Evaluation of the relationship between serum lactate and potassium levels with clinical signs of calf diarrhea syndrome in calves referred to the large animal clinic of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz Branch

Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical Pathology

A.P Rezaei Saber ¹ , محمد Nouri ² , علی Hasanpour ³ , Sh Farhang ⁴ , اکبر ‌ Arfaie Akhole ⁵

1 - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran
3 - Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
4 - Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
5 - Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran

Received: 2008-08-23 Accepted : 2008-10-30 Published : 2008-05-21

Keywords: Potassium, Lactate, Serum, diarrhea syndrome, clinical signs,

Abstract :

    Diarrhea in newborn calves is often accompanied by metabolic acidosis which is the main reason for the establishment of symptoms related to diarrhea syndrome such as lethargy, recumbency, decreased suckling strength and etc. In order to be informed of lactic acid levels in the blood of diarrheaic calves, samples were collected from 100 affected and 20 healthy calves as the control group referred to the large animal clinic. In this respect, 120 blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using Venoject tubes, their sera separated by centrifugation and stored at -20°C in micro tubes and lactic acid levels were determined by enzymatic method. In this study, mean lactic acid levels of 4.72±0.02 mmol/lit and 1.2±0.05 mmol/lit were recorded in diarrheaic and healthy calves. Also, mean potassium levels in healthy and diarrheaic calves were 4.20±0.03 mmol/lit and 6.70±0.01 mmol/lit respectively. The results of the present study indicated that there was a significant relationship between diarrheaic and serumic levels of lactic acid and potassium (P<0.01) and the increase in serumic levels of lactic acid and potassium brings about sign such as bradycardia, bradyphea and hypothermia.  

References:

1. دواساز تبریزی، ا. (1377): استعمال کلینیکی محلول هایپرتونیک در گوساله‌های با علائم شوک سپتیک و اسهال، پایان‌نامه دکترای عمومی دامپزشکی ، دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه آزاد، شماره پایان‌نامه 230.


2. Astiz, M., Rackow, E.C., Weil, M.H. and Schumer, W. (1988): Early impairment of oxidative metabolism and energy production in severe sepsis. Circ. Shock., 26: 311–320.


3. Başoğlu, A., Sevinç, M. and Maden, M. (1996): Idioventricular rhythm in a calf suffering from diarrhea. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 20: 375-377.

 

4. Dunlop, R.H. and Hammond, P.B. (1965): D-Lactic acidosis of ruminants. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 119: 1109–1132.


5. Ewaschuk, J.B., Naylor, J.M., Palmer, R., Whiting, S.J. and Zello, G.A. (2004): D-lactate production and excretion in diarrheic calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18: 744–747.


6. Ewaschuk, J.B., Naylor, J.M. and Zello, G.A. (2003): Anion gap correlates with serum D- and DL-lactate concentration in diarrheic neonatal calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 17: 940–942.


7. Grove-White, D.H. (1996): Pathophysiology and treatment of metabolic acidosis in the diarrhoeic calf. In: Proceedings of the XIX World Buiatrics Congress Scotland, Edinburgh,  pp: 102–107.


8. Grude, T. (1999): Laktat in blut, harn und pansensaft von ka¨lbern, insbesondere bei ‘‘Pansentrinkern’’,  Munich, Doctoral Thesis, 584.


9. Hartmann, H., Meyer, H. and Steinbach, G. (1981): Zur pathogenese des ka¨lberdurchfalls mit schlussfolgerungen fu¨r dia¨tmaBnahmen. Monatshefte Veterina¨rmedizin, 36: 371–377.


10. Hartmann, H., Meyer, H., Steinbach, G., Schweinitz, P. and Lustermann, S. (1984): Zum sa¨uren-basen-haushalt durchfallkranker ka¨lber. Monatshefte Veterina¨rmedizin, 39: 738–742.


11. Kasari, T. R. (1999): Metabolic acidosis in calves. Vet. Clinics N. Am., 15: 473–486.


12. Kasari, T.R. and Naylor, J.M. (1985): Clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves.. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Assoc., 187: 392–397.


13. Kasari, T.R. and Naylor, J.M. (1986): Further studies on the clinical features and clinico-pathological findings of a syndrome of metabolic acidosis with minimal dehydration in neonatal calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 50: 502–508.


14. Lorenz, I. (2004): Influence of D-lactate on metabolic acidosis and on prognosis in neonatal calves with diarrhoea. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 51: 425–428.


15. Lorenz, L. (2004): Investigations on the influence of serum D-lactate levels on clinical signs in calves with metabolic acidosis. The Veterinary Journa, 168: 323–327.


16. Mayes, P.A., Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. (1996): Glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate. In: Harperı´s Biochemistry. 24^th ed., Appleton and Lang, Stanford, CT, pp: 176–184.


17. Moseley, R.H. (1996): Fluid and electrolyte disorders and gastrointestinal disease. In: Fluids and Electrolytes, Kokko, J. P. and Tannen, R. L., eds, 3^rd ed., WB Saunders  Company, Philadelphia, PA, pp: 675–692.


18. Nippert, G. and Naylor, J.M. (1997): Oral rehydration therapy for diarrheic calves. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet, 19: S181.  


19. Naylor, J.M. (1987): Severity and nature of acidosis in diarrheic calves over and under one week of age. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 28: 168–173.


20. Naylor, J.M. and Kronfeld, D.S. (1985): In vivo studies of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis in endotoxic shock. Am. J. Physiol, 248: E309–E316.


21. Naylor, J.M., Ewaschuk, J.B. and Zello, G.A. (2003): Intravenous fluid therapy for diarrheic calves. Large Animal Veterinary Rounds, 3(3): 159-184.


22. Omole, O.O., Nappert, G., Naylor, J.M. and Zello, G.A. (2001): Both L- and D-lactate contribute to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. Journal of Nutrition, 131: 2128–2131.


23. Omole, O.O., et al, (1999): High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of (+)-lactic acid and its enantiomers in calf serum. Journal of Chromatography, B, 727: 23–29.


24. Phillips, R.W. and Knox, K.L. (1969): Diarrheic acidosis in calves. J. Comp. Lab. Med., 3: 1–3.


25. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W. and Constable, P. (2007): Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed., W.B. Saunders Company Ltd, pp: 83– 86.


26. Schelcher, F., Marcillaud, S., Braun, J.P., Contrepois, M., Valarcher, J.F. and Navetat, H. (1998): Metabolic acidosis without dehydration and no or minimal diarrhea in suckler calves is caused by hyper D lactatemia. In: Proceedings of the XX World Buiatrics Congress, Australia, Sydney, pp: 371–374.


27. Weldon, A.D., Moise, N.S. and Rebhun, W.C. (1992): Hyperkalemic atrial standstill in neonatal calf diarrhea. J. Vet. Int. Med., 6: 294–297.


28. Youanes, Y.D. and Herdt, T.H. (1987): Changes in small intestinal morphology and flora associated with decreased energy digestibility in calves with naturally occurring diarrhea. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 48: 719–725.