Evaluation of the Effect of Different Drying Methods on Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activity of Essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile
Subject Areas : Medicinal Plantsamir rahimi 1 , elham farrokhi 2
1 - faculty member
2 - Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University
Keywords: Carvacrol, Antioxidant, drying, Essential oil, Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile,
Abstract :
Drying is the most common way to preserve medicinal and aromatic plants and protect their biochemical compounds. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant and phytochemical activity of essential oil of aerial parts of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile in 50 percentage of the flowering stage. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four treatments in three replications at Research Farm of faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University (1365 m above sea level) during 2016. The aerial parts of the plant were dried using four types of drying methods, including room temperature (20-23 °C), open air (direct sunlight), free air (shade) and oven temperature (40°C). The obtained essential oils by hydro-distillation method were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity (DPPH), superoxide radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR), aluminum chloride, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Tris-HCl buffer, and Griess Illosvoy reaction respectively. Based on the results, there was significant difference among different drying methods. The highest amount of essential oil, total phenol content, total flavonoid, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity were observed in shade drying method. However, carvacrol and thymol as the main constituents of essential oil had the highest amount of drying in open air under direct sunlight. After carvacrol and thymol, compounds obtained in a shad-drying method including β-mersin, α-terpinene, γ-trypinene and M-simol had the highest amounts. We concluded that essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of oregano were greatly affected by the drying method and among the different methods of drying, shade drying was the best for the oregano plant to preserve its chemical composition.
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References
1.Abdellatif, F., Boudjella, H., Zitouni, A. and Hassani, A. 2014. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves of Algerian (Melissa officinalis L.). Experimental and Clinical Sciences Journal, 13:764-772.
2.Arasimowicz, M. and Floryszak-Wieczorek, J. 2007. Nitric oxide as a bioactive signaling molecule in plant stress responses. Plant Science, 172(5): 876-887.
3.Ahmadi, F., Kadivar, M. and Shahedi, M. 2007. Antioxidant activity of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff. in model and food systems. Food chemistry, 105(1): 57-64.
4.Arslan, D. and Özcan, M.M. 2008. Evaluation of drying methods with respect to drying kinetics, mineral content and colour characteristics of rosemary leaves. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(5):1258-1264.
5.Asekun, O.T., Grierson, D.S. and Afolayan, A.J. 2007. Effects of drying methods on the quality and quantity of the essential oil of Mentha longifolia L. subsp. Capensis. Food Chemistry, 101(3): 995-998.
6.Amin, Z.A., Abdulla, M.A., Ali, H.M., Alshawsh, M.A. and Qadir, S.W. 2012. Assessment of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and immune activation potentials of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Phyllanthus niruri. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(9):1874-1877.
7.Anwar, F., Kalsoom, U., Sultana, B., Mushtaq, M., Mehmood, T. and Arshad, H.A. 2013. Effect of drying method and extraction solvent on the total phenolics and antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) extracts. International Food Research Journal, 20(2): 653-659.
8.Awah, F.M. 2010. Antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and phenolic contents of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(23): 2479-2487.
9.Azimzadeh, Z., Hassani, A. and Esmaiili, M. 2015. Effect of different drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum [Pursh] Kuntze). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5):789-800.
10.Azizi, M.A., Rahmati, M., Ebadi, T. and Hasanzadeh Khayyat, M. 2009. The effects of different drying methods on weight loss rate, essential oil and chamazolene contents of chamomile (Matricaria recutita) flowers. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(2):182-92.
11.Basta, A., Tzakou, O. and Couladis, M. 2005. Composition of the leaves essential oil of Melissa officinalis sl from Greece. Flavour and fragrance journal, 20(6):642-644.
12.Bernard, D., Asare, I.K., Ofosu, D.O., Daniel, G.A., Elom, S.A. and Sandra, A. 2014. The effect of different drying methods on the phytochemicals and radical scavenging activity of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) plant parts. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(11):1324-1335.
13.Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. and Berset, C.L.W.T. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology, 28(1):25-30.
14.Burits, M. and Bucar, F. 2000. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytotherapy research, 14(5):323-328.
15.Caliskan, T., Maral, H., Prieto, L.M.V.G., Kafkas, E. and Kirici, S. 2017. The influence of different drying methods on essential oil content and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in cukurova conditions. indian journal of pharmaceutical education and research, 51(3): 518-521.
16.Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y., Wong, S.K., Lim, K.K, Tan, S.P., Lianto, F.S., Martinov, M., Oztekin, S. and Muller, J. 2007. Medicinal and Aromatic Crops. CRC Press, United States of America. 320 p.
17.Chong, K.L. and Lim, Y.Y. 2012. Effects of drying on the antioxidant properties of herbal tea from selected Vitex species, Journal of Food Quality, 35(1): 51-59.
18.Ebadi, M.T., Rahmati, M., Azizi, M., Khayyat, M.H. and Dadkhah, A. 2013. The effects of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2): 425- 437.
19.Fathi, E. and Sefidkon, F. 2012. Influence of drying and extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Eucalyptus sargentii. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(5): 1035-1042.
20.Hashemi, M., Ehsani, A., Aminzare, M. and Hassanzadazar, H. 2016. Antioxidant and antifungal activities of essential oils of origanum vulgare ssp. Gracile flowers and leaves from Iran. Journal of food quality and hazards control, 3(4): 134-140.
21.Hassanpouraghdam, M.B., Hassani, A., Vojodi, L. and Farsad-Akhtar, N. 2010. Drying method affects essential oil content and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 13(6): 759-766.
22.Henriques, F., Guiné, R. and João Barroca, M. 2012. Chemical properties of pumpkin dried by different methods. Hrvatski časopis za prehrambenu tehnologiju, biotehnologiju inutricionizam, 7(1-2): 98-105.
23.Hossain, M.B., Barry-Ryan, C., Martin-Diana, A.B. and Brunton, N.P. 2010. Effect of drying method on the antioxidant capacity of six Lamiaceae herbs. Food Chemistry, 123(1): 85-91.
24.Howes, R.M. 2006. The free radical fantasy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1067(1):22-26.
25.Jennifer Ragi, M.D., Amy Pappert, M.D. and Babar Rao, M.D. 2011. Oregano extracts ointment for wound healing: a randomized, double-blind, petrolatum-controlled study evaluating efficacy. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 10(10): 1168-1172.
26.Jiao, Z., Liu, J. and Wang, S. 2005. Antioxidant activities of total pigment extract from blackberries. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 43(1): 97-102.
27.Karawya, M., E-Wakeil, F., Hifnawy, M., Ismail, F. and Khalifa, M. 1980. Study of certain factors affecting yield and composition of herbs parsley essential oil (effect of stage of growth, successive cutting, time of day of harvesting, method of drying, storage of herb oil). Egyptian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(1-2): 69-75.
28.Kayhani, A., Sefidkon, F. and Monfared, A. 2014. The effect of drying and distillation methods on essential oil content and composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm. Iranian Journal of medicinal and aromatic plants, 30(2):239-249
29.Khalid, K.A., Hu, W. and Cai, W. 2008. The effects of harvesting and different drying methods on the essential oil composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 11(4):342-349.
30.Khorshidi, J., Mohammadi, R., Fakhr Tabatabaei, M. and Nourbakhash, H. 2009. Influence of drying methods, extraction time, and organ type on essential oil content of Rosemary. Nature and Science, 7(11):42-44.
31.Khorramdel, S., Shabahang, J. and Asadi, G.A. 2013. Effect of drying methods on drying time, essential oil quantitative and qualitative of some of medicinal plants. Eco- phytochemical Journal of Medical Plants, 1(1): 36-48.
32.Kilic, O. and Ozdemir, F.A. 2016. Variability of essential oil composition of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile Populations from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 19(8): 2083-2090.
33.Ling, T.Y. and Zhao, X.Y. 1995. The improved pyrogallol method by using terminating agent for superoxide dismutase measurement. Progress Biochemistry Biophysics, 22: 84-86.
34.Martinov, M., Oztekin, S. and Müller, J. 2007. Drying medicinal and aromatic crops: harvesting, drying, and processing. Haworth Food & Agricultural Products Press, Binghamton. 320p.
35.Mirahmadi, S.F., Norouzi, R. and Ghorbani Nohooji, M. 2017. The Influence of drying treatments on the essential oil content and composition of Melissa officinalis L. compared with the fresh sample. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 16(61): 68-78.
36.Moradi, M., Hassani, A., Sefidkon, F. and Maroofi, H. 2015. Chemical composition of leaves and flowers essential oil of Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile growing wild in Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(1): 242-247.
37.Morshedloo, M.R., Craker, L.E., Salami, A., Nazeri, V., Sang, H. and Maggi, F. 2017. Effect of prolonged water stress on essential oil content, compositions and gene expression patterns of mono-and sesquiterpene synthesis in two oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) subspecies. Plant physiology and biochemistry, 111: 119-128.
38.Morshedloo, M.R., Mumivand, H., Craker, L.E. and Maggi, F. 2018. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils in Origanum vulgare subsp. gracile at different phenological stages and plant parts. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 42(2):1-8.
39.Moulodi, F., Alidade Khaledabad, M., Mahmoudi, R. and Rezazad Bari, M. 2018. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant Properties of essential oil of Origanum vulgar ssp. Gracile. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 20(10): 36-44.
40.Mozafarian, V. 2012. Identification of medicinal and aromatic plants of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Farhang Moaser Press.1444p.
41.Novak, I., Zambori-Nemeth, E., Horvath, H., Seregély, Z. and Kaffka, K. 2003. Study of essential oil components in different Origanum species by GC and sensory analysis. Acta Alimentaria, 32(2):141-150.
42.Okoh, O.O., Sadimenko, A.P., Asekun, O.T. and Afolayan, A.J. 2008. The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(10): 1500-1502.
43.Oki, T., Masuda, M., Kobayashi, M., Nishiba, Y., Furuta, S., Suda, I. and Sato, T. 2002. Polymeric procyanidins as radical-scavenging components in red-hulled rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(26): 7524-7529.
44.Olatunya, A.M. and Akintayo, E.T. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of drying on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of peels from three species of citrus group. International Food Research Journal, 24(5): 1991-1997.
45.Omidbaigi, R. 2005. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Publications Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, 438p
46.Ozcan, M., Arslan, D. and Ünver, A. 2005. Effect of drying methods on the mineral content of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Food Engineering, 69(3): 375-379.
47.Parul, R., Kundu, S.K. and Saha, P. 2013. In vitro nitric oxide scavenging activity of methanol extracts of three Bangladeshi medicinal plants. The pharma innovation Journal, 1(12): 83-88.
48.Rabeta, M.S. and Lai, S.Y. 2013. Effects of drying, fermented and unfermented tea of Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. On the antioxidant capacity. International Food Research Journal, 20(4):1601-1608.
49.Revathi, D. and Rajeswari, M. 2015. In vitro evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of Guettarda speciosa Linn. International Journal Science Research, 4(9): 962-965.
50.Robak, J. and Gryglewski, R.J. 1988. Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochemical pharmacology, 37(5): 837-841.
51.Shahbazi, R., Davoodi, H. and Esmaeili, S. 2013. The anticancer effects of flavonoids: involvement of P13K/ Akt signaling pathway. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 7(4): 1-10.
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