Spatiotemporal Changes in Snow-Cover related to the Land Surface Temperature over Central Alborz
Subject Areas : Climatology
امیرحسین حلبیان
امیرحسین حلبیان
1
(دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
Email: halabian_a@yahoo.com)
سینا صلحی
سینا صلحی
2
(دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لنجان، اصفهان، ایران
Email: sinasolhi2009@gmail.com)
Keywords: Land surface temperature, Central Alborz, Spatiotemporal Change, Snow-cover,
Abstract :
The area, covered by snow or snow-cover variations, is one of the important factor in climatologic and hydrologic studies, that could be also useful and applicable in water management and environmental studies, specifically when it is combined with topographic characteristics. In this research Land Surface Temperature (LST) and snow-cover interactions were considered. These environmental indicators interactions, combined with focal topographic characteristics such as slope, play a major role in snow-cover persistency. As a result, the influences of these factors had taken into account in central Alborz mountainous belt in Iran northern boundary. To achieve this goal, snow-cover (SC) and land surface temperature (LST) obtained from Aqua and Terra satellite images that are carrying Modis sensor, used in a the temporal range of 2003 up to 2018. Snow cover data with spatial resolusion of 500m analyzied using python programming language. The analysis performed related to the aspect as a major topographic characteristic in the scope of terrain modeling with using moving window and cell by cell raster analysis thechniques. The result, shows a strong relationship between terrain aspect and snow coverage in the central sector of Alborz Mountains. Land surface temperature and snow-cover had an inverse trend, specifically during winter and fall seasons. June LST (Khordad) was high according to the higher zenith angle of the sun in this period of year. There is a clear gap between the LST values of northern and southern aspects of central Alborz that could be result of mountain orientations to the sun rays, higher humidity levels and denser vegetation cover in the northern part. Southward areas, show higher temperature in almost all months. Directional analysis of LST, demonstrated, that maximum levels of LST are observed in the south-faced and specifically southeastward area and the minimum levels observed in northeastward and specifically northward area during all months. Southward area of the alborz mountainous wall, located at the latitude band of 36N, experienced a higher sun ray incident angle and thus having higher LSTs in southern and southeastern parts. Finally in almost all temporal periods (including month, season and year) higher LSTs in southern aspects (South, Southeast and southwest) in compared to northern one (North, Northeast and northwest) has been observed.
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6-Aizen, V. B.&Aizen, E. M. (1995):Characteristics Of Runoff Formation At The Kirgizskiy Alatoo, Tien Shan. Proceedings Of A Boulder Symposium, 228. (Pp. 413–430): IAHS Publ.
7-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.&Melack, J. M. (1996):Precipitation, Melt And Runoff In The Northern Tien Shan. Journal OfHydrology, 186, 229–251.
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9-Akyürek, Z. And Sorman, A.Ü. (2002), Monitoring Snow-Covered Areas Using NOAA-AVHRR Data In The Eastern Part Of Turkey. Hydrological Sciences, 47, Pp. 243–252.
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14-Bednorz, E. (2004):Snow Cover In Eastern Europe In Relation To Temperature, Precipitation And Circulation. International Journal OfClimatology, 24, 591–601.
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20-Dozier, J. (1987):Recent Research In Snow Hydrology. Review OfGeophysics, 25, 153–161.
21-Foster, J.Sun, C.Walker, J.P.Kelly, R.Chang, A.Dong, J. And Powell, H. (2005): Quantifying The Uncertainty In Passive Microwave Snow Water Equivalent Observations. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 94, Pp. 187–203.
22-Ghasemifar E.Mohammadi Ch.Farajzadeh F. (2018):Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Snow Cover In Iran Based On Topographic Characteristics, Theoretical And Applied Climatology, Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00704-018-2690-3.
23-Gong, G. (2004):Sensitivity Of Atmospheric Response To Modeled Snow Anomaly Characteristics. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 109 D06107.
24-Groisman, P. Y.Karl, T. R.Knight, R. W.&Stenchikov, G. L. (1994):Changes Of Snow Cover, Temperature, And Radiative Heat Balance Over The Northern Hemisphere.
25-Hall, D. K.Riggs, G. A.Salomonson, V. V. Et Al. (2002):MODIS Snow-Cover Products. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 83, 181−194.
26-Hall, D.K.Riggs, G.A. And Salomonson, V.V. (1995):Development Of Methods For Mapping Global Snow Cover Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 54, Pp. 127–140.
27-Hammond, J.C.Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K. (2018):Global Snow Zone Maps And Trends In Snow Persistence 2001–2016. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 4369–4383.
28-Harshburger, B. Humes, K. Waldon, V. Blandford, T. Moore, B. Dezzani, R. (2010):Spatial Interpolation Of Snow Water Equivalency Using Surface Observations And Remotely Sensed Images Of Snow- Covered Areas. Hydrological Processes, 24: 1285-1295.
29-Immerzeel, W. Droogers, P. Jong, S. Bierkens, M (2009):Large-Scale Monitoring Of Snow Cover And Runoff Simulation In Himalayan River Basins Using Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Of Environment, 113: 40-49
30-Jain, S.K.Goswami, A. And Saraf, A.K.(2008):Accuracy Assessment Ofmodis, NOAA And IRS Data In Snow Cover Mapping Under Himalayan Conditions. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 29, Pp. 5863–5878.
31-Jin, X. Ke, C. Xu, Y. Li, X. (2014):Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Snow Cover In The Loess Plateau, China. International Journal OfClimatology, 35, Pp. 1721-1731.
32-Klein, A.G.Hall, D.K. And Nolin, A.W. (2000):Development Of A Prototype Snow Albedo Algorithm For The NASA MODIS Instrument. In 57th Eastern Snow Conference, 17–19 May 2000, Sysacuse, NY, USA, Pp. 143–158.
33-Kukla, G. J.&Kukla, H. J. (1974):Increased Surface Albedo In The Northern Hemisphere:DidSatellites Warn Of The Weather Troubles Of 1972 And 1973? Science, 183,709–714.
34-Kumar, O. B. (1988):Eurasian Snow Cover And Seasonal Forecast Of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 33, 515–525.
35- Lemke, P.Ren, J.Alley, R.B.Allison, I.Carrasco, J.Flato, G.Fujii, Y.Kaser, G.Mote, P.Thomas, R.H. And Zang, T. (2007):Observations: Changes InSnow, Ice And Frozen Ground. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Pp. 337–384.
36-Lettenmaier, D. P.Wood, A. W.Palmer, R. N.Wood, E. F.&Stakhiv, E. Z. (1999):Water Resources Implications Of Global Warming: A US Regional Perspective. Climatic Change, 43, 537–579.
37-Marchane A, Jarlan L, Hanich L, Boudhar A, Gascoin S, Tavernier A, Filali N, Le Page M, Hagolle O, Berjamy B (2015):Assessment Of Dailymodis Snow Cover Products Tomonitor Snow Cover Dynamics Over Themoroccan Atlas Mountain Range. Remote Sens Environ 160:72–86.
38-Marks, D.&Dozier, J. (1992):Climate And Energy Exchange At The Snow Surface In The Alpine Region Of The Sierra-Nevada. 2. Snow Cover Energy-Balance. Water Resources Research, 28, 3043–3054.
39-Mote, P.W.Li, S.Lettenmaier, D.P.Xiao, M.Engel, R. (2018):Dramatic Declines In Snowpack In The Western US. Climate AndAtmospheric Science 1, 2.
40-Notarnicola C. (2020):Hotspots Of Snow Cover Changes In Global Mountain Regions Over 2000–2018, Remote Sensing Of Environment 243 (2020) 111-781.
41-Peng, S.Piao, S.Ciais, P. And Fang, J. (2010):Change In Winter Snow Depth And Its Impacts On Vegetation In China. Global Change Biology, 16, Pp. 3004–3013.
42-Pepe,M.Brivio, P.A.Rampini, A.Rota Nodari, F. And Boschetti,M. (2005):Snow Cover Monitoring In Alpine Regions Using ENVISAT Optical Data. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 26, Pp. 4661–4667.
43-Pu, Z. Xu, L. (2009):MODIS/Terra Observed Snow Cover Over The Tibet Plateau: Distribution, Variation And Possible Connection With The East Asian Summer Monsoon. Theological AndApplied Climatology, 97: 265-278.
44-Robinson, D. A.&Kukla, G. (1985):Maximum Surface Albedo Of Seasonally Snow-Covered Lands In The Northern Hemisphere. Journal OfClimate And Applied.
45-Robinson, D. A.Scharfen, G.Serreze, M. C. M.Kukla, G.&Barry, R. G. (1986):Snow Melt And Surface Albedo In The Arctic Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 13, 945–948.
46-Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K.Fassnacht, S.R.Sibold, J.S. (2018):Changes In Andes Mountains Snow Cover From MODIS Data 2000–2016. Cryosphere 12, 1027–1046.
47-She J, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng X (2015):Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Snow Cover In The Tizinafu Watershed Of The Western Kunlun Mountains. Remote Sens 7:3426–3445. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Rs70403426.
48-Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, Tsutsui H, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2014):Correcting Basin-Scale Snowfall In A Mountainous Basin Using A Distributed Snowmelt Model And Remote-Sensing Data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:747–761
49-Shrestha M, Wang SL, Koike T, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2012):Modeling The Spatial Distribution Of Snow Cover In The Dudhkoshi Region Of The Nepal Himalayas. J Hydrometeorol 13:204–222.
50-Soulsby, C.Helliwell, R. C.Ferrier, R. C.Jenkins, A.&Harriman, R. (1997):Seasonal Snowpack Influence On The Hydrology Of A Sub-Arctic Catchment In Scotland. Journal OfHydrology, 192, 17–32.
51-Verbunt, M.Gurtz, J.Jasper, K.Lang, H.Warmerdam, P.&Zappa, M. (2003):The Hydrological Role Of Snow And Glaciers In Alpine River Basins And Their Distributed Modeling, Journal Of Hydrology, 282:1-4, Pp 36-55.
52-Vikhamar, D. And Solberg, R. (2003):Snow-Cover Mapping In Forests By Constrained Linear Spectral Unmixing Of MODIS Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 88, Pp. 309–323.
53-Walsh, J. E.Jasperson, W. H.&Ross, B. (1985):Influences Of Snow Cover And Soil Moisture On Monthly Air Temperature. Monthly Weather Review, 113, 756–768.
54-Willmott, C. J. C. J.Rowe, C. M. C. M.&Mintz, Y. (1985):Climatology Of The Terrestrial Seasonal Water Cycle. Journal OfClimatology, 5, 589–606.
55-Xiao, X.Zhang, Q.Boles, S. Et Al. (2004):Mapping Snowcover In The Pan-Arctic Zone Using Multi-Year (1998–2001) Images From Optical VEGETATION Sensor. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 25(24), 5731−5744.
56-Zhao, H. And Fernandes, R. (2009):Daily Snow Cover Estimation FromAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder Data Over Northern Hemisphere Land Surfaces During 1982–2004. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 114, Pp. 1–14.
_||_- فتاحی، ابراهیم، مقیمی، شوکت، (1398): اثرتغییراتاقلیمیبرروندبرفشمال غربایران، نشریهتحقیقاتکاربردیعلومجغرافیایی،سالنوزدهم،شماره 45،پاییز98.
2- محمدی، پیمان، محمودی، احمد و خورانی، اسد ا...، (1398): تغییرات پوشش برف در رشته‌کوه زاگرس با استفاده از داده‌هایروزانه سنجندة مادیس، فیزیک زمین و فضا، دوره 45، تابستان 1398، صص 355 – 371.
3- مسعودیان سید ابوالفضل، کیخسروی کیانی محمدصادق (1396):ارزیابی تغییرات روزهای همراه با پوشش برف در گروههای ارتفاعی حوضه زاینده رود، مخاطرات محیط طبیعی، بهار، دوره 6، شماره 11.
4-وفاخواه، مهدی، محسنی ساروی، محسن مهدوی محمد، علوی پناه، کاظم، (1392): مقایسه سطح پوشش برف در تصاویر ماهواره‌ای نوآ و سنجنده مودیس (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز طالقان). مجله پژوهش‌های آبخیزداری، شماره 92.
5-Aizen, E. M.Aizen, V. B.Melack, J. M.&Krenke, A. N. (2000):Heat Exchange During Snow Ablation In Plains And Mountains Of Eurasia. Journal Of Geophysical Esearch,105, 013–027.
6-Aizen, V. B.&Aizen, E. M. (1995):Characteristics Of Runoff Formation At The Kirgizskiy Alatoo, Tien Shan. Proceedings Of A Boulder Symposium, 228. (Pp. 413–430): IAHS Publ.
7-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.&Melack, J. M. (1996):Precipitation, Melt And Runoff In The Northern Tien Shan. Journal OfHydrology, 186, 229–251.
8-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.Melack, J.Nakamura, T.&Kobayashi, S. (2002):Estimation Of The Energy Used To Melt Snow In The Tien Shan Mountains And Japanese Slands.Global And Planetary Change, 32, 349–359.
9-Akyürek, Z. And Sorman, A.Ü. (2002), Monitoring Snow-Covered Areas Using NOAA-AVHRR Data In The Eastern Part Of Turkey. Hydrological Sciences, 47, Pp. 243–252.
10-Armstrong, R. L.&Brun, E. (2010):Snow And Climate: Physical Processes, Surface Energy Exchange And Modeling [Paperback] (1st Ed.): Cambridge University Press.
11-Bales, R. C.Molotch, N. P.Painter, T. H.Dettinger, M. D.Rice, R.&Dozier, J. (2006).Mountain Hydrology Of The Western United States. Water Resources Research, 42, 1–13.
12-Barnett, T. P.Adam, J. C.&Lettenmaier, D. P. (2005):Potential Impacts Of A Warming Climate On Water Availability In Snow-Dominated Regions. Nature, 438, 303–309.
13-Barnett, T. P.Dümenil, L.Schlese, U.Roeckner, E.&Latif, M. (1989):The Effect Of Eurasian Snow Cover On Regional And Global Climate Variations. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 661–686.
14-Bednorz, E. (2004):Snow Cover In Eastern Europe In Relation To Temperature, Precipitation And Circulation. International Journal OfClimatology, 24, 591–601.
15-Bormann, K.J.Brown, R.D.Derksen, C.Painter, T.H. (2018):Estimating Snow-Cover Trends From Space. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 924–928.
16-Brown, R.D. (2000):Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Variability And Change, 1915–97:Journal Of Climate, 13, Pp. 2339–2355.
17-Butt, M.J. And Bilal, M. (2011):Application Of Snowmelt Runoff Model For Water Resource Management. Hydrological Processes, 25, Pp. 3735–3747.
18-Cao, Y. G.&Liu, C. (2005):The Development Of Snow-Cover Mapping From AVHRR To MODIS. Geography AndGeo-Information Science, 21(5), 15−19.
19-Che, T.Li,X.Jin,R.Armstrong, R. Andzhang, T. (2008):Snow Depth Derived Frompassive Microwave Remote Sensing Data In China. Annals OfGlaciology, 49, Pp. 145–154.
20-Dozier, J. (1987):Recent Research In Snow Hydrology. Review OfGeophysics, 25, 153–161.
21-Foster, J.Sun, C.Walker, J.P.Kelly, R.Chang, A.Dong, J. And Powell, H. (2005): Quantifying The Uncertainty In Passive Microwave Snow Water Equivalent Observations. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 94, Pp. 187–203.
22-Ghasemifar E.Mohammadi Ch.Farajzadeh F. (2018):Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Snow Cover In Iran Based On Topographic Characteristics, Theoretical And Applied Climatology, Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00704-018-2690-3.
23-Gong, G. (2004):Sensitivity Of Atmospheric Response To Modeled Snow Anomaly Characteristics. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 109 D06107.
24-Groisman, P. Y.Karl, T. R.Knight, R. W.&Stenchikov, G. L. (1994):Changes Of Snow Cover, Temperature, And Radiative Heat Balance Over The Northern Hemisphere.
25-Hall, D. K.Riggs, G. A.Salomonson, V. V. Et Al. (2002):MODIS Snow-Cover Products. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 83, 181−194.
26-Hall, D.K.Riggs, G.A. And Salomonson, V.V. (1995):Development Of Methods For Mapping Global Snow Cover Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 54, Pp. 127–140.
27-Hammond, J.C.Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K. (2018):Global Snow Zone Maps And Trends In Snow Persistence 2001–2016. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 4369–4383.
28-Harshburger, B. Humes, K. Waldon, V. Blandford, T. Moore, B. Dezzani, R. (2010):Spatial Interpolation Of Snow Water Equivalency Using Surface Observations And Remotely Sensed Images Of Snow- Covered Areas. Hydrological Processes, 24: 1285-1295.
29-Immerzeel, W. Droogers, P. Jong, S. Bierkens, M (2009):Large-Scale Monitoring Of Snow Cover And Runoff Simulation In Himalayan River Basins Using Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Of Environment, 113: 40-49
30-Jain, S.K.Goswami, A. And Saraf, A.K.(2008):Accuracy Assessment Ofmodis, NOAA And IRS Data In Snow Cover Mapping Under Himalayan Conditions. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 29, Pp. 5863–5878.
31-Jin, X. Ke, C. Xu, Y. Li, X. (2014):Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Snow Cover In The Loess Plateau, China. International Journal OfClimatology, 35, Pp. 1721-1731.
32-Klein, A.G.Hall, D.K. And Nolin, A.W. (2000):Development Of A Prototype Snow Albedo Algorithm For The NASA MODIS Instrument. In 57th Eastern Snow Conference, 17–19 May 2000, Sysacuse, NY, USA, Pp. 143–158.
33-Kukla, G. J.&Kukla, H. J. (1974):Increased Surface Albedo In The Northern Hemisphere:DidSatellites Warn Of The Weather Troubles Of 1972 And 1973? Science, 183,709–714.
34-Kumar, O. B. (1988):Eurasian Snow Cover And Seasonal Forecast Of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 33, 515–525.
35- Lemke, P.Ren, J.Alley, R.B.Allison, I.Carrasco, J.Flato, G.Fujii, Y.Kaser, G.Mote, P.Thomas, R.H. And Zang, T. (2007):Observations: Changes InSnow, Ice And Frozen Ground. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Pp. 337–384.
36-Lettenmaier, D. P.Wood, A. W.Palmer, R. N.Wood, E. F.&Stakhiv, E. Z. (1999):Water Resources Implications Of Global Warming: A US Regional Perspective. Climatic Change, 43, 537–579.
37-Marchane A, Jarlan L, Hanich L, Boudhar A, Gascoin S, Tavernier A, Filali N, Le Page M, Hagolle O, Berjamy B (2015):Assessment Of Dailymodis Snow Cover Products Tomonitor Snow Cover Dynamics Over Themoroccan Atlas Mountain Range. Remote Sens Environ 160:72–86.
38-Marks, D.&Dozier, J. (1992):Climate And Energy Exchange At The Snow Surface In The Alpine Region Of The Sierra-Nevada. 2. Snow Cover Energy-Balance. Water Resources Research, 28, 3043–3054.
39-Mote, P.W.Li, S.Lettenmaier, D.P.Xiao, M.Engel, R. (2018):Dramatic Declines In Snowpack In The Western US. Climate AndAtmospheric Science 1, 2.
40-Notarnicola C. (2020):Hotspots Of Snow Cover Changes In Global Mountain Regions Over 2000–2018, Remote Sensing Of Environment 243 (2020) 111-781.
41-Peng, S.Piao, S.Ciais, P. And Fang, J. (2010):Change In Winter Snow Depth And Its Impacts On Vegetation In China. Global Change Biology, 16, Pp. 3004–3013.
42-Pepe,M.Brivio, P.A.Rampini, A.Rota Nodari, F. And Boschetti,M. (2005):Snow Cover Monitoring In Alpine Regions Using ENVISAT Optical Data. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 26, Pp. 4661–4667.
43-Pu, Z. Xu, L. (2009):MODIS/Terra Observed Snow Cover Over The Tibet Plateau: Distribution, Variation And Possible Connection With The East Asian Summer Monsoon. Theological AndApplied Climatology, 97: 265-278.
44-Robinson, D. A.&Kukla, G. (1985):Maximum Surface Albedo Of Seasonally Snow-Covered Lands In The Northern Hemisphere. Journal OfClimate And Applied.
45-Robinson, D. A.Scharfen, G.Serreze, M. C. M.Kukla, G.&Barry, R. G. (1986):Snow Melt And Surface Albedo In The Arctic Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 13, 945–948.
46-Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K.Fassnacht, S.R.Sibold, J.S. (2018):Changes In Andes Mountains Snow Cover From MODIS Data 2000–2016. Cryosphere 12, 1027–1046.
47-She J, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng X (2015):Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Snow Cover In The Tizinafu Watershed Of The Western Kunlun Mountains. Remote Sens 7:3426–3445. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Rs70403426.
48-Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, Tsutsui H, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2014):Correcting Basin-Scale Snowfall In A Mountainous Basin Using A Distributed Snowmelt Model And Remote-Sensing Data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:747–761
49-Shrestha M, Wang SL, Koike T, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2012):Modeling The Spatial Distribution Of Snow Cover In The Dudhkoshi Region Of The Nepal Himalayas. J Hydrometeorol 13:204–222.
50-Soulsby, C.Helliwell, R. C.Ferrier, R. C.Jenkins, A.&Harriman, R. (1997):Seasonal Snowpack Influence On The Hydrology Of A Sub-Arctic Catchment In Scotland. Journal OfHydrology, 192, 17–32.
51-Verbunt, M.Gurtz, J.Jasper, K.Lang, H.Warmerdam, P.&Zappa, M. (2003):The Hydrological Role Of Snow And Glaciers In Alpine River Basins And Their Distributed Modeling, Journal Of Hydrology, 282:1-4, Pp 36-55.
52-Vikhamar, D. And Solberg, R. (2003):Snow-Cover Mapping In Forests By Constrained Linear Spectral Unmixing Of MODIS Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 88, Pp. 309–323.
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