The effect of intensive endurance exercise and probiotic yogurt consumption, on aerobic, anaerobic, white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in young Football players

Subject Areas : Food Science and Technology

G. R. Jahani ghaeh ghashlagh ¹ , K. Dehghanpour ² , A. Khaledan ³

1 - Assistant Professor of Department of physical education, Abhar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
2 - M.s, Physical education department, Karaj Branch. Islamic Azad university. Alborz. Iran
3 - Professor. Physical education department, Exercise Physiology and Nutrition Sciences. Karaj Branch. Islamic Azad university. Alborz. Iran

Received: 2015-02-04 Accepted : 2017-05-24 Published : 2017-05-22

Keywords: White blood cells, Aerobic power, anaerobic power, Probiotic yoghurt, Intensive endurance exercise,

Abstract :

The Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intensive endurance exercise and probiotic supplementation on aerobic, anaerobic power, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON) and neutrophils (NUT) in young Football players. This study was semi-experimental, 36 young Football players with height 172± 0.77 cm, weight 66.76±5.87 kg and BMI 21.27±2.09 kg/m2, randomly assigned into control (n=18) and experimental (n=18) groups. Medical examinations and physical fitness tests were performed before and after training done. They performed a training program for 8 weeks, three times a week, every session 90 to 120 min. Experiment group consumed 400 ml probiotic yoghurt one hour before every session of training. Both groups trained aerobic exercise with 60-75% and anaerobic with 80-100% (MHR). To determine the variables blood samples were taken four times. Initially, before the training program, there were not significantly different amounts of variables. After 8 weeks in the experiment group, the levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils significantly increased. Any report about URTI infection was not observed. Eight weeks training improved the aerobic and anaerobic power, meanwhile reduce the incidence of URTI after ingestion of probiotic yoghurt. As a conclusion, it is recommended to the athletes to consume probiotic supplement before intensive endurance exercises.

References:

●Abrahamsson, T .R., Jakobsson, T., Bjorksten, G. and Jenman, M.C. (2013). Effect of probiotics on respiratory allerrgies: A seven year follow up of a randomized controlled trial in fancy. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 24(4): 556-561.
●Alexandr, A.K. and Best, T.M. (2002). The role of antioxidants in exercise and disease prevention. The Physician and Sportsmedicin, 30(5): 37-44.
●Alvarez, S., Herrero, C., Bru, E. and Perdigo, G. (2001). Effect of Lactobacillus casei and yoghurt administration on prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in young mice. Journal Food Protection, 64(11): 1768-1774.
● Arseneault-Bréard J., Rondeau, I., Gilbert, K., Girard, S.A., Tompkins, T.A., Godbout, R. et al. (2012). Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model. The British Journal of Medicine, 107(12): 1793-1799.
●Margaritis, I., Palazzetti, S., Rousseau, A.M, Richard, M. J. and Favier, A. (2003). Antioxidant supplementation and tapering exercise improve exercise-induced antioxidant response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 22(2): 147-156.
●Avloniti, A.A., Dovda, H.T., Tokmakidis, S.P., Kortsaris, A.H., Papadopoulou, E.G.S. and Panoudakis, E. (2007). Acute effects of soccer training on white blood cell count in elite female players. Human Kinetics Journals, 2(3): 239-249
●Buetner, G.R. and Schafer, F.Q. (2000). Free radicals oxidants and antioxidants. Teratology. 62: 234.
●Cox. A.J., Amanda, J., Pyne, D.B., Saunders, P.U., Fricker, P.A. (2007). Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. The British Journal Sports Medicine. 10: 1136.
●Cox, A.J. Glesson, M., Pyne, D.B., Callister, R., Hopkins, W.G. Fricker, P. A. (2008). Clinical and laboratory evaluation of upper respiratory symptoms in elite athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(5): 438-445.
●Ghadamali, L. (2009). Probiotic effects on performance, respiratory and digestive system of endurance adolescent female swimmers. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Techniology. 5(2): 9-18. [In Persian]
●Gleeson, M., Bishop, N.C., Oliveira, M., Mccavley, T., Tavler, P., Lawrence, C. (2012). Effect of a Lactobacillius salivarius probiotic intervention on infection, cold symptom duration and serverity and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 22(4): 235-242.
● Gleeson, M. and Pyne, D.B. (2000). Effects of exercise on the immune system, exercise effects on mucosal immunity. Immunology and Cell Biology. 78(5): 536-354. 
● Hattaka, K., Saviahti, E., Ponka, A., Meurman, J.H., Poussa, T., Nase, L., et al. (2001). Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infection in children. BMJ, 322:1327-1329.
●Hoff, J., Wisløff, U. and Engen, L.C. (2002). Soccer specific aerobic endurance training. The British Journal Sports Medicine, 36: 218–221. 
●Kekkonen, R. A., Vasankari, T. J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I., Korpela, R. (2007). The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(4): 352-363. 
● Olivares, M., Díaz-Ropero, M.P., Sierra, S., Lara-Villoslada, F., Fonollá, J., Navas, M. et al., (2007). Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition, 23(3): 254-260.
●Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., Asp, S., Schjerling. P. and Pedersen, B.K. (1999). Pro and anti inflammation cytokins balance in strenuous exercise in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 515(1): 287- 291.
●Rodas, G., Ventura, J.I., Cadefau, J.A., Cusso, R. and Oparra, J.A. (2000). Short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82: 480-486.
● Shenderov, B.A. (2013). Metabiotics: novel idea or natural development of probiotic conception. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 12: 24.
● Tsubakihara, T., Umeda, T., Takahashi, I., Matsuzaka, M., Iwane, K., Tanaka, M. et al. (2013). Effect of soccer matches on neutrophil and lymphocyte function in female university soccer players. Luminescence, 28: 129-135.
●Villena, J., Racedo, S., Aquero, G., Alvarez, S. (2006). Yoghurt accelerates the recovery of defence mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae in protein-malnourished mice. The British Journal of Nutrition, 95(3): 591-602
●Young, I.S. and Woodside, I.V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54: 176-186. 

_||_

●Abrahamsson, T .R., Jakobsson, T., Bjorksten, G. and Jenman, M.C. (2013). Effect of probiotics on respiratory allerrgies: A seven year follow up of a randomized controlled trial in fancy. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 24(4): 556-561.
●Alexandr, A.K. and Best, T.M. (2002). The role of antioxidants in exercise and disease prevention. The Physician and Sportsmedicin, 30(5): 37-44.
●Alvarez, S., Herrero, C., Bru, E. and Perdigo, G. (2001). Effect of Lactobacillus casei and yoghurt administration on prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in young mice. Journal Food Protection, 64(11): 1768-1774.
● Arseneault-Bréard J., Rondeau, I., Gilbert, K., Girard, S.A., Tompkins, T.A., Godbout, R. et al. (2012). Combination of Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 reduces post-myocardial infarction depression symptoms and restores intestinal permeability in a rat model. The British Journal of Medicine, 107(12): 1793-1799.
●Margaritis, I., Palazzetti, S., Rousseau, A.M, Richard, M. J. and Favier, A. (2003). Antioxidant supplementation and tapering exercise improve exercise-induced antioxidant response. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 22(2): 147-156.
●Avloniti, A.A., Dovda, H.T., Tokmakidis, S.P., Kortsaris, A.H., Papadopoulou, E.G.S. and Panoudakis, E. (2007). Acute effects of soccer training on white blood cell count in elite female players. Human Kinetics Journals, 2(3): 239-249
●Buetner, G.R. and Schafer, F.Q. (2000). Free radicals oxidants and antioxidants. Teratology. 62: 234.
●Cox. A.J., Amanda, J., Pyne, D.B., Saunders, P.U., Fricker, P.A. (2007). Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. The British Journal Sports Medicine. 10: 1136.
●Cox, A.J. Glesson, M., Pyne, D.B., Callister, R., Hopkins, W.G. Fricker, P. A. (2008). Clinical and laboratory evaluation of upper respiratory symptoms in elite athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(5): 438-445.
●Ghadamali, L. (2009). Probiotic effects on performance, respiratory and digestive system of endurance adolescent female swimmers. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences and Food Techniology. 5(2): 9-18. [In Persian]
●Gleeson, M., Bishop, N.C., Oliveira, M., Mccavley, T., Tavler, P., Lawrence, C. (2012). Effect of a Lactobacillius salivarius probiotic intervention on infection, cold symptom duration and serverity and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 22(4): 235-242.
● Gleeson, M. and Pyne, D.B. (2000). Effects of exercise on the immune system, exercise effects on mucosal immunity. Immunology and Cell Biology. 78(5): 536-354. 
● Hattaka, K., Saviahti, E., Ponka, A., Meurman, J.H., Poussa, T., Nase, L., et al. (2001). Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infection in children. BMJ, 322:1327-1329.
●Hoff, J., Wisløff, U. and Engen, L.C. (2002). Soccer specific aerobic endurance training. The British Journal Sports Medicine, 36: 218–221. 
●Kekkonen, R. A., Vasankari, T. J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I., Korpela, R. (2007). The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 17(4): 352-363. 
● Olivares, M., Díaz-Ropero, M.P., Sierra, S., Lara-Villoslada, F., Fonollá, J., Navas, M. et al., (2007). Oral intake of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 enhances the effects of influenza vaccination. Nutrition, 23(3): 254-260.
●Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., Asp, S., Schjerling. P. and Pedersen, B.K. (1999). Pro and anti inflammation cytokins balance in strenuous exercise in humans. The Journal of Physiology, 515(1): 287- 291.
●Rodas, G., Ventura, J.I., Cadefau, J.A., Cusso, R. and Oparra, J.A. (2000). Short training programme for the rapid improvement of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82: 480-486.
● Shenderov, B.A. (2013). Metabiotics: novel idea or natural development of probiotic conception. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 12: 24.
● Tsubakihara, T., Umeda, T., Takahashi, I., Matsuzaka, M., Iwane, K., Tanaka, M. et al. (2013). Effect of soccer matches on neutrophil and lymphocyte function in female university soccer players. Luminescence, 28: 129-135.
●Villena, J., Racedo, S., Aquero, G., Alvarez, S. (2006). Yoghurt accelerates the recovery of defence mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae in protein-malnourished mice. The British Journal of Nutrition, 95(3): 591-602
●Young, I.S. and Woodside, I.V. (2001). Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 54: 176-186.