ارتباط تغییرات مکانی- زمانی پوشش برف و دمای سطح زمین در البرز میانی
الموضوعات :
امیرحسین حلبیان
1
(دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
Email: halabian_a@yahoo.com)
سینا صلحی
2
(دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لنجان، اصفهان، ایران
Email: sinasolhi2009@gmail.com)
الکلمات المفتاحية: دمای سطح زمین, البرز مرکزی, برف-پوش, تغییرات زمانی-مکانی,
ملخص المقالة :
پهنه های پوشیده از برف و نوسانات آن یکی از مولفه های مهم در بررسی های اقلیمی و هیدرولوژیک می باشد که البته در ترکیب با توپوگرافی زمین و مشخصات ناهمواری ها می تواند در منابع آب و شناخت نسبت ها و روابط بین مولفه های محیطی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. در این راستا وضعیت دمای سطح زمین و ارتباط آن با مولفة محیطی برف-پوش موردتوجه قرار گرفت. ارتباط این مولفه های محیطی با جهت شیب زمین که نقش بسزایی در ماندگاری و حفظ برف-پوش دارد، در ارتفاعات البرز مرکزی واقع در شمال ایران مد نظر قرار گرفت. بدین منظور از داده های پوش-برف و دمای سطح زمین ماهواره ترا و آکوا سنجندة مادیس در بازة زمانی 2003 تا 2018 استفاده شد. داده هایپوششبرفباقدرتتفکیکمکانی 500 متربااستفادهازبرنامهنویسیپایتوندرارتباطبامولفةتوپوگرافیکجهتشیبدرفضایمدلسازیرقومیزمینباتکنیکپردازشرستریپنجرةمتحرک و تکنیک آنالیز سلول به سلول،تحلیلگردید.ارتباط واضحی بین جهت شیب زمین و درصد برف-پوش مشاهده شد. دمای سطح زمین و برف-پوش دارای روند معکوس، خصوصاً در فصول زمستان و پائیز هستند. اختلاف بارزی بین دمای سطح زمین در دامنه های جنوبی و شمالی البرز مرکزی مشاهده می شود که علاوه بر جهت شیب، رطوبت دریای خزر و نیز پوشش گیاهی و جنگلی در دامنه های رو به شمال در این وضعیت تاثیر گذار است. در تمامی ماه ها نرخ دمای سطح زمین دردامنه های جنوبی بالاتر از دامنه های شمالی است. تحلیل جهتی دمای سطح زمین نشان دهندة مقادیر حداکثر در جهات جنوبی و خصوصاً جنوب شرقی و مقادیر حداقل در جهات شمال شرقی و خصوصاً شمالی در تمامی ماه های سال است.دامنه های جنوبی با عرض جغرافیایی 36 درجه، زاویة برخورد بالایی با تشعشع خورشیدی داشته که این عامل نقش موثری در بالا بردن مقدار دمای سطح زمین در جهات جنوبی و جنوب شرقی است. در تمامی بازه های زمانی ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه جهات طیف جنوبی (S,SE,SE) دارای نرخ دمای سطح زمین بیشتری از جهات طیف شمالی (N,NE,NW) بودند.
- فتاحی، ابراهیم، مقیمی، شوکت، (1398): اثرتغییراتاقلیمیبرروندبرفشمال غربایران، نشریهتحقیقاتکاربردیعلومجغرافیایی،سالنوزدهم،شماره 45،پاییز98.
2- محمدی، پیمان، محمودی، احمد و خورانی، اسد ا...، (1398): تغییرات پوشش برف در رشته‌کوه زاگرس با استفاده از داده‌هایروزانه سنجندة مادیس، فیزیک زمین و فضا، دوره 45، تابستان 1398، صص 355 – 371.
3- مسعودیان سید ابوالفضل، کیخسروی کیانی محمدصادق (1396):ارزیابی تغییرات روزهای همراه با پوشش برف در گروههای ارتفاعی حوضه زاینده رود، مخاطرات محیط طبیعی، بهار، دوره 6، شماره 11.
4-وفاخواه، مهدی، محسنی ساروی، محسن مهدوی محمد، علوی پناه، کاظم، (1392): مقایسه سطح پوشش برف در تصاویر ماهواره‌ای نوآ و سنجنده مودیس (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز طالقان). مجله پژوهش‌های آبخیزداری، شماره 92.
5-Aizen, E. M.Aizen, V. B.Melack, J. M.&Krenke, A. N. (2000):Heat Exchange During Snow Ablation In Plains And Mountains Of Eurasia. Journal Of Geophysical Esearch,105, 013–027.
6-Aizen, V. B.&Aizen, E. M. (1995):Characteristics Of Runoff Formation At The Kirgizskiy Alatoo, Tien Shan. Proceedings Of A Boulder Symposium, 228. (Pp. 413–430): IAHS Publ.
7-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.&Melack, J. M. (1996):Precipitation, Melt And Runoff In The Northern Tien Shan. Journal OfHydrology, 186, 229–251.
8-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.Melack, J.Nakamura, T.&Kobayashi, S. (2002):Estimation Of The Energy Used To Melt Snow In The Tien Shan Mountains And Japanese Slands.Global And Planetary Change, 32, 349–359.
9-Akyürek, Z. And Sorman, A.Ü. (2002), Monitoring Snow-Covered Areas Using NOAA-AVHRR Data In The Eastern Part Of Turkey. Hydrological Sciences, 47, Pp. 243–252.
10-Armstrong, R. L.&Brun, E. (2010):Snow And Climate: Physical Processes, Surface Energy Exchange And Modeling [Paperback] (1st Ed.): Cambridge University Press.
11-Bales, R. C.Molotch, N. P.Painter, T. H.Dettinger, M. D.Rice, R.&Dozier, J. (2006).Mountain Hydrology Of The Western United States. Water Resources Research, 42, 1–13.
12-Barnett, T. P.Adam, J. C.&Lettenmaier, D. P. (2005):Potential Impacts Of A Warming Climate On Water Availability In Snow-Dominated Regions. Nature, 438, 303–309.
13-Barnett, T. P.Dümenil, L.Schlese, U.Roeckner, E.&Latif, M. (1989):The Effect Of Eurasian Snow Cover On Regional And Global Climate Variations. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 661–686.
14-Bednorz, E. (2004):Snow Cover In Eastern Europe In Relation To Temperature, Precipitation And Circulation. International Journal OfClimatology, 24, 591–601.
15-Bormann, K.J.Brown, R.D.Derksen, C.Painter, T.H. (2018):Estimating Snow-Cover Trends From Space. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 924–928.
16-Brown, R.D. (2000):Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Variability And Change, 1915–97:Journal Of Climate, 13, Pp. 2339–2355.
17-Butt, M.J. And Bilal, M. (2011):Application Of Snowmelt Runoff Model For Water Resource Management. Hydrological Processes, 25, Pp. 3735–3747.
18-Cao, Y. G.&Liu, C. (2005):The Development Of Snow-Cover Mapping From AVHRR To MODIS. Geography AndGeo-Information Science, 21(5), 15−19.
19-Che, T.Li,X.Jin,R.Armstrong, R. Andzhang, T. (2008):Snow Depth Derived Frompassive Microwave Remote Sensing Data In China. Annals OfGlaciology, 49, Pp. 145–154.
20-Dozier, J. (1987):Recent Research In Snow Hydrology. Review OfGeophysics, 25, 153–161.
21-Foster, J.Sun, C.Walker, J.P.Kelly, R.Chang, A.Dong, J. And Powell, H. (2005): Quantifying The Uncertainty In Passive Microwave Snow Water Equivalent Observations. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 94, Pp. 187–203.
22-Ghasemifar E.Mohammadi Ch.Farajzadeh F. (2018):Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Snow Cover In Iran Based On Topographic Characteristics, Theoretical And Applied Climatology, Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00704-018-2690-3.
23-Gong, G. (2004):Sensitivity Of Atmospheric Response To Modeled Snow Anomaly Characteristics. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 109 D06107.
24-Groisman, P. Y.Karl, T. R.Knight, R. W.&Stenchikov, G. L. (1994):Changes Of Snow Cover, Temperature, And Radiative Heat Balance Over The Northern Hemisphere.
25-Hall, D. K.Riggs, G. A.Salomonson, V. V. Et Al. (2002):MODIS Snow-Cover Products. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 83, 181−194.
26-Hall, D.K.Riggs, G.A. And Salomonson, V.V. (1995):Development Of Methods For Mapping Global Snow Cover Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 54, Pp. 127–140.
27-Hammond, J.C.Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K. (2018):Global Snow Zone Maps And Trends In Snow Persistence 2001–2016. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 4369–4383.
28-Harshburger, B. Humes, K. Waldon, V. Blandford, T. Moore, B. Dezzani, R. (2010):Spatial Interpolation Of Snow Water Equivalency Using Surface Observations And Remotely Sensed Images Of Snow- Covered Areas. Hydrological Processes, 24: 1285-1295.
29-Immerzeel, W. Droogers, P. Jong, S. Bierkens, M (2009):Large-Scale Monitoring Of Snow Cover And Runoff Simulation In Himalayan River Basins Using Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Of Environment, 113: 40-49
30-Jain, S.K.Goswami, A. And Saraf, A.K.(2008):Accuracy Assessment Ofmodis, NOAA And IRS Data In Snow Cover Mapping Under Himalayan Conditions. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 29, Pp. 5863–5878.
31-Jin, X. Ke, C. Xu, Y. Li, X. (2014):Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Snow Cover In The Loess Plateau, China. International Journal OfClimatology, 35, Pp. 1721-1731.
32-Klein, A.G.Hall, D.K. And Nolin, A.W. (2000):Development Of A Prototype Snow Albedo Algorithm For The NASA MODIS Instrument. In 57th Eastern Snow Conference, 17–19 May 2000, Sysacuse, NY, USA, Pp. 143–158.
33-Kukla, G. J.&Kukla, H. J. (1974):Increased Surface Albedo In The Northern Hemisphere:DidSatellites Warn Of The Weather Troubles Of 1972 And 1973? Science, 183,709–714.
34-Kumar, O. B. (1988):Eurasian Snow Cover And Seasonal Forecast Of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 33, 515–525.
35- Lemke, P.Ren, J.Alley, R.B.Allison, I.Carrasco, J.Flato, G.Fujii, Y.Kaser, G.Mote, P.Thomas, R.H. And Zang, T. (2007):Observations: Changes InSnow, Ice And Frozen Ground. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Pp. 337–384.
36-Lettenmaier, D. P.Wood, A. W.Palmer, R. N.Wood, E. F.&Stakhiv, E. Z. (1999):Water Resources Implications Of Global Warming: A US Regional Perspective. Climatic Change, 43, 537–579.
37-Marchane A, Jarlan L, Hanich L, Boudhar A, Gascoin S, Tavernier A, Filali N, Le Page M, Hagolle O, Berjamy B (2015):Assessment Of Dailymodis Snow Cover Products Tomonitor Snow Cover Dynamics Over Themoroccan Atlas Mountain Range. Remote Sens Environ 160:72–86.
38-Marks, D.&Dozier, J. (1992):Climate And Energy Exchange At The Snow Surface In The Alpine Region Of The Sierra-Nevada. 2. Snow Cover Energy-Balance. Water Resources Research, 28, 3043–3054.
39-Mote, P.W.Li, S.Lettenmaier, D.P.Xiao, M.Engel, R. (2018):Dramatic Declines In Snowpack In The Western US. Climate AndAtmospheric Science 1, 2.
40-Notarnicola C. (2020):Hotspots Of Snow Cover Changes In Global Mountain Regions Over 2000–2018, Remote Sensing Of Environment 243 (2020) 111-781.
41-Peng, S.Piao, S.Ciais, P. And Fang, J. (2010):Change In Winter Snow Depth And Its Impacts On Vegetation In China. Global Change Biology, 16, Pp. 3004–3013.
42-Pepe,M.Brivio, P.A.Rampini, A.Rota Nodari, F. And Boschetti,M. (2005):Snow Cover Monitoring In Alpine Regions Using ENVISAT Optical Data. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 26, Pp. 4661–4667.
43-Pu, Z. Xu, L. (2009):MODIS/Terra Observed Snow Cover Over The Tibet Plateau: Distribution, Variation And Possible Connection With The East Asian Summer Monsoon. Theological AndApplied Climatology, 97: 265-278.
44-Robinson, D. A.&Kukla, G. (1985):Maximum Surface Albedo Of Seasonally Snow-Covered Lands In The Northern Hemisphere. Journal OfClimate And Applied.
45-Robinson, D. A.Scharfen, G.Serreze, M. C. M.Kukla, G.&Barry, R. G. (1986):Snow Melt And Surface Albedo In The Arctic Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 13, 945–948.
46-Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K.Fassnacht, S.R.Sibold, J.S. (2018):Changes In Andes Mountains Snow Cover From MODIS Data 2000–2016. Cryosphere 12, 1027–1046.
47-She J, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng X (2015):Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Snow Cover In The Tizinafu Watershed Of The Western Kunlun Mountains. Remote Sens 7:3426–3445. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Rs70403426.
48-Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, Tsutsui H, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2014):Correcting Basin-Scale Snowfall In A Mountainous Basin Using A Distributed Snowmelt Model And Remote-Sensing Data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:747–761
49-Shrestha M, Wang SL, Koike T, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2012):Modeling The Spatial Distribution Of Snow Cover In The Dudhkoshi Region Of The Nepal Himalayas. J Hydrometeorol 13:204–222.
50-Soulsby, C.Helliwell, R. C.Ferrier, R. C.Jenkins, A.&Harriman, R. (1997):Seasonal Snowpack Influence On The Hydrology Of A Sub-Arctic Catchment In Scotland. Journal OfHydrology, 192, 17–32.
51-Verbunt, M.Gurtz, J.Jasper, K.Lang, H.Warmerdam, P.&Zappa, M. (2003):The Hydrological Role Of Snow And Glaciers In Alpine River Basins And Their Distributed Modeling, Journal Of Hydrology, 282:1-4, Pp 36-55.
52-Vikhamar, D. And Solberg, R. (2003):Snow-Cover Mapping In Forests By Constrained Linear Spectral Unmixing Of MODIS Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 88, Pp. 309–323.
53-Walsh, J. E.Jasperson, W. H.&Ross, B. (1985):Influences Of Snow Cover And Soil Moisture On Monthly Air Temperature. Monthly Weather Review, 113, 756–768.
54-Willmott, C. J. C. J.Rowe, C. M. C. M.&Mintz, Y. (1985):Climatology Of The Terrestrial Seasonal Water Cycle. Journal OfClimatology, 5, 589–606.
55-Xiao, X.Zhang, Q.Boles, S. Et Al. (2004):Mapping Snowcover In The Pan-Arctic Zone Using Multi-Year (1998–2001) Images From Optical VEGETATION Sensor. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 25(24), 5731−5744.
56-Zhao, H. And Fernandes, R. (2009):Daily Snow Cover Estimation FromAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder Data Over Northern Hemisphere Land Surfaces During 1982–2004. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 114, Pp. 1–14.
_||_- فتاحی، ابراهیم، مقیمی، شوکت، (1398): اثرتغییراتاقلیمیبرروندبرفشمال غربایران، نشریهتحقیقاتکاربردیعلومجغرافیایی،سالنوزدهم،شماره 45،پاییز98.
2- محمدی، پیمان، محمودی، احمد و خورانی، اسد ا...، (1398): تغییرات پوشش برف در رشته‌کوه زاگرس با استفاده از داده‌هایروزانه سنجندة مادیس، فیزیک زمین و فضا، دوره 45، تابستان 1398، صص 355 – 371.
3- مسعودیان سید ابوالفضل، کیخسروی کیانی محمدصادق (1396):ارزیابی تغییرات روزهای همراه با پوشش برف در گروههای ارتفاعی حوضه زاینده رود، مخاطرات محیط طبیعی، بهار، دوره 6، شماره 11.
4-وفاخواه، مهدی، محسنی ساروی، محسن مهدوی محمد، علوی پناه، کاظم، (1392): مقایسه سطح پوشش برف در تصاویر ماهواره‌ای نوآ و سنجنده مودیس (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز طالقان). مجله پژوهش‌های آبخیزداری، شماره 92.
5-Aizen, E. M.Aizen, V. B.Melack, J. M.&Krenke, A. N. (2000):Heat Exchange During Snow Ablation In Plains And Mountains Of Eurasia. Journal Of Geophysical Esearch,105, 013–027.
6-Aizen, V. B.&Aizen, E. M. (1995):Characteristics Of Runoff Formation At The Kirgizskiy Alatoo, Tien Shan. Proceedings Of A Boulder Symposium, 228. (Pp. 413–430): IAHS Publ.
7-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.&Melack, J. M. (1996):Precipitation, Melt And Runoff In The Northern Tien Shan. Journal OfHydrology, 186, 229–251.
8-Aizen, V. B.Aizen, E. M.Melack, J.Nakamura, T.&Kobayashi, S. (2002):Estimation Of The Energy Used To Melt Snow In The Tien Shan Mountains And Japanese Slands.Global And Planetary Change, 32, 349–359.
9-Akyürek, Z. And Sorman, A.Ü. (2002), Monitoring Snow-Covered Areas Using NOAA-AVHRR Data In The Eastern Part Of Turkey. Hydrological Sciences, 47, Pp. 243–252.
10-Armstrong, R. L.&Brun, E. (2010):Snow And Climate: Physical Processes, Surface Energy Exchange And Modeling [Paperback] (1st Ed.): Cambridge University Press.
11-Bales, R. C.Molotch, N. P.Painter, T. H.Dettinger, M. D.Rice, R.&Dozier, J. (2006).Mountain Hydrology Of The Western United States. Water Resources Research, 42, 1–13.
12-Barnett, T. P.Adam, J. C.&Lettenmaier, D. P. (2005):Potential Impacts Of A Warming Climate On Water Availability In Snow-Dominated Regions. Nature, 438, 303–309.
13-Barnett, T. P.Dümenil, L.Schlese, U.Roeckner, E.&Latif, M. (1989):The Effect Of Eurasian Snow Cover On Regional And Global Climate Variations. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences, 46, 661–686.
14-Bednorz, E. (2004):Snow Cover In Eastern Europe In Relation To Temperature, Precipitation And Circulation. International Journal OfClimatology, 24, 591–601.
15-Bormann, K.J.Brown, R.D.Derksen, C.Painter, T.H. (2018):Estimating Snow-Cover Trends From Space. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 924–928.
16-Brown, R.D. (2000):Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Variability And Change, 1915–97:Journal Of Climate, 13, Pp. 2339–2355.
17-Butt, M.J. And Bilal, M. (2011):Application Of Snowmelt Runoff Model For Water Resource Management. Hydrological Processes, 25, Pp. 3735–3747.
18-Cao, Y. G.&Liu, C. (2005):The Development Of Snow-Cover Mapping From AVHRR To MODIS. Geography AndGeo-Information Science, 21(5), 15−19.
19-Che, T.Li,X.Jin,R.Armstrong, R. Andzhang, T. (2008):Snow Depth Derived Frompassive Microwave Remote Sensing Data In China. Annals OfGlaciology, 49, Pp. 145–154.
20-Dozier, J. (1987):Recent Research In Snow Hydrology. Review OfGeophysics, 25, 153–161.
21-Foster, J.Sun, C.Walker, J.P.Kelly, R.Chang, A.Dong, J. And Powell, H. (2005): Quantifying The Uncertainty In Passive Microwave Snow Water Equivalent Observations. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 94, Pp. 187–203.
22-Ghasemifar E.Mohammadi Ch.Farajzadeh F. (2018):Spatiotemporal Analysis Of Snow Cover In Iran Based On Topographic Characteristics, Theoretical And Applied Climatology, Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S00704-018-2690-3.
23-Gong, G. (2004):Sensitivity Of Atmospheric Response To Modeled Snow Anomaly Characteristics. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 109 D06107.
24-Groisman, P. Y.Karl, T. R.Knight, R. W.&Stenchikov, G. L. (1994):Changes Of Snow Cover, Temperature, And Radiative Heat Balance Over The Northern Hemisphere.
25-Hall, D. K.Riggs, G. A.Salomonson, V. V. Et Al. (2002):MODIS Snow-Cover Products. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 83, 181−194.
26-Hall, D.K.Riggs, G.A. And Salomonson, V.V. (1995):Development Of Methods For Mapping Global Snow Cover Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 54, Pp. 127–140.
27-Hammond, J.C.Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K. (2018):Global Snow Zone Maps And Trends In Snow Persistence 2001–2016. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 4369–4383.
28-Harshburger, B. Humes, K. Waldon, V. Blandford, T. Moore, B. Dezzani, R. (2010):Spatial Interpolation Of Snow Water Equivalency Using Surface Observations And Remotely Sensed Images Of Snow- Covered Areas. Hydrological Processes, 24: 1285-1295.
29-Immerzeel, W. Droogers, P. Jong, S. Bierkens, M (2009):Large-Scale Monitoring Of Snow Cover And Runoff Simulation In Himalayan River Basins Using Remote Sensing; Remote Sensing Of Environment, 113: 40-49
30-Jain, S.K.Goswami, A. And Saraf, A.K.(2008):Accuracy Assessment Ofmodis, NOAA And IRS Data In Snow Cover Mapping Under Himalayan Conditions. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 29, Pp. 5863–5878.
31-Jin, X. Ke, C. Xu, Y. Li, X. (2014):Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Snow Cover In The Loess Plateau, China. International Journal OfClimatology, 35, Pp. 1721-1731.
32-Klein, A.G.Hall, D.K. And Nolin, A.W. (2000):Development Of A Prototype Snow Albedo Algorithm For The NASA MODIS Instrument. In 57th Eastern Snow Conference, 17–19 May 2000, Sysacuse, NY, USA, Pp. 143–158.
33-Kukla, G. J.&Kukla, H. J. (1974):Increased Surface Albedo In The Northern Hemisphere:DidSatellites Warn Of The Weather Troubles Of 1972 And 1973? Science, 183,709–714.
34-Kumar, O. B. (1988):Eurasian Snow Cover And Seasonal Forecast Of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 33, 515–525.
35- Lemke, P.Ren, J.Alley, R.B.Allison, I.Carrasco, J.Flato, G.Fujii, Y.Kaser, G.Mote, P.Thomas, R.H. And Zang, T. (2007):Observations: Changes InSnow, Ice And Frozen Ground. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Pp. 337–384.
36-Lettenmaier, D. P.Wood, A. W.Palmer, R. N.Wood, E. F.&Stakhiv, E. Z. (1999):Water Resources Implications Of Global Warming: A US Regional Perspective. Climatic Change, 43, 537–579.
37-Marchane A, Jarlan L, Hanich L, Boudhar A, Gascoin S, Tavernier A, Filali N, Le Page M, Hagolle O, Berjamy B (2015):Assessment Of Dailymodis Snow Cover Products Tomonitor Snow Cover Dynamics Over Themoroccan Atlas Mountain Range. Remote Sens Environ 160:72–86.
38-Marks, D.&Dozier, J. (1992):Climate And Energy Exchange At The Snow Surface In The Alpine Region Of The Sierra-Nevada. 2. Snow Cover Energy-Balance. Water Resources Research, 28, 3043–3054.
39-Mote, P.W.Li, S.Lettenmaier, D.P.Xiao, M.Engel, R. (2018):Dramatic Declines In Snowpack In The Western US. Climate AndAtmospheric Science 1, 2.
40-Notarnicola C. (2020):Hotspots Of Snow Cover Changes In Global Mountain Regions Over 2000–2018, Remote Sensing Of Environment 243 (2020) 111-781.
41-Peng, S.Piao, S.Ciais, P. And Fang, J. (2010):Change In Winter Snow Depth And Its Impacts On Vegetation In China. Global Change Biology, 16, Pp. 3004–3013.
42-Pepe,M.Brivio, P.A.Rampini, A.Rota Nodari, F. And Boschetti,M. (2005):Snow Cover Monitoring In Alpine Regions Using ENVISAT Optical Data. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 26, Pp. 4661–4667.
43-Pu, Z. Xu, L. (2009):MODIS/Terra Observed Snow Cover Over The Tibet Plateau: Distribution, Variation And Possible Connection With The East Asian Summer Monsoon. Theological AndApplied Climatology, 97: 265-278.
44-Robinson, D. A.&Kukla, G. (1985):Maximum Surface Albedo Of Seasonally Snow-Covered Lands In The Northern Hemisphere. Journal OfClimate And Applied.
45-Robinson, D. A.Scharfen, G.Serreze, M. C. M.Kukla, G.&Barry, R. G. (1986):Snow Melt And Surface Albedo In The Arctic Basin. Geophysical Research Letters, 13, 945–948.
46-Saavedra, F.A.Kampf, S.K.Fassnacht, S.R.Sibold, J.S. (2018):Changes In Andes Mountains Snow Cover From MODIS Data 2000–2016. Cryosphere 12, 1027–1046.
47-She J, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng X (2015):Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Snow Cover In The Tizinafu Watershed Of The Western Kunlun Mountains. Remote Sens 7:3426–3445. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Rs70403426.
48-Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, Tsutsui H, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2014):Correcting Basin-Scale Snowfall In A Mountainous Basin Using A Distributed Snowmelt Model And Remote-Sensing Data. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18:747–761
49-Shrestha M, Wang SL, Koike T, Xue Y, Hirabayashi Y (2012):Modeling The Spatial Distribution Of Snow Cover In The Dudhkoshi Region Of The Nepal Himalayas. J Hydrometeorol 13:204–222.
50-Soulsby, C.Helliwell, R. C.Ferrier, R. C.Jenkins, A.&Harriman, R. (1997):Seasonal Snowpack Influence On The Hydrology Of A Sub-Arctic Catchment In Scotland. Journal OfHydrology, 192, 17–32.
51-Verbunt, M.Gurtz, J.Jasper, K.Lang, H.Warmerdam, P.&Zappa, M. (2003):The Hydrological Role Of Snow And Glaciers In Alpine River Basins And Their Distributed Modeling, Journal Of Hydrology, 282:1-4, Pp 36-55.
52-Vikhamar, D. And Solberg, R. (2003):Snow-Cover Mapping In Forests By Constrained Linear Spectral Unmixing Of MODIS Data. Remote Sensing Of Environment, 88, Pp. 309–323.
53-Walsh, J. E.Jasperson, W. H.&Ross, B. (1985):Influences Of Snow Cover And Soil Moisture On Monthly Air Temperature. Monthly Weather Review, 113, 756–768.
54-Willmott, C. J. C. J.Rowe, C. M. C. M.&Mintz, Y. (1985):Climatology Of The Terrestrial Seasonal Water Cycle. Journal OfClimatology, 5, 589–606.
55-Xiao, X.Zhang, Q.Boles, S. Et Al. (2004):Mapping Snowcover In The Pan-Arctic Zone Using Multi-Year (1998–2001) Images From Optical VEGETATION Sensor. International Journal OfRemote Sensing, 25(24), 5731−5744.
56-Zhao, H. And Fernandes, R. (2009):Daily Snow Cover Estimation FromAdvanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Polar Pathfinder Data Over Northern Hemisphere Land Surfaces During 1982–2004. Journal OfGeophysical Research, 114, Pp. 1–14.
