum carvi with 0.63, Cuminu cyminum with 0.57, M. longifolia with 0.53, Anethum graveolens with 0.48, Achillea whilhemsii with 0.38, Cichorium intybus with 0.32, Matricaria chamomilla with 0.19 and Alhagi persarum with 0.09. According to this study, the most use of plants in the villages of Semnan city was related to digestive disorders and general health of the body, and the least use was for the treatment of diabetes and kidney problems. Also, the most widespread method of using medicinal plants in the study area was reported as a decoction and the most used plant organ was leaves. The study of ethnobotany and using it in different fields is very important before forgetting this knowledge and destroying the natural habitats of Semnan county. Thus this research can provide a basis for future studies.
Abed, A., Vaseghi, G., Jafari, E., Fattahian, E., Babhadiashar, N. and Abed, M. 2014. Echium amoenum Fisch. et Mey.: A review on its pharmacological and medicinal properties. Asian journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 4: 21-3.
Abolzadeh, S., Vahdat, K. and Nabipour, I. 2020. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Tangestan County. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 23(4): 330-345.
Abtahi, F. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants of Shazand city in Markazi province, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 197-211.
Aggarwal, A., Tandon, S., Kumar Singla, S. and Tandon, C. 2012. A novel antilithiatic protein from Tribulus terrestris having cytoprotective potency. Protein and peptide letters, 19(8): 812-819.
Ahmad, M.F., Ahmad, F.A., Ashraf, S.A., Saad, H.H., Wahab, S., Khan, M.I., Ali, M., Mohan, S., Hakeem, K.R. and Athar, M.T. 2021. An updated knowledge of Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn.): Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 25: 100404.
Ahvazi, M., Mozaffarian, V., Nejadsatari, T., Mojab, F., Charkhchian, M.M., Khalighi-Sigroodi, F. and Ajani, Y. 2007. Medicinal application of native plants (Lamiaceae and Rosaceae Family) in Alamut region in Gazvin Province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4 (24): 74-84.
Akbarzadeh, A., Jaimand, K., Hemmati, A. and Khanjani Shira, B. 2010. Medicinal plants of Gilan province and their applications. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 26: 47-326.
Akya, A., Mojarab, M., Farshchian, M. and Ahmadi, K. 2014. The effect of stem bark extracts of Tamarix ramosissim shrub on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medicinal Sciences, 19 (4): 128-134.
Aleebrahim, A. and Nabipour, I. 2018. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the Kangan-Asaluyeh Area. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 21(5): 409-428.
Al-Fatimi, M. 2019. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in central Abyan governorate, Yemen. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 241: 111973.
Alshehri, S.A., Wahab, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Hani, U., Ahmad, W., Amir, M., Ahmad, A., Kandasamy, G. and Vasudevan, R. 2022. Pharmacological efficacy of Tamarix aphylla: A comprehensive review. Plants, 11(1): 118.
Al-Snafi, A.E. 2014. The pharmacological importance of Anethum graveolens–A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4): 11-13.
Al-Snafi, A.E. 2019. Medical benefit of Lallemantia iberica-A review. To Chemistry Journal, 3: 97-102.
Al-Snafi, A.E., Khadem, H.S., Al-Saedy, H.A., Alqahtani, A.M. and El-Saber, G. 2021. A review on Medicago sativa: A potential medicinal plant. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 1: 22-33.
Al-Tikriti, A.A.A., Al-Khateeb, E. and Abbas, M.A. 2017. Teucrium polium hexane extract downregulated androgen receptor in testis and decreased fertility index in rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 36(12): 1248-1255.
Alzweiri, M. Al Sarhan, A. Mansi, K. Hudaib, M. and Aburjai, T. 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 27-35.
Amirahmadi, A., Naderi, R. and Afsharian, M.H. 2022. An investigation into the medicinal plants of Semnan province with taxonomic and therapeutic aspects. Trends in Phytochemical Research, 6(4): 312-338.
Ansari, A.P., Zaheer Ahmed, N., Rather, S.A., Rafeeqi, T.A. and Beigh, B.S. 2020. Immune boosting and anti-influenza effects of an Unani decoction in influenza like illness and COVID-19 like epidemics: a rationale approach. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 8(12): 4544-4552.
Arasu, A., Pingley, V., Prabha, N., Ravikumar, O. V., Annathurai, K., Kasirajan, S., Govindasamya, A., Alwahibi, S. M., Elshikhb, S. M., Abdel Gawwad, R. M. and Arockiaraj, J. 2021. Impact and fungitoxic spectrum of Trachyspermum ammi against Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus commonly found in human gut that causes Candidiasis infection. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(12): 1854-1863.
Arvin, P. and Firouzeh, R. 2022. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Razo-Jargalan district in North Khorasan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(6): 873-907.
Asgarpanah, J. 2012. Phytopharmacology and medicinal properties of Salix aegyptiaca L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(28): 7145-7150.
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A. and Mozaffarian, V. (Eds.) 1988-2021. Flora of Iran, vols 1-151. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, Tehran.
Bahrami, G., Soltani, R., Sajjadi, S. E., Kanani, M. R., Naderi, R., Ghiasvand, N. and Shokoohinia, Y. 2013. Essential oil composition of Ferula assa-foetida L. fruits from Western Iran. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2): 90-97.
Bhusal, K.K., Magar, S.K., Thapa, R., Lamsal, A., Bhandari, S., Maharjan, R., Shrestha, S. and Shrestha, J. 2022. Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A review. Heliyon, 8: e09717.
Bibak, H. and Moghbeli, F. 2017. Collection, identification and traditional usage of medicinal plants in Jiroft County. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4: 116-40.
Chauke, A., Shai, L. and Mogale, M. 2022. Plants today drugs tomorrow: Cordia Grandicalyx A Possible Future Anti-Hypoglycaemic?. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product. (Online version).
Denner, S.S. 2009. Lavandula angustifolia Miller: english lavender. Holistic Nursing Practice, 23(1): 57-64.
Derakhshande, P., Navabi, S.J., Shokoohinia, Y., Rouhi-Broujeni, H., Deris, F., Behbood, L., Shahbazi, F., Amiri, M. and Farzaei, M.H. 2019. Efficacy and safety of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch capsules on symptom severity and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 16(4): 20180123.
Dhiman, C., Kumar, N. and Kothigal, P. 2017. Pharmacological actions of Anethum graveolens (Dill). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(5): 511-516.
Didehvar, M., Ebadi, M., Hasanbarani, M. and Rahimi, R. 2021. Study of indigenous knowledge and traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Baluchestan region of Iran. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 12(3): 233-246.
Dolati, K., Rakhshandeh, H. and Shafei, M.N. 2011. Antidepressant-like effect of aqueous extract from Rosa damascena in mice. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 1(2): 91-97.
Dolatkhahi, M. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the northeast Latrine zone of Persian Gulf. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(50): 129-43.
Dolatkhahi, M., Dolatkhahi, A. and Bagher Nejad, J. 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan – Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4: 402-412.
Dolatkhahi, M., Ghorbani Nohooji, M., Mehrafarin, A., Amini nejad, G.R. and Dolatkhahi, A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: Identification, distribution and traditional usage. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2: 163-78.
Ghamari, F., Amirahmadi, A. and Naderi, R. 2020. An ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants in Semnan city. 21th National & 9th International Congress on Biology, Semnan, 16-19 February.
Gheflati, A., Adelnia, E. and Nadjarzadeh, A. 2019. The clinical effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seeds on metabolic profiles in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 33(5): 1501-1509.
Gholipour, A., Ghorbaninohooji, M., Rasuli, N., Habibi, M. 2014. Ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants of Zarm-rood Rural district of Neka (Mazandaran Province). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(52): 101-121.
Ghorbani, A. 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): general results. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102(1): 58-68.
Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S.L. and Kaushik, D. 2010. Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2(1): 12-6.
Habtemariam, S. 2016. The therapeutic potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes for Alzheimer’s disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016: 2680409.
Haerinasab, M. and Abbasi, S. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and introduction to some poisonous plant species of Ardestan (Isfahan Province). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 122-143.
Hatami, A. and Zahedifar, M. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Fasa in Fars Province. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7: 85-92.
Hoseini, S Z., Vaghebin, R., Janahmadi, Z. and Nabipour, I. 2021. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the Giskan Mountain Area. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 24(3): 226-241.
Hosseini, M., Rahim Forouzeh, M. and Barani, H. 2019. Identification and investigation of ethnobotany of some medicinal plants in Razavi Khorasan Province. Journal Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 212-231.
Hosseini, S.H., Bibak, H., Ramezani Qara, A. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the south Kerman. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8(1): 30-63.
Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nassiri‐Asl, M. 2013. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the canon of medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Phytotherapy Research, 27(4): 475-483.
Imenshahidi, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H. 2016. Berberis vulgaris and berberine: an update review. Phytotherapy research, 30(11): 1745-1764.
Iraji, F., Sharif Makhmalzadeh, B., Abedini, M., Aghaei, A. and Siahpoush, A. 2022. Effect of herbal cream containing Fumaria officinalis and silymarin for treatment of eczema: A randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 12(2): 155-162.
Jahantab, E., Hatami, E., Sayadian, M. and Salahi Ardakani, A. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Boyer Ahmad and Dena regions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, Iran. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 3(4): 12- 22.
Jan, S.A., Shinwari, Z.K., Malik, M. and Ilyas, M. 2018. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Brassica rapa: a review. MOJ Biology and Medicine, 3(4): 175-178.
Jena, P.K., Tripathy, P., Dandasena, T.K. and Shahi, S. 2023. Medicinal value of star anise. European Chemical Bulletin, 12(Special Issue 1): 178-186
Joshi, R.K. and Soulimani, R. 2020. Ethno-medicinal and phytochemical potential of Carum carvi Linn. and Cuminum cyminum: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Life Science, 1(1): 33-37.
Kalvandi, R., Safikhani, K., Najafi, G.H. and Babakhanlo, P. 2007. Identification of medicinal plants of Hamedan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 23: 350-374.
Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. and Oryem-Origa, H. 2007. Medicinal plants used to induce labour during childbirth in western Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(1): 1-9.
Khalid, S. and Saleem, U. 2018. Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of Malva neglecta: An updated review. PharmacologyOnLine, 2: 52-62.
Khan, M. and Wang, N. 2012. Descurainia sophia (L.): a weed with multiple medicinal uses. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 27(1): 45-51.
Khodayari, H., Amani, SH., Amiri, H. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in different regions of Khuzestan Province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2: 12-26.
Kianpour, F., Mohseni, M., Beigmohamadi, M., Yazdinezhad, A., Ramazani, A., Hosseini, M. and Sharafi, A. 2021. The protective effects of Ziziphora tenuior L. against chlorpyrifos induced toxicity: Involvement of inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 272: 113959.
Kooti, W., Moradi, M., Ali-Akbari, S., Sharafi-Ahvazi, N., Asadi-Samani, M. and Ashtary-Larky, D. 2015. Therapeutic and pharmacological potential of Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 4(1): 1-9.
Kowalczyk, A., Przychodna, M., Sopata, S., Bodalska, A. and Fecka, I. 2020. Thymol and Thyme essential oil—New insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules, 25(18): 4125.
Kumar Gupta, S. and Sharma, A. 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9: 124-129.
Lavari, N., Ghasemi, M. and Nabipour, I. 2017. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the southwest of Mond mountain. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 20(4): 380-398.
Mahendran, G., Verma, S. K. and Rahman, L.U. 2021. The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 278: 114266.
Maia Campos, P.M.B.G., G. Mercurio, D., O. Melo, M. and Closs-Gonthier, B. 2017. Cichorium intybus root extract: a “vitamin D-like” active ingredient to improve skin barrier function. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(1): 78-81.
Maleki Kherzloo, S., Ansari Ardali, S. and Maleki Khezrloo, M. 2017. Ethnobotanical study and traditional usage of some medicinal plants of Ajab Shir county. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7: 499-506.
Mardaninejad, S., Janghorban, M., Vazirpour, M. 2013. Collection and identification of medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of Mobarakeh (Isfahan), southwestern Iran. Journal of Medicinal Herbs, 4(1): 23-32.
Mardaninejad, S.H. and Vazirpour, M. 2012. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants by Mobarakeh’s people (Isfahan). Journal of Herbal Drugs, 3: 26-111.
Mikaili, P., Mojaverrostami, S., Moloudizargari, M. and Aghajanshakeri, S. 2013. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Mentha longifolia L. and its main constituent, menthol. Ancient science of life, 33(2): 131.
Mirshekar, M., Ebraimi, M. and Ajorlo, M. 2019. Ethnobotanical study and traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Khash city. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 9(4): 361-371.
Modarresi, M., Mohammadi-Farani, A., Amirshahrokhi, K. and Beheshtizadeh, R. 2020. Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of aqueous extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. in mice. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(1): 31.
Mohsenipour, Z. and Hassanshahian, M. 2015. Inhibitory effects of Tamarix hispida extracts on planktonic form and biofilm formation of six pathogenic bacteria. Biological Journal of Microorganism, 4(13): 43-56.
Moradi, L., Dolatkhahi, M., Darabi, H. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Genaveh Port. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 17(5): 959-973.
Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.A., Anwar, F., Ashraf, M. and Gilani, A.H. 2015. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytotherapy Research, 29(1): 1-13.
Neela, F., Sonia, I., Shamsi, SH. 2014. Antifungal activity of selected medicinal plant extract on Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtthe causal agent of Fusarium Wilt disease in Tomato. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 2665-2671.
Niroumand, M.C., Farzaei, M.H. and Amin, G. 2015. Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy: a review. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35(1):104-109.
Olajuyigbe, O.O. and Afolayan, A.J. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(18): 3415-3424.
Omidi, A., Khatamsaz, M. and Zolfaghari, B. 2012. Ethnobotany: a process based upon the scientific rewriting of public traditions. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 3: 51-56.
Oyedeji-Amusa, MO., Sadgrove, NJ. and Van Wyk, BE. 2021. The Ethnobotany and chemistry of South African Meliaceae: A Review. Plants (Basel), 10(9): 1796.
Paparella, A., Nawade, B., Shaltiel-Harpaz, L. and Ibdah, M. 2022. A review of the botany, volatile composition, biochemical and molecular aspects, and traditional uses of Laurus nobilis. Plants, 11(9): 1209.
Pawar, A.V. and Killedar, S.G. 2017. Uses of Cassia fistula Linn as a medicinal plant. International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 2(3): 85-91.
Ranasinghe, P., Jayawardana, R., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R., de Vas Gunawardana, N. and Katulanda, P. 2012. Efficacy and safety of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a pharmaceutical agent in diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetic medicine, 29(12): 1480-1492.
Rastegar, M., Tavana, Z., Khademi, R. and Nabipour, I. 2012. Ethnopharmacology of the native herbs of Helleh River (Bushehr Province/Iran). Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 15(4): 303-316.
Razavi, B.M., Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H. 2021. A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents. Phytotherapy Research, 35(12): 6489-6513.
Razmjoue, D., Zarei, Z. and Armand, R. 2018. Ethnobotanical study (identification, medical properties and how to use) of some medicinal plants of Behbahan city of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4: 33-49.
Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) 1963-2015. Flora Iranica, vols. 1-178. Akademische Druch u. Verlasanstalt, Graz.
Rezaei, A. (2017). A survey on the situation of traditional Iranian medicine and its history in Iranian herbal research. Medical History Journal, 9(32): 71-84.
Roadi, B., Mozaffarian, V., Fallahian, F. Khavarinejad, R. 2008. Medical plants of mountainous area in the province of Semnan. Biological Sciences (Danish-i Zisti-i Iran), 3(3): 1-6.
Roofigari, I. M., Doudi, M. and Rezayatmand, Z. 2014. Anticandidal effects of aqueous and callus extracts of Artemisia aucheri. International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, 2014: 389-397.
Sabzi Nojedeh, M., Amani, M., Younessi Hamzekhanlu, M., Fathizadeh, O., and Sheidai Karkaj, E. 2021. Medicinal plants with therapeutic uses in indigenous communities located in the foothills of Sabalan (Case study: Meshginshahr city, Ardabil province). Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 74(3): 529-542.
Sadeghi, Z., Kuhestani, K., Abdollahi, V. and Mahmood, A. 2014. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(1): 111-118.
Saleem, A., Waqar, M., Aslam, A., Mobeen, A., Tariq, A. and Ali, F.M. 2022. Therapeutic role of Lallemantia royleana (Balangu seeds) and its pharmacological properties: An overview. Scholars Bulletin, 8(9): 283-287.
Samuelsen, A.B. 2000. The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2): 1-21.
Sattarian, A., Saadaty, R., Daneshvar, Amini, E. 2023. Ethenobotanical plants of eastern Golestan province (Turkmen tribes) with emphasis on the medicinal used of plants. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 39(1): 16-37.
Sher, H., Al-Yemeni, M. N., Masrahi, Y. S. and Shah, A. H. 2010. Ethnomedicinal and ethnoecological evaluation of Salvadora persica L.: a threatened medicinal plant in Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(12), 1209-1215.
Singh, R.P., Gangadharappa, H.V. and Mruthunjaya, K. 2017. Cuminum cyminum–A popular spice: An updated review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(3): 292-301.
Tabad, M. and Jalilian, N. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Zarivar region (Marivan). Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(54): 55-75.
The International Plant Names Index. IPNI 2019. at https://www.ipni.org.
Toghranegar, Z., Vafadar, M. and Ghorbani Nohooji, M. 2020. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants effective in the treatment of gastro-intestinal diseases in Mahneshan County. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19 (75): 266-290.
Vafadar, M. and Toghranegar, Z. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants of Abhar county, Zanjan province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19(75): 30-54.
Zakeri, A., Naderi, R. and Poozesh, V. 2020. An investigation of plant species distribution in Semnan province (Case study: Herbarium of Damghan University). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(4): 817-827.
Ziraei, M.A., Arshadhi, S.S., Dolatchai, M., Darabi, H. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants of Dashtestan plain in Zirrah (Toz) region of Bushehr province. Southern Medicine, 18(4): 827-844.
Zolfeghari, E., Adeli, I., Mozafarian, V., Babaiy, S. and Habibi Bibalan, Gh. 2012. Identification of Arasbaran medicinal plants and ethnobotanical study of rural people knowledge (Case Study: Arasbaran forest, Mardanaghom watershed). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28(3): 534-550.
_||_Abed, A., Vaseghi, G., Jafari, E., Fattahian, E., Babhadiashar, N. and Abed, M. 2014. Echium amoenum Fisch. et Mey.: A review on its pharmacological and medicinal properties. Asian journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Researches, 4: 21-3.
Abolzadeh, S., Vahdat, K. and Nabipour, I. 2020. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Tangestan County. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 23(4): 330-345.
Abtahi, F. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants of Shazand city in Markazi province, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 197-211.
Aggarwal, A., Tandon, S., Kumar Singla, S. and Tandon, C. 2012. A novel antilithiatic protein from Tribulus terrestris having cytoprotective potency. Protein and peptide letters, 19(8): 812-819.
Ahmad, M.F., Ahmad, F.A., Ashraf, S.A., Saad, H.H., Wahab, S., Khan, M.I., Ali, M., Mohan, S., Hakeem, K.R. and Athar, M.T. 2021. An updated knowledge of Black seed (Nigella sativa Linn.): Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 25: 100404.
Ahvazi, M., Mozaffarian, V., Nejadsatari, T., Mojab, F., Charkhchian, M.M., Khalighi-Sigroodi, F. and Ajani, Y. 2007. Medicinal application of native plants (Lamiaceae and Rosaceae Family) in Alamut region in Gazvin Province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4 (24): 74-84.
Akbarzadeh, A., Jaimand, K., Hemmati, A. and Khanjani Shira, B. 2010. Medicinal plants of Gilan province and their applications. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 26: 47-326.
Akya, A., Mojarab, M., Farshchian, M. and Ahmadi, K. 2014. The effect of stem bark extracts of Tamarix ramosissim shrub on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medicinal Sciences, 19 (4): 128-134.
Aleebrahim, A. and Nabipour, I. 2018. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the Kangan-Asaluyeh Area. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 21(5): 409-428.
Al-Fatimi, M. 2019. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in central Abyan governorate, Yemen. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 241: 111973.
Alshehri, S.A., Wahab, S., Abullais, S.S., Das, G., Hani, U., Ahmad, W., Amir, M., Ahmad, A., Kandasamy, G. and Vasudevan, R. 2022. Pharmacological efficacy of Tamarix aphylla: A comprehensive review. Plants, 11(1): 118.
Al-Snafi, A.E. 2014. The pharmacological importance of Anethum graveolens–A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4): 11-13.
Al-Snafi, A.E. 2019. Medical benefit of Lallemantia iberica-A review. To Chemistry Journal, 3: 97-102.
Al-Snafi, A.E., Khadem, H.S., Al-Saedy, H.A., Alqahtani, A.M. and El-Saber, G. 2021. A review on Medicago sativa: A potential medicinal plant. International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive, 1: 22-33.
Al-Tikriti, A.A.A., Al-Khateeb, E. and Abbas, M.A. 2017. Teucrium polium hexane extract downregulated androgen receptor in testis and decreased fertility index in rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 36(12): 1248-1255.
Alzweiri, M. Al Sarhan, A. Mansi, K. Hudaib, M. and Aburjai, T. 2011. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137: 27-35.
Amirahmadi, A., Naderi, R. and Afsharian, M.H. 2022. An investigation into the medicinal plants of Semnan province with taxonomic and therapeutic aspects. Trends in Phytochemical Research, 6(4): 312-338.
Ansari, A.P., Zaheer Ahmed, N., Rather, S.A., Rafeeqi, T.A. and Beigh, B.S. 2020. Immune boosting and anti-influenza effects of an Unani decoction in influenza like illness and COVID-19 like epidemics: a rationale approach. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 8(12): 4544-4552.
Arasu, A., Pingley, V., Prabha, N., Ravikumar, O. V., Annathurai, K., Kasirajan, S., Govindasamya, A., Alwahibi, S. M., Elshikhb, S. M., Abdel Gawwad, R. M. and Arockiaraj, J. 2021. Impact and fungitoxic spectrum of Trachyspermum ammi against Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogenic fungus commonly found in human gut that causes Candidiasis infection. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14(12): 1854-1863.
Arvin, P. and Firouzeh, R. 2022. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Razo-Jargalan district in North Khorasan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(6): 873-907.
Asgarpanah, J. 2012. Phytopharmacology and medicinal properties of Salix aegyptiaca L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(28): 7145-7150.
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A. and Mozaffarian, V. (Eds.) 1988-2021. Flora of Iran, vols 1-151. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, Tehran.
Bahrami, G., Soltani, R., Sajjadi, S. E., Kanani, M. R., Naderi, R., Ghiasvand, N. and Shokoohinia, Y. 2013. Essential oil composition of Ferula assa-foetida L. fruits from Western Iran. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2): 90-97.
Bhusal, K.K., Magar, S.K., Thapa, R., Lamsal, A., Bhandari, S., Maharjan, R., Shrestha, S. and Shrestha, J. 2022. Nutritional and pharmacological importance of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.): A review. Heliyon, 8: e09717.
Bibak, H. and Moghbeli, F. 2017. Collection, identification and traditional usage of medicinal plants in Jiroft County. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4: 116-40.
Chauke, A., Shai, L. and Mogale, M. 2022. Plants today drugs tomorrow: Cordia Grandicalyx A Possible Future Anti-Hypoglycaemic?. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product. (Online version).
Denner, S.S. 2009. Lavandula angustifolia Miller: english lavender. Holistic Nursing Practice, 23(1): 57-64.
Derakhshande, P., Navabi, S.J., Shokoohinia, Y., Rouhi-Broujeni, H., Deris, F., Behbood, L., Shahbazi, F., Amiri, M. and Farzaei, M.H. 2019. Efficacy and safety of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch capsules on symptom severity and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 16(4): 20180123.
Dhiman, C., Kumar, N. and Kothigal, P. 2017. Pharmacological actions of Anethum graveolens (Dill). Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(5): 511-516.
Didehvar, M., Ebadi, M., Hasanbarani, M. and Rahimi, R. 2021. Study of indigenous knowledge and traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Baluchestan region of Iran. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 12(3): 233-246.
Dolati, K., Rakhshandeh, H. and Shafei, M.N. 2011. Antidepressant-like effect of aqueous extract from Rosa damascena in mice. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 1(2): 91-97.
Dolatkhahi, M. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the northeast Latrine zone of Persian Gulf. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(50): 129-43.
Dolatkhahi, M., Dolatkhahi, A. and Bagher Nejad, J. 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan – Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4: 402-412.
Dolatkhahi, M., Ghorbani Nohooji, M., Mehrafarin, A., Amini nejad, G.R. and Dolatkhahi, A. 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: Identification, distribution and traditional usage. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2: 163-78.
Ghamari, F., Amirahmadi, A. and Naderi, R. 2020. An ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants in Semnan city. 21th National & 9th International Congress on Biology, Semnan, 16-19 February.
Gheflati, A., Adelnia, E. and Nadjarzadeh, A. 2019. The clinical effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seeds on metabolic profiles in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research, 33(5): 1501-1509.
Gholipour, A., Ghorbaninohooji, M., Rasuli, N., Habibi, M. 2014. Ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants of Zarm-rood Rural district of Neka (Mazandaran Province). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(52): 101-121.
Ghorbani, A. 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): general results. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 102(1): 58-68.
Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S.L. and Kaushik, D. 2010. Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 2(1): 12-6.
Habtemariam, S. 2016. The therapeutic potential of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) diterpenes for Alzheimer’s disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016: 2680409.
Haerinasab, M. and Abbasi, S. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and introduction to some poisonous plant species of Ardestan (Isfahan Province). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 122-143.
Hatami, A. and Zahedifar, M. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Fasa in Fars Province. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7: 85-92.
Hoseini, S Z., Vaghebin, R., Janahmadi, Z. and Nabipour, I. 2021. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the Giskan Mountain Area. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 24(3): 226-241.
Hosseini, M., Rahim Forouzeh, M. and Barani, H. 2019. Identification and investigation of ethnobotany of some medicinal plants in Razavi Khorasan Province. Journal Medicinal Plants, 18(70): 212-231.
Hosseini, S.H., Bibak, H., Ramezani Qara, A. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the south Kerman. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 8(1): 30-63.
Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nassiri‐Asl, M. 2013. Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the canon of medicine and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review. Phytotherapy Research, 27(4): 475-483.
Imenshahidi, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H. 2016. Berberis vulgaris and berberine: an update review. Phytotherapy research, 30(11): 1745-1764.
Iraji, F., Sharif Makhmalzadeh, B., Abedini, M., Aghaei, A. and Siahpoush, A. 2022. Effect of herbal cream containing Fumaria officinalis and silymarin for treatment of eczema: A randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 12(2): 155-162.
Jahantab, E., Hatami, E., Sayadian, M. and Salahi Ardakani, A. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Boyer Ahmad and Dena regions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, Iran. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 3(4): 12- 22.
Jan, S.A., Shinwari, Z.K., Malik, M. and Ilyas, M. 2018. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Brassica rapa: a review. MOJ Biology and Medicine, 3(4): 175-178.
Jena, P.K., Tripathy, P., Dandasena, T.K. and Shahi, S. 2023. Medicinal value of star anise. European Chemical Bulletin, 12(Special Issue 1): 178-186
Joshi, R.K. and Soulimani, R. 2020. Ethno-medicinal and phytochemical potential of Carum carvi Linn. and Cuminum cyminum: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Life Science, 1(1): 33-37.
Kalvandi, R., Safikhani, K., Najafi, G.H. and Babakhanlo, P. 2007. Identification of medicinal plants of Hamedan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 23: 350-374.
Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M. and Oryem-Origa, H. 2007. Medicinal plants used to induce labour during childbirth in western Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(1): 1-9.
Khalid, S. and Saleem, U. 2018. Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of Malva neglecta: An updated review. PharmacologyOnLine, 2: 52-62.
Khan, M. and Wang, N. 2012. Descurainia sophia (L.): a weed with multiple medicinal uses. Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 27(1): 45-51.
Khodayari, H., Amani, SH., Amiri, H. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in different regions of Khuzestan Province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2: 12-26.
Kianpour, F., Mohseni, M., Beigmohamadi, M., Yazdinezhad, A., Ramazani, A., Hosseini, M. and Sharafi, A. 2021. The protective effects of Ziziphora tenuior L. against chlorpyrifos induced toxicity: Involvement of inflammatory and cell death signaling pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 272: 113959.
Kooti, W., Moradi, M., Ali-Akbari, S., Sharafi-Ahvazi, N., Asadi-Samani, M. and Ashtary-Larky, D. 2015. Therapeutic and pharmacological potential of Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, 4(1): 1-9.
Kowalczyk, A., Przychodna, M., Sopata, S., Bodalska, A. and Fecka, I. 2020. Thymol and Thyme essential oil—New insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules, 25(18): 4125.
Kumar Gupta, S. and Sharma, A. 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9: 124-129.
Lavari, N., Ghasemi, M. and Nabipour, I. 2017. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in the southwest of Mond mountain. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 20(4): 380-398.
Mahendran, G., Verma, S. K. and Rahman, L.U. 2021. The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 278: 114266.
Maia Campos, P.M.B.G., G. Mercurio, D., O. Melo, M. and Closs-Gonthier, B. 2017. Cichorium intybus root extract: a “vitamin D-like” active ingredient to improve skin barrier function. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 28(1): 78-81.
Maleki Kherzloo, S., Ansari Ardali, S. and Maleki Khezrloo, M. 2017. Ethnobotanical study and traditional usage of some medicinal plants of Ajab Shir county. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 7: 499-506.
Mardaninejad, S., Janghorban, M., Vazirpour, M. 2013. Collection and identification of medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of Mobarakeh (Isfahan), southwestern Iran. Journal of Medicinal Herbs, 4(1): 23-32.
Mardaninejad, S.H. and Vazirpour, M. 2012. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants by Mobarakeh’s people (Isfahan). Journal of Herbal Drugs, 3: 26-111.
Mikaili, P., Mojaverrostami, S., Moloudizargari, M. and Aghajanshakeri, S. 2013. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Mentha longifolia L. and its main constituent, menthol. Ancient science of life, 33(2): 131.
Mirshekar, M., Ebraimi, M. and Ajorlo, M. 2019. Ethnobotanical study and traditional uses of some medicinal plants in Khash city. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 9(4): 361-371.
Modarresi, M., Mohammadi-Farani, A., Amirshahrokhi, K. and Beheshtizadeh, R. 2020. Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of aqueous extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. in mice. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(1): 31.
Mohsenipour, Z. and Hassanshahian, M. 2015. Inhibitory effects of Tamarix hispida extracts on planktonic form and biofilm formation of six pathogenic bacteria. Biological Journal of Microorganism, 4(13): 43-56.
Moradi, L., Dolatkhahi, M., Darabi, H. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants in Genaveh Port. Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 17(5): 959-973.
Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.A., Anwar, F., Ashraf, M. and Gilani, A.H. 2015. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytotherapy Research, 29(1): 1-13.
Neela, F., Sonia, I., Shamsi, SH. 2014. Antifungal activity of selected medicinal plant extract on Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtthe causal agent of Fusarium Wilt disease in Tomato. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5: 2665-2671.
Niroumand, M.C., Farzaei, M.H. and Amin, G. 2015. Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy: a review. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 35(1):104-109.
Olajuyigbe, O.O. and Afolayan, A.J. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(18): 3415-3424.
Omidi, A., Khatamsaz, M. and Zolfaghari, B. 2012. Ethnobotany: a process based upon the scientific rewriting of public traditions. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 3: 51-56.
Oyedeji-Amusa, MO., Sadgrove, NJ. and Van Wyk, BE. 2021. The Ethnobotany and chemistry of South African Meliaceae: A Review. Plants (Basel), 10(9): 1796.
Paparella, A., Nawade, B., Shaltiel-Harpaz, L. and Ibdah, M. 2022. A review of the botany, volatile composition, biochemical and molecular aspects, and traditional uses of Laurus nobilis. Plants, 11(9): 1209.
Pawar, A.V. and Killedar, S.G. 2017. Uses of Cassia fistula Linn as a medicinal plant. International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 2(3): 85-91.
Ranasinghe, P., Jayawardana, R., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G.R., de Vas Gunawardana, N. and Katulanda, P. 2012. Efficacy and safety of ‘true’cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a pharmaceutical agent in diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Diabetic medicine, 29(12): 1480-1492.
Rastegar, M., Tavana, Z., Khademi, R. and Nabipour, I. 2012. Ethnopharmacology of the native herbs of Helleh River (Bushehr Province/Iran). Iranian South Medicinal Journal, 15(4): 303-316.
Razavi, B.M., Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. and Hosseinzadeh, H. 2021. A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents. Phytotherapy Research, 35(12): 6489-6513.
Razmjoue, D., Zarei, Z. and Armand, R. 2018. Ethnobotanical study (identification, medical properties and how to use) of some medicinal plants of Behbahan city of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4: 33-49.
Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) 1963-2015. Flora Iranica, vols. 1-178. Akademische Druch u. Verlasanstalt, Graz.
Rezaei, A. (2017). A survey on the situation of traditional Iranian medicine and its history in Iranian herbal research. Medical History Journal, 9(32): 71-84.
Roadi, B., Mozaffarian, V., Fallahian, F. Khavarinejad, R. 2008. Medical plants of mountainous area in the province of Semnan. Biological Sciences (Danish-i Zisti-i Iran), 3(3): 1-6.
Roofigari, I. M., Doudi, M. and Rezayatmand, Z. 2014. Anticandidal effects of aqueous and callus extracts of Artemisia aucheri. International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, 2014: 389-397.
Sabzi Nojedeh, M., Amani, M., Younessi Hamzekhanlu, M., Fathizadeh, O., and Sheidai Karkaj, E. 2021. Medicinal plants with therapeutic uses in indigenous communities located in the foothills of Sabalan (Case study: Meshginshahr city, Ardabil province). Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 74(3): 529-542.
Sadeghi, Z., Kuhestani, K., Abdollahi, V. and Mahmood, A. 2014. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 153(1): 111-118.
Saleem, A., Waqar, M., Aslam, A., Mobeen, A., Tariq, A. and Ali, F.M. 2022. Therapeutic role of Lallemantia royleana (Balangu seeds) and its pharmacological properties: An overview. Scholars Bulletin, 8(9): 283-287.
Samuelsen, A.B. 2000. The traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Plantago major L. A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2): 1-21.
Sattarian, A., Saadaty, R., Daneshvar, Amini, E. 2023. Ethenobotanical plants of eastern Golestan province (Turkmen tribes) with emphasis on the medicinal used of plants. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 39(1): 16-37.
Sher, H., Al-Yemeni, M. N., Masrahi, Y. S. and Shah, A. H. 2010. Ethnomedicinal and ethnoecological evaluation of Salvadora persica L.: a threatened medicinal plant in Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(12), 1209-1215.
Singh, R.P., Gangadharappa, H.V. and Mruthunjaya, K. 2017. Cuminum cyminum–A popular spice: An updated review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 9(3): 292-301.
Tabad, M. and Jalilian, N. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Zarivar region (Marivan). Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(54): 55-75.
The International Plant Names Index. IPNI 2019. at https://www.ipni.org.
Toghranegar, Z., Vafadar, M. and Ghorbani Nohooji, M. 2020. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants effective in the treatment of gastro-intestinal diseases in Mahneshan County. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19 (75): 266-290.
Vafadar, M. and Toghranegar, Z. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of some medicinal plants of Abhar county, Zanjan province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 19(75): 30-54.
Zakeri, A., Naderi, R. and Poozesh, V. 2020. An investigation of plant species distribution in Semnan province (Case study: Herbarium of Damghan University). Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(4): 817-827.
Ziraei, M.A., Arshadhi, S.S., Dolatchai, M., Darabi, H. and Nabipour, I. 2014. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants of Dashtestan plain in Zirrah (Toz) region of Bushehr province. Southern Medicine, 18(4): 827-844.
Zolfeghari, E., Adeli, I., Mozafarian, V., Babaiy, S. and Habibi Bibalan, Gh. 2012. Identification of Arasbaran medicinal plants and ethnobotanical study of rural people knowledge (Case Study: Arasbaran forest, Mardanaghom watershed). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28(3): 534-550.
