Evaluation of some diagnostic indices of subclinical pregnancy toxemia in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Nahid Changalvaie
1
,
Arash Kheradmand
2
,
Alireza Rocky
3
,
Shahram Maleki
4
1 - DVM Graduate, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
Received: 2022-09-20
Accepted : 2023-01-16
Published : 2023-01-21
Keywords:
glucose,
Triglyceride,
Pregnancy toxemia,
Lori-Bakhtiari ewe,
Beta hydroxybutyric acid,
Abstract :
Pregnancy toxemia is known as an important metabolic disorder in pregnant ewes, which often causes damage to the animal husbandry industry in the final months of pregnancy by increasing the number of casualties or reducing the productivity of ewes. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between subclinical pregnancy toxemia and litter size in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes and the relationship between BHBA (Beta-hydroxybutyric acid), glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in non-pregnant and pregnant (singleton and twins) ewes. Jugular vein blood samples were obtained from 103 Lori-Bakhtiari ewes including 30 non-pregnant ewes (control group) and 73 pregnant ewes in their fifth month of pregnancy (68 singleton and 5 twins). Concentration of BHBA, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol in serum samples were measured using commercial kits and photometry. There was no significant difference regarding BHBA and cholesterol between the three studied groups. There was a significant difference in serum glucose concentration between the control group with singleton pregnant and twin pregnant groups (p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration in twin pregnant group was significantly higher than the other two groups (p<0.05). Pearson's test in twin pregnant ewes indicated a significant negative correlation between BHBA and glucose (p<0.001 and r=-0.402); While there was no significant relationship between BHBA and triglyceride, and BHBA and cholesterol in twin pregnant group. The results of the present study showed that BHBA, glucose and triglyceride are reliable indicators for subclinical pregnancy toxemia detection in the last month of pregnancy of Lori-Bakhtiari ewes; however, measurement of cholesterol is not useful in this regard.
References:
Al‐Qudah, K.M. (2011). Oxidant and antioxidant profile of hyperketonemic ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 40(1): 60-65.
Anoushepour, A., Mottaghian, P. and Sakha, M. (2014). The comparison of some biochemical parameters in hyperketonemic and normal ewes. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(3): 83-87.
Balıkcı, E., Yıldız, A. and Gürdoğan, F. (2007). Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 67(2-3): 247-251.
Bani Ismail, Z.A., Al‐Majali, A.M., Amireh, F. and Al‐Rawashdeh, O.F. (2008). Metabolic profiles in goat does in late pregnancy with and without subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 37(4): 434-437.
Baranowski, P. (1995). Certain blood haematological and biochemical indicators and enzyme activities in Polish Merino and Suffolk ewes during pregnancy and lactation. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 13(1): 27-33.
Brozos, C., Mavrogianni, V.S. and Fthenakis, G.C. (2011). Treatment and control of periparturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 27(1): 105-113.
Cal-Pereyra, L., Benech, A., González-Montaña, J.R., Acosta-Dibarrat, J., Da Silva, S. and Martín, A. (2015). Changes in the metabolic profile of pregnant ewes to an acute feed restriction in late gestation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63(3): 141-146
Christie, W.W. (2014). Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. First ed., Britain: Elsevier, pp: 196-198.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Gruenberg, W. (2017). A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th, New York: Saunders Elsevier, pp: 1662-1669, 1722-1726, 2218.
Duehlmeier, R., Fluegge, I., Schwert, B. and Ganter, M. (2013). Insulin sensitivity during late gestation in ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia and in ewes with high and low susceptibility to this disorder. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(2): 359-366.
El-Sherif, M.M.A. and Assad, F. (2001). Changes in some blood constituents of Barki ewes during pregnancy and lactation under semi arid conditions. Small Ruminant Research, 40(3): 269-277.
Firat, A. and Özpinar, A. (1996). The study of changes in some blood parameters (glucose, urea, bilirubin, AST) during and after pregnancy in association with nutritional conditions and litter size in ewes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 20(5): 387-393.
Firat, A. and Ozpinar, A. (2002). Metabolic profile of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and early lactation in multiple lambing Sakiz ewes. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 46(2): 57.
Ford, E.J.H., Evans, J. and Robinson, I. (1990). Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep. British Veterinary Journal, 146(6): 539-542.
Guesnet, P.M., Massoud, M.J. and Demarne, Y. (1991). Regulation of adipose tissue metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in the ewe: the role of insulin. Journal of Animal Science, 69(5): 2057-2065.
Hassanpour, A., Moghaddam, G., Amoughli Tabrizi, B., Mirzaie, H. and Hajipour Sofiani, K. (2007). Investigation of the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia in the sheep of Sofian area of Tabriz. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 1(1): 21-26. [In persian]
Hay Jr, W.W., Sparks, J.W., Wilkening, R.B., Battaglia, F.C. and Meschia, G. (1983). Partition of maternal glucose production between conceptus and maternal tissues in sheep. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 245(4): 347-350.
Hefnawy, A., Shousha, S. and Youssef, S. (2011). Hematobiochemical profile of pregnant and experimentally pregnancy toxemic goats. Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry, 1(8): 65-69.
Hentges, W. and Martin, R.J. (1987). Serum and lipoprotein lipids of fetal pigs and their dams during gestation as compared with man. Neonatology, 52(3): 127-134.
Hosseini, S., Moghaddam, G., Rafat, A. and Bakhshayesh Khiabani, A. (2018). Study of the incidence of pregnancy toxemia by measuring some blood elements, metabolites and cortisol levels in Ghezel ewes. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(4): 325-337. [In persian]
Keshipour, H., Anassori, E. and Jalilzadeh-Amin, G. (2018). Evaluation of energy related blood metabolites and its relation to blood copper status of ghezel ewes in late pregnancy. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 14(2): 47-57. [In persian]
Klein, B.G. (2013). Cunningham's textbook of veterinary physiology-E-book. 5th, China: Elsevier, pp: 343-357.
Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. (2001). Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(7): 1020-1024.
Lotfollahzadeh, S., Zakian, A., Tehrani-Sharif, M. and Watson, D.G. (2016). Assessment the alterations of some biochemical parameters in Afshari sheep with possible metabolic disorders. Small Ruminant Research, 145(12): 58-64.
Marteniuk, J.V. and Herdt, T.H. (1988). Pregnancy toxemia and ketosis of ewes and does. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4(2): 307-315.
Nelson, D.L., Lehninger, A.L. and Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th, New York: Macmillan, pp: 666-668.
Noble, R.C., Steele, W. and Moore, J.H. (1970). The composition of ewe's milk fat during early and late lactation. Journal of Dairy Research, 37(2): 297-301.
Olfati, A. and Moghaddam, G. (2014). Evaluation of blood metabolites and survey with pregnancy toxemia in Iranian crossbreed ewes. Journal of Animal Science Research, 24(3): 123-131. [In persian]
Ramin, A.G., Asri, S. and Majdani, R. (2005). Correlations among serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations in non-pregnant ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 57(2-3): 265-269.
Ramos, J.J., Verde, M.T., Marca, M.C. and Fernandez, A. (1994). Clinical chemical values and variations in Rasa Aragonesa ewes and lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 13(2): 133-139.
Rezapour, A., Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of β–hydroxybutyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2(7): 209-215. [In persian]
Rezapour, A., Taghinezhad, M. and Assadnasab, G.H. (2011). Effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea in pregnant ewes. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 5(17): 1083-1092. [In persian]
Robinson, J. J. (1980). Energy requirements of ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation. The Veterinary Record, 106(13): 282-284.
Rook, J.S. (2000). Pregnancy toxemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 16(2): 293-317
Sano, H., Matsunobu, S., Abe, T. and Terashima, Y. (1992). Combined effects of diet and cold exposure on insulin responsiveness to glucose and tissue responsiveness to insulin in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11): 3514-3520.
Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2004). Hyperketonemia impairs glucose metabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(2): 350-358.
Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2008). Twin-pregnancy increases susceptibility of ewes to hypoglycaemic stress and pregnancy toxaemia. Research in Veterinary Science, 84(2): 286-299.
Schlumbohm, C., Sporleder, H.P., Gürtler, H. and Harmeyer, J. (1997). Effect of insulin on glucose and and fat metabolism in ewes during various reproductive states in normal and hypocalcemia. DTW. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104(9): 359-365.
Symonds, M.E., Bryant, M.J. and Lomax, M.A. (1986). The effect of shearing on the energy metabolism of the pregnant ewe. British Journal of Nutrition, 56(3): 635-643.
West, H.J. (1996). Maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy in sheep. Its relationship to maternal condition, gestation length, hepatic physiology and glucose metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 75(4): 593-605.
Yokus, B., Cakir, D.U., Kanay, Z., Gulten, T. and Uysal, E. (2006). Effects of seasonal and physiological variations on the serum chemistry, vitamins and thyroid hormone concentrations in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 53(6): 271-276.
Zakian, A., Haji-Hajikolaei, M.R., Tehrani-Sharif, M., Faramarzian, K. and Safaei, P. (2018). Evaluation of negative energy balance and some metabolic disorders on peri-partum period in Arabian ewes, Khuzestan. Veterinary Journal, 63(3): 141-146. [In persian]
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Al‐Qudah, K.M. (2011). Oxidant and antioxidant profile of hyperketonemic ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 40(1): 60-65.
Anoushepour, A., Mottaghian, P. and Sakha, M. (2014). The comparison of some biochemical parameters in hyperketonemic and normal ewes. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(3): 83-87.
Balıkcı, E., Yıldız, A. and Gürdoğan, F. (2007). Blood metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and postpartum in Akkaraman ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 67(2-3): 247-251.
Bani Ismail, Z.A., Al‐Majali, A.M., Amireh, F. and Al‐Rawashdeh, O.F. (2008). Metabolic profiles in goat does in late pregnancy with and without subclinical pregnancy toxemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 37(4): 434-437.
Baranowski, P. (1995). Certain blood haematological and biochemical indicators and enzyme activities in Polish Merino and Suffolk ewes during pregnancy and lactation. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 13(1): 27-33.
Brozos, C., Mavrogianni, V.S. and Fthenakis, G.C. (2011). Treatment and control of periparturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 27(1): 105-113.
Cal-Pereyra, L., Benech, A., González-Montaña, J.R., Acosta-Dibarrat, J., Da Silva, S. and Martín, A. (2015). Changes in the metabolic profile of pregnant ewes to an acute feed restriction in late gestation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63(3): 141-146
Christie, W.W. (2014). Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. First ed., Britain: Elsevier, pp: 196-198.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Gruenberg, W. (2017). A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th, New York: Saunders Elsevier, pp: 1662-1669, 1722-1726, 2218.
Duehlmeier, R., Fluegge, I., Schwert, B. and Ganter, M. (2013). Insulin sensitivity during late gestation in ewes affected by pregnancy toxemia and in ewes with high and low susceptibility to this disorder. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(2): 359-366.
El-Sherif, M.M.A. and Assad, F. (2001). Changes in some blood constituents of Barki ewes during pregnancy and lactation under semi arid conditions. Small Ruminant Research, 40(3): 269-277.
Firat, A. and Özpinar, A. (1996). The study of changes in some blood parameters (glucose, urea, bilirubin, AST) during and after pregnancy in association with nutritional conditions and litter size in ewes. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 20(5): 387-393.
Firat, A. and Ozpinar, A. (2002). Metabolic profile of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and early lactation in multiple lambing Sakiz ewes. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 46(2): 57.
Ford, E.J.H., Evans, J. and Robinson, I. (1990). Cortisol in pregnancy toxaemia of sheep. British Veterinary Journal, 146(6): 539-542.
Guesnet, P.M., Massoud, M.J. and Demarne, Y. (1991). Regulation of adipose tissue metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in the ewe: the role of insulin. Journal of Animal Science, 69(5): 2057-2065.
Hassanpour, A., Moghaddam, G., Amoughli Tabrizi, B., Mirzaie, H. and Hajipour Sofiani, K. (2007). Investigation of the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia in the sheep of Sofian area of Tabriz. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 1(1): 21-26. [In persian]
Hay Jr, W.W., Sparks, J.W., Wilkening, R.B., Battaglia, F.C. and Meschia, G. (1983). Partition of maternal glucose production between conceptus and maternal tissues in sheep. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 245(4): 347-350.
Hefnawy, A., Shousha, S. and Youssef, S. (2011). Hematobiochemical profile of pregnant and experimentally pregnancy toxemic goats. Journal of Basic and Applied Chemistry, 1(8): 65-69.
Hentges, W. and Martin, R.J. (1987). Serum and lipoprotein lipids of fetal pigs and their dams during gestation as compared with man. Neonatology, 52(3): 127-134.
Hosseini, S., Moghaddam, G., Rafat, A. and Bakhshayesh Khiabani, A. (2018). Study of the incidence of pregnancy toxemia by measuring some blood elements, metabolites and cortisol levels in Ghezel ewes. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(4): 325-337. [In persian]
Keshipour, H., Anassori, E. and Jalilzadeh-Amin, G. (2018). Evaluation of energy related blood metabolites and its relation to blood copper status of ghezel ewes in late pregnancy. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 14(2): 47-57. [In persian]
Klein, B.G. (2013). Cunningham's textbook of veterinary physiology-E-book. 5th, China: Elsevier, pp: 343-357.
Lacetera, N., Bernabucci, U., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. (2001). Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62(7): 1020-1024.
Lotfollahzadeh, S., Zakian, A., Tehrani-Sharif, M. and Watson, D.G. (2016). Assessment the alterations of some biochemical parameters in Afshari sheep with possible metabolic disorders. Small Ruminant Research, 145(12): 58-64.
Marteniuk, J.V. and Herdt, T.H. (1988). Pregnancy toxemia and ketosis of ewes and does. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4(2): 307-315.
Nelson, D.L., Lehninger, A.L. and Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th, New York: Macmillan, pp: 666-668.
Noble, R.C., Steele, W. and Moore, J.H. (1970). The composition of ewe's milk fat during early and late lactation. Journal of Dairy Research, 37(2): 297-301.
Olfati, A. and Moghaddam, G. (2014). Evaluation of blood metabolites and survey with pregnancy toxemia in Iranian crossbreed ewes. Journal of Animal Science Research, 24(3): 123-131. [In persian]
Ramin, A.G., Asri, S. and Majdani, R. (2005). Correlations among serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations in non-pregnant ewes. Small Ruminant Research, 57(2-3): 265-269.
Ramos, J.J., Verde, M.T., Marca, M.C. and Fernandez, A. (1994). Clinical chemical values and variations in Rasa Aragonesa ewes and lambs. Small Ruminant Research, 13(2): 133-139.
Rezapour, A., Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of β–hydroxybutyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2(7): 209-215. [In persian]
Rezapour, A., Taghinezhad, M. and Assadnasab, G.H. (2011). Effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea in pregnant ewes. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 5(17): 1083-1092. [In persian]
Robinson, J. J. (1980). Energy requirements of ewes during late pregnancy and early lactation. The Veterinary Record, 106(13): 282-284.
Rook, J.S. (2000). Pregnancy toxemia of ewes, does, and beef cows. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 16(2): 293-317
Sano, H., Matsunobu, S., Abe, T. and Terashima, Y. (1992). Combined effects of diet and cold exposure on insulin responsiveness to glucose and tissue responsiveness to insulin in sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 70(11): 3514-3520.
Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2004). Hyperketonemia impairs glucose metabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(2): 350-358.
Schlumbohm, C. and Harmeyer, J. (2008). Twin-pregnancy increases susceptibility of ewes to hypoglycaemic stress and pregnancy toxaemia. Research in Veterinary Science, 84(2): 286-299.
Schlumbohm, C., Sporleder, H.P., Gürtler, H. and Harmeyer, J. (1997). Effect of insulin on glucose and and fat metabolism in ewes during various reproductive states in normal and hypocalcemia. DTW. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 104(9): 359-365.
Symonds, M.E., Bryant, M.J. and Lomax, M.A. (1986). The effect of shearing on the energy metabolism of the pregnant ewe. British Journal of Nutrition, 56(3): 635-643.
West, H.J. (1996). Maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy in sheep. Its relationship to maternal condition, gestation length, hepatic physiology and glucose metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 75(4): 593-605.
Yokus, B., Cakir, D.U., Kanay, Z., Gulten, T. and Uysal, E. (2006). Effects of seasonal and physiological variations on the serum chemistry, vitamins and thyroid hormone concentrations in sheep. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 53(6): 271-276.
Zakian, A., Haji-Hajikolaei, M.R., Tehrani-Sharif, M., Faramarzian, K. and Safaei, P. (2018). Evaluation of negative energy balance and some metabolic disorders on peri-partum period in Arabian ewes, Khuzestan. Veterinary Journal, 63(3): 141-146. [In persian]
