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Manuscript ID : EJMP-1909-1520 (R11) Visit : 333 Page: 1 - 12

20.1001.1.23223235.1399.8.2.1.3

Article Type: Original Research

Study of qualitative and quantitative changes in Nepeta crispa Willd. essential oil in natural habitats and agronomical conditions

Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants

Mohammad Karami 1 , Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi 2 , Mahdi Ayyari 3

1 - Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2019-09-07 Accepted : 2020-08-29 Published : 2020-08-22

Keywords: Essential oil, Mofarrah (Nepeta crispa), 1-8-Cineole, Eco-phytochemistry, Nepetalactone,

Abstract :

Nepeta crispa Willd. Locally known as Mofarrah belongs to Lamiaceae family. It is an Iranian endemic self-growing medicinal plant to Alvand Mountains in Hamadan province. N. crispa has carminative, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition of essential oil compounds of this plant in the vegetative stage, which cultivated in Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran at an altitude of 1283 m above sea level, and compare with samples taken from natural habitats in Arzanfood and Gashani with the altitude of 3015 and 2489 m above sea level, respectively. The plants were harvested during the late July 2018. The essential oils of all samples were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. The yield of essential oil in the sample collected from Arzanfood, Gashani and field samples were 2.13, 1.97 and 0.55% (w/w), respectively. Twenty components were identified among the samples, representing 93-96% of the oils. The main components were 1, 8-cineole (40.25%, 48.5, 49.9%), 4aα, 7β, 7aα-nepetalactone) 34.8%, 3.7%, 24.7%) and β- pinene) 6.2%, 5.4%, 5.4%) for cultivated field, Gashani and Arzanfood samples, respectively. Although the percentage of oil and 1, 8-cineole in the cultivated sample were low, but the amount of nepetalactome compounds was high. According to the results, the environmental conditions had an important role in the qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of this plant but cultivation of N. crispa in a place with more than 1200 m difference in altitude, lower than the main habitat, was a promising sign for domestication of N. crispa. Optimization of other factors including, cultivation in an area close to the natural habitat, nutrition, biotic and abiotic stresses treatment could even improve the quality of this plant compared to the self-growing ones.

References:


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    2.
  2. Akbarinia, A., Sefidkon, F., Rezaei, M.B. and Bakhshi Khaniki G.R. 2003. Investigation of essential oil composition of Nepeta pogonosperma on wild catnip and cultivation. Pajouhesh-va-sazandegi, 16(1): 14-19.
    3.
  3. Ali, T., Javan, M., Sonboli, A. and Semnanian, S. 2012. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. In experimental rat models. Natural Product Research, 26(16): 1529-1534.
    4.
  4. Amini, S., Nohooji, M.G., Khani, M., Labbafi, M.R. and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. 2019. Biological activity of some essential oil constituents in four Nepeta L. species against Sitophilus oryzae L. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20: 338-343.
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  5. Aničić, N., Matekalo, D., Skorić, M., Živković, J.N., Petrović, L., Dragićević, M., Dmitrović, S. and Mišić, D. 2020. Alterations in nepetalactone metabolism during polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced dehydration stress in two Nepeta species. Phytochemistry, 174: 112340.
    6.
  6. Aydin, S., Beis, R., Öztürk, Y., Hüsnü, K. and Baser, C. 1998. Nepetalactone: A new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 50(7): 813–817.
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  7. Aydin, S., Demir, T., Öztürk, Y. and Başer, K. H. C. 1999. Analgesic activity of Nepeta italica L. Phytotherapy Research, 13(1): 20–23.
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  8. Azar, P.A., Porgham-Daryasari, A., Saber-Tehrani, M. and Soleimani, M. 2012. Analysis of the volatile compounds in Nepeta crispa willd. Using improved HS-SPME–GC–MS and comparison with conventional methods. Acta Chromatographica, 24(1): 75–84.
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  9. Azarnivand, H., Ghavam Arvani, M., Sefidkon, F. and Tului, A. 2009. Investigating the effect of ecological characteristics (soil and altitude) on the quality and quantity of essential oils of Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(4): 556-571.
    10.
  10. Azizi, M. and Davareenejad, G., Bos, R., Woerdenbag, H.J. and Kayser, O. 2011. Essential oil content and constituents of black zira (Bunium persicum [Boiss.] B. Fedtsch.) from Iran during field cultivation (Domestication). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(1): 78-82.
    11.
  11.  Badrhadad, A., Piri, K. and Mansouri, K. 2015. Anti-proliferative effects of some fractions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. flower and aerial part of Nepeta crispa L. on K562 leukemic cells. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5): 881-890.
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  12. Baranauskienė, R., Bendžiuvienė, V., Ragažinskienė, O. and Venskutonis, P.R. 2019. Essential oil composition of five Nepeta species cultivated in Lithuania and evaluation of their bioactivities, toxicity and antioxidant potential of hydrodistillation residues. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 129: 269-280.‏
    13.
  13. Bariotakis, M., Georgescu, L., Laina, D., Oikonomou, I., Ntagounakis, G., Koufaki, M.-I., Souma, M., Choreftakis, M., Zormpa, O.G., Smykal, P., Sourvinos, G., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., Karousou, R. and Pirintsos, S.A. 2019. From wild harvest towards precision agriculture: Use of ecological niche modelling to direct potential cultivation of wild medicinal plants in Crete. Science of the Total Environment, 694: 133681.‏
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  15. Darras, A.I., Spiliopoulos, I., Kartsonas, E., Assimomitis, P. and Karras, S. 2020. Antioxidant profile, propagation and cultivation of Nepeta camphorata, the endemic species of Mt Taygetos (Greece). South African Journal of Botany, 131: 391-397.‏
    16.
  16. Jamzad, Z., Ingrouille, M. and Monique, S.J.S. 2003. Three new species of Nepeta (Lamiaceae) from Iran. Taxon, 52: 93-98.
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    18.
  18. Mojab, F., Nickavar, B. and Hooshdr Tehrani, H. 2009. Essential oil analysis of Nepeta crispa and N. menthoides from Iran.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1): 43-46.
    19.
  19. Momtaz, H., Moradkhani, S.H., Alikhani, M., Esnaashari, F. and Afkhami M. 2019. Study of antimicrobial effect of some plants of Lamiaceae family on Escherichia coli species isolated from children with urinary tract infection.Journal of Renal Injury Prevention, 8(1): 38-43.
    20.
  20. Nadjafi, F., Koocheki, A., Honermeier, B. and Asili, J. 2013. Autecology, ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies of Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad a highly endangered medicinal plant of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(1): 97-110.
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  21. Rechinger, K.-H. 1987. Nepeta, Flora Iranica, Graz, Austria.
    22.
  22. Rehman, N.U., Hussain, J., Ali, S., Hussain, H., Abbas, G., Bakht, N. and Al-Harrasi, A. 2020. Chemical constituents of the essential oil of Nepeta distans. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 56(1): 159-160.‏
    23.
  23. Reyahi-Khoram, R., Daraei-Garmakhani, A., Kalvandi, R. and Reyahi-Khoram, M. 2018. Physicochemical assessment of stirred yogurt enriched with Mofarrah (Nepeta crispa Wild). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 17(3): 231-240.
    24.
  24. Saeb, K., Kakuie, A., Babakhani, B., Hoseini Baldachi, A., Rahdari, P., Poorshamsian, K. and Jafari, R. 2012. Investigating the effect of height on the amount of medicinal compounds of the nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in Ramsar area. Plant and Ecosystem, 32: 31-40.
    25.
  25. Salehi, B., Valussi, M., Jugran, A.K., Martorell, M., Ramírez-Alarcón, K., Stojanović-Radić, Z.Z., Antolak, H., Kręgiel, D., Mileski, K.S., Sharifi-Rad, M., Setzer, W.N., Cádiz-Gurrea, M.d.l.L., Segura-Carretero, A., Şener, B. and Sharifi-Rad, J. 2018. Nepeta species: From farm to food applications and phytotherapy. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 80: 104-122.
    26.
  26.  Salehi, P., Abedini, N., Sonboli, A., Aliahmadi, A. and Ayyari, M. 2015. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Ajania semnanensis essential oil in two growing stages. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27 (2): 96-100.
    27.
  27. Sarikurkcu, C., Eskici, M., Karanfil, A. and Tepe, B. 2019. Phenolic profile,   and antioxidant activities of two endemic Nepeta species: Nepeta nuda subsp. glandulifera and N. cadmea. South African Journal of Botany, 120: 298-301.‏
    28.
  28. Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z. and Mirza, M. 2006. Chemical composition of the essential oil of five Iranian Nepeta species (N. crispa, N. mahanensis, N. ispahanica, N. eremophila and N. rivularis). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 21: 764-767.
    29.
  29. Sharifi-Rad, M., Epifano, F., Fiorito, S. and Álvarez-Suarez, J.M. 2020. Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Investigation of Nepeta juncea Benth. Different Extracts. Plants, 9: 646.
    30.
  30. Sonboli, A., Salehi, P. and Yousefzadi, M. 2004. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. From Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 59(9-10): 653-656.
    31.
  31. Talebi, S.M., Nohooji, M.G., Yarmohammadi, M., Khani, M. and Matsyura, A. 2019. Effect of altitude on essential oil composition and on glandular trichome density in three Nepeta species (N. sessilifolia,
    N. heliotropifolia and N. fissa). Mediterranean Botany, 40(1): 81-93.‏
    32.
  32. Talebi, S.M., Nohooji, M.G. and Yarmohammadi, M. 2020. Essential oil analysis of eight Nepeta taxa in Iran. Mediterranean Botany, 41(1): 43-53.‏
    33.
_||_

 

  1. Adams, R.P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th edition, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, USA.
    2.
  2. Akbarinia, A., Sefidkon, F., Rezaei, M.B. and Bakhshi Khaniki G.R. 2003. Investigation of essential oil composition of Nepeta pogonosperma on wild catnip and cultivation. Pajouhesh-va-sazandegi, 16(1): 14-19.
    3.
  3. Ali, T., Javan, M., Sonboli, A. and Semnanian, S. 2012. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. In experimental rat models. Natural Product Research, 26(16): 1529-1534.
    4.
  4. Amini, S., Nohooji, M.G., Khani, M., Labbafi, M.R. and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. 2019. Biological activity of some essential oil constituents in four Nepeta L. species against Sitophilus oryzae L. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20: 338-343.
    5.
  5. Aničić, N., Matekalo, D., Skorić, M., Živković, J.N., Petrović, L., Dragićević, M., Dmitrović, S. and Mišić, D. 2020. Alterations in nepetalactone metabolism during polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced dehydration stress in two Nepeta species. Phytochemistry, 174: 112340.
    6.
  6. Aydin, S., Beis, R., Öztürk, Y., Hüsnü, K. and Baser, C. 1998. Nepetalactone: A new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 50(7): 813–817.
    7.
  7. Aydin, S., Demir, T., Öztürk, Y. and Başer, K. H. C. 1999. Analgesic activity of Nepeta italica L. Phytotherapy Research, 13(1): 20–23.
    8.
  8. Azar, P.A., Porgham-Daryasari, A., Saber-Tehrani, M. and Soleimani, M. 2012. Analysis of the volatile compounds in Nepeta crispa willd. Using improved HS-SPME–GC–MS and comparison with conventional methods. Acta Chromatographica, 24(1): 75–84.
    9.
  9. Azarnivand, H., Ghavam Arvani, M., Sefidkon, F. and Tului, A. 2009. Investigating the effect of ecological characteristics (soil and altitude) on the quality and quantity of essential oils of Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(4): 556-571.
    10.
  10. Azizi, M. and Davareenejad, G., Bos, R., Woerdenbag, H.J. and Kayser, O. 2011. Essential oil content and constituents of black zira (Bunium persicum [Boiss.] B. Fedtsch.) from Iran during field cultivation (Domestication). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(1): 78-82.
    11.
  11.  Badrhadad, A., Piri, K. and Mansouri, K. 2015. Anti-proliferative effects of some fractions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. flower and aerial part of Nepeta crispa L. on K562 leukemic cells. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5): 881-890.
    12.
  12. Baranauskienė, R., Bendžiuvienė, V., Ragažinskienė, O. and Venskutonis, P.R. 2019. Essential oil composition of five Nepeta species cultivated in Lithuania and evaluation of their bioactivities, toxicity and antioxidant potential of hydrodistillation residues. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 129: 269-280.‏
    13.
  13. Bariotakis, M., Georgescu, L., Laina, D., Oikonomou, I., Ntagounakis, G., Koufaki, M.-I., Souma, M., Choreftakis, M., Zormpa, O.G., Smykal, P., Sourvinos, G., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., Karousou, R. and Pirintsos, S.A. 2019. From wild harvest towards precision agriculture: Use of ecological niche modelling to direct potential cultivation of wild medicinal plants in Crete. Science of the Total Environment, 694: 133681.‏
    14.
  14. Brown, S., Garver, W. and Orlando, R. 2017. 1,8-cineole: an underappreciated anti-inflammatory therapeutic. Journal of Biomolecular Research and Therapeutics, 6(1): 2167-7956.
    15.
  15. Darras, A.I., Spiliopoulos, I., Kartsonas, E., Assimomitis, P. and Karras, S. 2020. Antioxidant profile, propagation and cultivation of Nepeta camphorata, the endemic species of Mt Taygetos (Greece). South African Journal of Botany, 131: 391-397.‏
    16.
  16. Jamzad, Z., Ingrouille, M. and Monique, S.J.S. 2003. Three new species of Nepeta (Lamiaceae) from Iran. Taxon, 52: 93-98.
    17.
  17. Jamzad, Z., 2013. Flora Iran Lamiaceae family. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, 1074p.
    18.
  18. Mojab, F., Nickavar, B. and Hooshdr Tehrani, H. 2009. Essential oil analysis of Nepeta crispa and N. menthoides from Iran.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1): 43-46.
    19.
  19. Momtaz, H., Moradkhani, S.H., Alikhani, M., Esnaashari, F. and Afkhami M. 2019. Study of antimicrobial effect of some plants of Lamiaceae family on Escherichia coli species isolated from children with urinary tract infection.Journal of Renal Injury Prevention, 8(1): 38-43.
    20.
  20. Nadjafi, F., Koocheki, A., Honermeier, B. and Asili, J. 2013. Autecology, ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies of Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad a highly endangered medicinal plant of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(1): 97-110.
    21.
  21. Rechinger, K.-H. 1987. Nepeta, Flora Iranica, Graz, Austria.
    22.
  22. Rehman, N.U., Hussain, J., Ali, S., Hussain, H., Abbas, G., Bakht, N. and Al-Harrasi, A. 2020. Chemical constituents of the essential oil of Nepeta distans. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 56(1): 159-160.‏
    23.
  23. Reyahi-Khoram, R., Daraei-Garmakhani, A., Kalvandi, R. and Reyahi-Khoram, M. 2018. Physicochemical assessment of stirred yogurt enriched with Mofarrah (Nepeta crispa Wild). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 17(3): 231-240.
    24.
  24. Saeb, K., Kakuie, A., Babakhani, B., Hoseini Baldachi, A., Rahdari, P., Poorshamsian, K. and Jafari, R. 2012. Investigating the effect of height on the amount of medicinal compounds of the nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in Ramsar area. Plant and Ecosystem, 32: 31-40.
    25.
  25. Salehi, B., Valussi, M., Jugran, A.K., Martorell, M., Ramírez-Alarcón, K., Stojanović-Radić, Z.Z., Antolak, H., Kręgiel, D., Mileski, K.S., Sharifi-Rad, M., Setzer, W.N., Cádiz-Gurrea, M.d.l.L., Segura-Carretero, A., Şener, B. and Sharifi-Rad, J. 2018. Nepeta species: From farm to food applications and phytotherapy. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 80: 104-122.
    26.
  26.  Salehi, P., Abedini, N., Sonboli, A., Aliahmadi, A. and Ayyari, M. 2015. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Ajania semnanensis essential oil in two growing stages. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27 (2): 96-100.
    27.
  27. Sarikurkcu, C., Eskici, M., Karanfil, A. and Tepe, B. 2019. Phenolic profile,   and antioxidant activities of two endemic Nepeta species: Nepeta nuda subsp. glandulifera and N. cadmea. South African Journal of Botany, 120: 298-301.‏
    28.
  28. Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z. and Mirza, M. 2006. Chemical composition of the essential oil of five Iranian Nepeta species (N. crispa, N. mahanensis, N. ispahanica, N. eremophila and N. rivularis). Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 21: 764-767.
    29.
  29. Sharifi-Rad, M., Epifano, F., Fiorito, S. and Álvarez-Suarez, J.M. 2020. Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Investigation of Nepeta juncea Benth. Different Extracts. Plants, 9: 646.
    30.
  30. Sonboli, A., Salehi, P. and Yousefzadi, M. 2004. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. From Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 59(9-10): 653-656.
    31.
  31. Talebi, S.M., Nohooji, M.G., Yarmohammadi, M., Khani, M. and Matsyura, A. 2019. Effect of altitude on essential oil composition and on glandular trichome density in three Nepeta species (N. sessilifolia,
    N. heliotropifolia and N. fissa). Mediterranean Botany, 40(1): 81-93.‏
    32.
  32. Talebi, S.M., Nohooji, M.G. and Yarmohammadi, M. 2020. Essential oil analysis of eight Nepeta taxa in Iran. Mediterranean Botany, 41(1): 43-53.‏
    33.




References

  1. Adams, R.P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4th edition, Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, USA.
    2.
  2. Akbarinia, A., Sefidkon, F., Rezaei, M.B. and Bakhshi Khaniki G.R. 2003. Investigation of essential oil composition of Nepeta pogonosperma on wild catnip and cultivation. Pajouhesh-va-sazandegi, 16(1): 14-19.
    3.
  3. Ali, T., Javan, M., Sonboli, A. and Semnanian, S. 2012. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. In experimental rat models. Natural Product Research, 26(16): 1529-1534.
    4.
  4. Amini, S., Nohooji, M.G., Khani, M., Labbafi, M.R. and Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. 2019. Biological activity of some essential oil constituents in four Nepeta L. species against Sitophilus oryzae L. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20: 338-343.
    5.
  5. Aničić, N., Matekalo, D., Skorić, M., Živković, J.N., Petrović, L., Dragićević, M., Dmitrović, S. and Mišić, D. 2020. Alterations in nepetalactone metabolism during polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced dehydration stress in two Nepeta species. Phytochemistry, 174: 112340.
    6.
  6. Aydin, S., Beis, R., Öztürk, Y., Hüsnü, K. and Baser, C. 1998. Nepetalactone: A new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 50(7): 813–817.
    7.
  7. Aydin, S., Demir, T., Öztürk, Y. and Başer, K. H. C. 1999. Analgesic activity of Nepeta italica L. Phytotherapy Research, 13(1): 20–23.
    8.
  8. Azar, P.A., Porgham-Daryasari, A., Saber-Tehrani, M. and Soleimani, M. 2012. Analysis of the volatile compounds in Nepeta crispa willd. Using improved HS-SPME–GC–MS and comparison with conventional methods. Acta Chromatographica, 24(1): 75–84.
    9.
  9. Azarnivand, H., Ghavam Arvani, M., Sefidkon, F. and Tului, A. 2009. Investigating the effect of ecological characteristics (soil and altitude) on the quality and quantity of essential oils of Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25(4): 556-571.
    10.
  10. Azizi, M. and Davareenejad, G., Bos, R., Woerdenbag, H.J. and Kayser, O. 2011. Essential oil content and constituents of black zira (Bunium persicum [Boiss.] B. Fedtsch.) from Iran during field cultivation (Domestication). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(1): 78-82.
    11.
  11.  Badrhadad, A., Piri, K. and Mansouri, K. 2015. Anti-proliferative effects of some fractions of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. flower and aerial part of Nepeta crispa L. on K562 leukemic cells. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 31(5): 881-890.
    12.
  12. Baranauskienė, R., Bendžiuvienė, V., Ragažinskienė, O. and Venskutonis, P.R. 2019. Essential oil composition of five Nepeta species cultivated in Lithuania and evaluation of their bioactivities, toxicity and antioxidant potential of hydrodistillation residues. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 129: 269-280.‏
    13.
  13. Bariotakis, M., Georgescu, L., Laina, D., Oikonomou, I., Ntagounakis, G., Koufaki, M.-I., Souma, M., Choreftakis, M., Zormpa, O.G., Smykal, P., Sourvinos, G., Lionis, C., Castanas, E., Karousou, R. and Pirintsos, S.A. 2019. From wild harvest towards precision agriculture: Use of ecological niche modelling to direct potential cultivation of wild medicinal plants in Crete. Science of the Total Environment, 694: 133681.‏
    14.
  14. Brown, S., Garver, W. and Orlando, R. 2017. 1,8-cineole: an underappreciated anti-inflammatory therapeutic. Journal of Biomolecular Research and Therapeutics, 6(1): 2167-7956.
    15.
  15. Darras, A.I., Spiliopoulos, I., Kartsonas, E., Assimomitis, P. and Karras, S. 2020. Antioxidant profile, propagation and cultivation of Nepeta camphorata, the endemic species of Mt Taygetos (Greece). South African Journal of Botany, 131: 391-397.‏
    16.
  16. Jamzad, Z., Ingrouille, M. and Monique, S.J.S. 2003. Three new species of Nepeta (Lamiaceae) from Iran. Taxon, 52: 93-98.
    17.
  17. Jamzad, Z., 2013. Flora Iran Lamiaceae family. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, 1074p.
    18.
  18. Mojab, F., Nickavar, B. and Hooshdr Tehrani, H. 2009. Essential oil analysis of Nepeta crispa and N. menthoides from Iran.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1): 43-46.
    19.
  19. Momtaz, H., Moradkhani, S.H., Alikhani, M., Esnaashari, F. and Afkhami M. 2019. Study of antimicrobial effect of some plants of Lamiaceae family on Escherichia coli species isolated from children with urinary tract infection.Journal of Renal Injury Prevention, 8(1): 38-43.
    20.
  20. Nadjafi, F., Koocheki, A., Honermeier, B. and Asili, J. 2013. Autecology, ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies of Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad a highly endangered medicinal plant of Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 12(1): 97-110.
    21.
  21. Rechinger, K.-H. 1987. Nepeta, Flora Iranica, Graz, Austria.
    22.
  22. Rehman, N.U., Hussain, J., Ali, S., Hussain, H., Abbas, G., Bakht, N. and Al-Harrasi, A. 2020. Chemical constituents of the essential oil of Nepeta distans. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 56(1): 159-160.‏
    23.
  23. Reyahi-Khoram, R., Daraei-Garmakhani, A., Kalvandi, R. and Reyahi-Khoram, M. 2018. Physicochemical assessment of stirred yogurt enriched with Mofarrah (Nepeta crispa Wild). Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 17(3): 231-240.
    24.
  24. Saeb, K., Kakuie, A., Babakhani, B., Hoseini Baldachi, A., Rahdari, P., Poorshamsian, K. and Jafari, R. 2012. Investigating the effect of height on the amount of medicinal compounds of the nettle (Urtica dioica L.) in Ramsar area. Plant and Ecosystem, 32: 31-40.
    25.
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