Evaluation of morph-physiological and biochemical responses of marshmallow (Althaea afficinalis L.) to foliar application of iron and zinc under saline condition
Subject Areas :
Medicinal Plants
Tahereh
Mahdavi Marj
1
(Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
Hassanali
Naghdi Badi
2
(Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran)
Hosein
Zeinali
3
(Natural Resources Department, Esfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREO, Isfahan, Iran.)
Ali
Mehrafarin
4
(Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj,
Iran)
Received: 2020-08-31
Accepted : 2021-05-29
Published : 2021-05-22
Keywords:
Saline Condition,
phenol,
Mucilage,
Althaea afficinalis,
Abstract :
To investigate the effect of zinc and iron foliar application on the morph-physiological and biochemical traits of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) under salinity, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Esfahan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran. The factors included NaCl at 3 levels of 0, 4 and 8 dS/m, zinc sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ppm and iron sulfate at 3 levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ppm. The sodium and potassium content was measured using a flame photometer. The iron and zinc content was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The mucilage was dried to determine its weight and total phenol was measured using a spectrophotometer. With increasing salinity, the amount of potassium, zinc and iron significantly (P ≤0.01) decreased but the sodium content increased. With increasing the zinc concentration in saline and control conditions, the potassium amount significantly (P ≤0.01) increased. Foliar application of zinc and iron significantly (P ≤0.01) increased the zinc and iron amount in the leaves. Although flowers fresh weight was reduced under saline condition compared to non-stress conditions, the zinc and iron spraying mitigated the effects of stress. Also, mucilage content was increased by 49 and 20% under 8 and 4 dS/m salinity, respectively, in comparison with non-stress conditions. The iron and zinc spraying significantly (P ≤0.01)increased the amount of mucilage. With increasing salinity, the phenol content significantly (P ≤0.01) increased and the highest content of phenol (65.2 mg / ml) was observed in the salinity of 8 dS/m3 + 3ppm of iron sulfate + 0 ppm of zinc sulfate. Generally, spraying of iron and zinc sulfate in saline conditions not only improved the nutritional status of marshmallow, but also increased the flowers yield and mucilage.
References:
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Amel, A., Mohamed, A. and Amina, A.A. 2008. Alterations of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants grown under seawater salt stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2): 139-146.
Arzani, A. 2008. Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 44: 373-383.
Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A. and Brinckmann, J. 2000. Herbal medicine. expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.
Cakmack, I. 2000. Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytologist, 146:185-205.
Carter, A.C. and Knapp, A.K. 2001. Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration. American Journal of Botany, 88: 677-684.
El-Fouly, M.M., Mobarak, Z.M. and Salama, Z.A. 2011. Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) foliar spray for increasing salinity tolerance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. African Journal of Plant Science, 5: 314-322.
Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Technical Journal of soil and water research institute, agricultural research, Education and Extension Organization, pp: 28-50. (In Persian).
Ghanem, M.E., Han, R.M., Classen, B., Quetin-Leclerq, J., Mahy, M., Ruan ,V., Qin, P., Prez-Alfocea, F. and Lutts, S. 2010. Mucilage and polysaccharides in the halophyte plant species Kosteletzkya vrginica: localization and composition in relation to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48: 131-135.
Gupta, S., Schillaci, M., Walker R., Smith P., Watt M. and Roessner U. 2020. Alleviation of salinity stress in plants by endophytic plant-fungal symbiosis: Current knowledge, perspectives and future directions. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11104-020-04618-w.
Heidari, M. and Farzaneh, F. 2013. Effect of nitrogen nutrition and salinity stress on 1000-seed weight, mucilage and nutrient uptake in Asparagus. Journal of Production and Processing of Crops, 3(8): 127-135. (In Persian).
Jabeen, N. and Ahmad, R. 2011. Effect of foliar-application boron and manganese on growth and biochemical activities in sunflower under saline conditions. Pakestanian Journal of Botany, 43: 1271-1282.
Kafi, M., Lahouti, M. Zand, A..Sharifi H. and Goldani M. 2008. Plant physiology. University of Mashhad publication. 101-125. (In Persian).
Karawya, M.S., Wassel, G.M. and Baghdadi, H. 1980. Mucilages and pectins of Opuntia, Tamarindus and Cydonia. Planta Medica, 40(1):68-75.
Kobraee, S., NoorMohamadi, N., Heidari Sharifabad, H., Darvish Kajori, F. and Delkhosh, B. 2011. Influence of micronutrient fertilizers on soybean nutrient composition. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4: 763-769.
Mahmoud, A.W.M.; Abdeldaym, E.A.; Abdelaziz, S.M.; El-Sawy, M.B.I.; Mottaleb, S.A. 2020. Synergetic effects of zinc, boron, silicon, and zeolite nanoparticles on confer tolerance in potato plants subjected to salinity. Agronomy, 10: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010019.
Mardani, H., Razmjoo, J. and Ghaffari, H. 2019. Evaluation of salinity and urea fertilizer interaction on some physiological traits, quantitative and qualitative yield of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Plant process and function, 8(30): 223-243. (In Persian).
Maria, A.D.C., Marina, S.S., Maura, D.C. and Cristiane, F.T. 2011. Effect of salt stress on nutrient concentration, photosynthetic pigments, proline and foliar morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aub. Journal of Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 23(2): 164-176.
Minazadeh, R., Karimi, R., Mohamad Parast, B. 2018. The effect of foliar nutrition of potassium sulfate on morpho-physiological indices of grapevine under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 10(3): 83-106.
Miransari, H., Mehrafarin, A. and Naghdi Badi, H. 2015. Morphophysiological and phytochemical responses of dill to foliar application of iron sulfate and zinc sulfate. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 14(2): 15-29.
Moradi, S., Puryousef, M. and Andalibi, B. 2015. The effect of foliar application of micronutrients (iron and zinc) on yield, yield components and fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5): 753-762. (In Persian).
Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annuals Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
Nasiri, Y., Zehtab Salmasi, S. Nasrallahzadeh, S. and Qasemi Golazani, K. 2013. The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on morphological traits and chamomile flower yield. Eleventh Congress of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, (In Persian).
Ninganoor, B.T., Parameshwarppa, K.G. and Chetti, M.B. 1995. Analysis of some physiological characters and their association with seed yield and drought tolerance in safflower genotypes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8: 46-49.
Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A.R. and Al-Horani, A. 2006. Variation in germination and ion uptake in barley genotypes under salinity conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2: 11-15.
Rady, M.M., Sadak, M.S., El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. and Abd El-Monem, A.A. 2011. Alleviation of the adverse effects of salinity stress in sunflower cultivars using nicotinamide and α-Tocopherol. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Science, 5: 342-355.
Rezazadeh, A., Ghasemnezhad, A., Barani, M. and Telmadarrehei, T. 2012. Effect of salinity on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6(3); 245-252.
Sadeghi, A., Ghalibaf, H. and Seyedi, S.M. 2017. Evaluation of urea and vermicompost fertilizers on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the organs of marshmallow. Plant Ecophysiology, 9(28): 124-132. (In Persian).
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H. and Mahmoud, A. 2010. Effect of zinc and or iron foliar application and growth and essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under salt stress. Ozean Journal of Applied Science, 3(1): 97-111.
Setayeshmehr, Z. and Esmail Zadeh, S. 2013. Investigation of the effect of salinity stress on some physiological and biochemical properties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 20(3): 111-128. (In Persian).
Shamsi Mahmoud Abadi, H., Morvati, A. and Farahmand Dehghanpour, G. 2014. Investigation of the effect of different levels of iron and zinc fertilizer on yield and yield components of white marshmallow (Althea officinalis). The Second National Conference on the Application of New Sciences and Technologies in Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment, (In Persian).
Sheykhbagloo, N., Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh, A., Baghestani, M. and Zand, B. 2008. Study the effect of Zinc foliar application on the quantitative and qualitative yield of grain corn under water stress. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2(2): 59-74.
Shrivastava, P. and Kumar, R. 2015. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22:123–131.
Soland S.F. and Laima S.K. 1999. Phenolics and cold tolerance of Brassica napus. Plant Agriculture, 1: 1-5.
Tester, M. and Davenport, R. 2003. Na+ Tolerance and Na+ transport in high plants. Annuals of Botany, 91: 503-527.
Torabian, S. and Zahedi, M. 2013. The effect of foliar application of ferrous sulfate in both normal forms and nanoparticles on the growth of sunflower cultivars under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 44(1): 109-118. (In Persian).
Yokoi, S., Bressan, R. A. and Hasegwa, P.4 M. 2002. Salt tolerance of plant. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Working Report, 25-33.
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Al-Abdoulhadi, I.A., Dinar, H.A., Ebert, G. and Büttner, C. 2012. Influence of salinity levels on nutrient content in leaf,stem and root of major date palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L) cultivars. International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science, 2(8): 341-346.
Amel, A., Mohamed, A. and Amina, A.A. 2008. Alterations of some secondary metabolites and enzymes activity by using exogenous antioxidant compound in onion plants grown under seawater salt stress. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2): 139-146.
Arzani, A. 2008. Improving salinity tolerance in crop plants: a biotechnological view. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 44: 373-383.
Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A. and Brinckmann, J. 2000. Herbal medicine. expanded commission E monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.
Cakmack, I. 2000. Possible roles of zinc in protecting plant cells from damage by reactive oxygen species. New Phytologist, 146:185-205.
Carter, A.C. and Knapp, A.K. 2001. Leaf optical properties in higher plants: linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration. American Journal of Botany, 88: 677-684.
El-Fouly, M.M., Mobarak, Z.M. and Salama, Z.A. 2011. Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) foliar spray for increasing salinity tolerance in wheat Triticum aestivum L. African Journal of Plant Science, 5: 314-322.
Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Technical Journal of soil and water research institute, agricultural research, Education and Extension Organization, pp: 28-50. (In Persian).
Ghanem, M.E., Han, R.M., Classen, B., Quetin-Leclerq, J., Mahy, M., Ruan ,V., Qin, P., Prez-Alfocea, F. and Lutts, S. 2010. Mucilage and polysaccharides in the halophyte plant species Kosteletzkya vrginica: localization and composition in relation to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48: 131-135.
Gupta, S., Schillaci, M., Walker R., Smith P., Watt M. and Roessner U. 2020. Alleviation of salinity stress in plants by endophytic plant-fungal symbiosis: Current knowledge, perspectives and future directions. Plant and Soil. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11104-020-04618-w.
Heidari, M. and Farzaneh, F. 2013. Effect of nitrogen nutrition and salinity stress on 1000-seed weight, mucilage and nutrient uptake in Asparagus. Journal of Production and Processing of Crops, 3(8): 127-135. (In Persian).
Jabeen, N. and Ahmad, R. 2011. Effect of foliar-application boron and manganese on growth and biochemical activities in sunflower under saline conditions. Pakestanian Journal of Botany, 43: 1271-1282.
Kafi, M., Lahouti, M. Zand, A..Sharifi H. and Goldani M. 2008. Plant physiology. University of Mashhad publication. 101-125. (In Persian).
Karawya, M.S., Wassel, G.M. and Baghdadi, H. 1980. Mucilages and pectins of Opuntia, Tamarindus and Cydonia. Planta Medica, 40(1):68-75.
Kobraee, S., NoorMohamadi, N., Heidari Sharifabad, H., Darvish Kajori, F. and Delkhosh, B. 2011. Influence of micronutrient fertilizers on soybean nutrient composition. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4: 763-769.
Mahmoud, A.W.M.; Abdeldaym, E.A.; Abdelaziz, S.M.; El-Sawy, M.B.I.; Mottaleb, S.A. 2020. Synergetic effects of zinc, boron, silicon, and zeolite nanoparticles on confer tolerance in potato plants subjected to salinity. Agronomy, 10: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010019.
Mardani, H., Razmjoo, J. and Ghaffari, H. 2019. Evaluation of salinity and urea fertilizer interaction on some physiological traits, quantitative and qualitative yield of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Plant process and function, 8(30): 223-243. (In Persian).
Maria, A.D.C., Marina, S.S., Maura, D.C. and Cristiane, F.T. 2011. Effect of salt stress on nutrient concentration, photosynthetic pigments, proline and foliar morphology of Salvinia auriculata Aub. Journal of Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 23(2): 164-176.
Minazadeh, R., Karimi, R., Mohamad Parast, B. 2018. The effect of foliar nutrition of potassium sulfate on morpho-physiological indices of grapevine under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 10(3): 83-106.
Miransari, H., Mehrafarin, A. and Naghdi Badi, H. 2015. Morphophysiological and phytochemical responses of dill to foliar application of iron sulfate and zinc sulfate. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 14(2): 15-29.
Moradi, S., Puryousef, M. and Andalibi, B. 2015. The effect of foliar application of micronutrients (iron and zinc) on yield, yield components and fennel essential oil (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5): 753-762. (In Persian).
Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annuals Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
Nasiri, Y., Zehtab Salmasi, S. Nasrallahzadeh, S. and Qasemi Golazani, K. 2013. The effect of foliar application of iron and zinc on morphological traits and chamomile flower yield. Eleventh Congress of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, (In Persian).
Ninganoor, B.T., Parameshwarppa, K.G. and Chetti, M.B. 1995. Analysis of some physiological characters and their association with seed yield and drought tolerance in safflower genotypes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8: 46-49.
Othman, Y., Al-Karaki, G., Al-Tawaha, A.R. and Al-Horani, A. 2006. Variation in germination and ion uptake in barley genotypes under salinity conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 2: 11-15.
Rady, M.M., Sadak, M.S., El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. and Abd El-Monem, A.A. 2011. Alleviation of the adverse effects of salinity stress in sunflower cultivars using nicotinamide and α-Tocopherol. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Science, 5: 342-355.
Rezazadeh, A., Ghasemnezhad, A., Barani, M. and Telmadarrehei, T. 2012. Effect of salinity on phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaves. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6(3); 245-252.
Sadeghi, A., Ghalibaf, H. and Seyedi, S.M. 2017. Evaluation of urea and vermicompost fertilizers on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the organs of marshmallow. Plant Ecophysiology, 9(28): 124-132. (In Persian).
Said-Al Ahl, H.A.H. and Mahmoud, A. 2010. Effect of zinc and or iron foliar application and growth and essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under salt stress. Ozean Journal of Applied Science, 3(1): 97-111.
Setayeshmehr, Z. and Esmail Zadeh, S. 2013. Investigation of the effect of salinity stress on some physiological and biochemical properties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Plant Production Research, 20(3): 111-128. (In Persian).
Shamsi Mahmoud Abadi, H., Morvati, A. and Farahmand Dehghanpour, G. 2014. Investigation of the effect of different levels of iron and zinc fertilizer on yield and yield components of white marshmallow (Althea officinalis). The Second National Conference on the Application of New Sciences and Technologies in Agriculture, Natural Resources and the Environment, (In Persian).
Sheykhbagloo, N., Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh, A., Baghestani, M. and Zand, B. 2008. Study the effect of Zinc foliar application on the quantitative and qualitative yield of grain corn under water stress. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2(2): 59-74.
Shrivastava, P. and Kumar, R. 2015. Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22:123–131.
Soland S.F. and Laima S.K. 1999. Phenolics and cold tolerance of Brassica napus. Plant Agriculture, 1: 1-5.
Tester, M. and Davenport, R. 2003. Na+ Tolerance and Na+ transport in high plants. Annuals of Botany, 91: 503-527.
Torabian, S. and Zahedi, M. 2013. The effect of foliar application of ferrous sulfate in both normal forms and nanoparticles on the growth of sunflower cultivars under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 44(1): 109-118. (In Persian).
Yokoi, S., Bressan, R. A. and Hasegwa, P.4 M. 2002. Salt tolerance of plant. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Working Report, 25-33.
