Evaluating the Effect of Cytokinin Foliar Application on Morphological Traits and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Optimal Irrigation and Drought Stress Conditions
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology
Hadi
Salek Mearaji
1
(Ph.D. Student, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran)
Afshin
Tavakoli
2
(Associate Professor, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran)
Niaz Ali
Sepahvand
3
(Assistant Professor, Grain and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran)
Keywords: Grain yield, Stress, cultivar, Chenopodium quinoa, Benzylaminopurine,
Abstract :
Drought is the most important non-biotic stress which decreases growth and the yield of crop plants. Quinoa is a plant with high nutritional value and drought tolerant. To evaluate the effect of cytokinin foliar application on morphological traits and yield of quinoa cultivars, a split factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted during during 2017 cropping season with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, the University of Zanjan. Experimental treatments were levels of irrigation (optimal irrigation, with -0.4 MPa and drought stress with -1.5 MPa) as main factor and sub factors were four quinoa cultivars (Q 26, Q 29, Giza1 and Red Carina) and foliar cytokinin with three levels (0, 50 and 100 μM). Irrigation and cultivar treatment had significant effect on all evaluated traits. Foliar application with cytokinin had significant effect on all traits except length of main ear and greeness index (SPAD). The maximum and minimum of grain yield 2364.7 and 1701.8 kg.ha-1, obtained under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions, respectively. Drought stress reduced seed yield by 28 percent. The highest yields obtained by Giza 1 (2746.7 kg.ha-1) and Red Carina (2589.7 kg.ha-1) with the application 100 µm of cytokinin. The foliar application of cytokinin did not affect seed yields of Q 26 and Q 29 cultivars significantly. According to the results, Giza 1 can be recommended as a suitable cultivar under both optimum and drought stress conditions at the experimental site.
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· Anithakumari, A.M., K.N. Nataraja, R.G. Visser, and C.G. van der Linden. 2012. Genetic dissection of drought tolerance and recovery potential by quantitative trait locus mapping of a diploid potato population. Molecular Breeding. 30: 1413–1429.
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· Azizi, P., M.Y. Rafii, M. Maziah, S.N.A. Abdullah, M.M. Hanafi, M.A. Latif, A.A. Rashid, and M. Sahebi. 2015. Understanding the shoot apical meristem regulation: a study of the phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, in rice. Mechanisms of Development. 135: 1-15.
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· Doustipour, S., M. Barmaki, D. Hassanpanah, and S. Khomari. 2016. Study the effects of synthetic cytokinin on growth and yield of potato cultivares. M.Sc. Dissertation, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran. (In Persian).
· Elewa, T.A., M.S. Sadak, and A.M. Saad. 2017. Proline treatment improves physiological responses in quinoa plants under drought stress. Bioscience Research. 14(1): 21-33.
· Fahad, S., S. Hussain, A. Bano, S. Saud, S. Hassan, D. Shan, F.A. Khan, F. Khan, Y. Chen, C. Wu, and M.A. Tabassum. 2015. Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(7): 4907-4921.
· Farooq M., M. Hussain, A. Wahid, and K. Siddique. 2012. Drought stress in plants: an overview. In plant responses to drought stress. Edited by Aroco R. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1-33.
· Farooq, M., A. Wahid, N. Kobayashi, D.B.M.A. Fujita, and S.M.A. Basra. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Sustainable Agriculture. 29(1): 185-212.
· Fiorani, F., and U. Schurr. 2013. Future scenarios for plant phenotyping. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 64: 267–291.
· Gholizadeh, A., M. Saberioon, L. Borůvka, A. Wayayok, and M.A.M. Soom. 2017. Leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen dynamics and their relationship to lowland rice yield for site-specific paddy management. Information Processing in Agriculture. 4(4): 259-268.
· González, J.A., M. Gallardo, M.B. Hilal, M.D. Rosa, and F.E. Prado. 2009. Physiological responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to drought and waterlogging stresses: dry matter partitioning. Botanical Studies. 50(1): 35–42.
· Gordon, S.P., V.S. Chickarmane, C. Ohno, and E.M. Meyerowitz. 2009. Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(38): 16529-16534.
· Hossain, M.A., S.H. Wani, S. Bhattacharjee, D.J. Burritt, and L.S.P. Tran. 2016. Drought stress tolerance in plants, Volume 1: Physiology and Biochemistry. Springer.
· Hussein, Y., G. Amin, A. Azab, and H. Gahin. 2015. Induction of drought stress resistance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant by salicylic acid and kinetin. Journal of Plant Sciences. 10(4): 128-141.
· Jacobsen, S.E., F. Liu, and C.R. Jensen. 2009. Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Scientia Horticulturae. 122(2): 281-287.
· Jaleel, C.A., P. Manivannan, A. Wahid, M. Farooq, H. Al-Juburi, R. Somasundaram, and R. Panneerselvam. 2009. Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. International of Journal Agriculture and Biology. 11(1): 100-105.
· Kang, N.Y., C. Cho, N.Y. Kim, and J. Kim. 2012. Cytokinin receptor-dependent and receptor-independent pathways in the dehydration response of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant Physiology. 169(14): 1382-1391.
· Kazan, K. 2015. Diverse roles of jasmonates and ethylene in abiotic stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Science. 20(4): 219-229.
· Kilic, H., and T. Yağbasanlar. 2010. The effect of drought stress on grain yield, yield components and some quality traits of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 38(1): 164-170.
· Mafakheri, A., A.F. Siosemardeh, B. Bahramnejad, P.C. Struik, and Y. Sohrabi. 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4(8): 580-585.
· Mahrokh, A., M. Nabipour, H. Roshanfekr, and R. Choukan. 2019. Response of some grain maize physiological parameters to drought stress and application of auxin and cytokinin hormones. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 12(1):1-15. (In Persian).
· Marsch-Martinez, N., D. Ramos-Cruz, J. Irepan Reyes-Olalde, P. Lozano-Sotomayor, V.M. Zuniga-Mayo, and S. De Folter. 2012. Arabidopsis gynoecia and fruit morphogenesis and patterning. The Plant Journal. 72(2): 222-234.
· Mehraban, A., and H. Ghanjali. 2014. Effect of water stress and spraying cytokinin hormone on hamoon wheat variety in sistan region. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences. 4: 814-818.
· Mishra, A.K., and V.P. Singh. 2011. Drought modeling–A review. Journal of Hydrology. 403(1-2): 157-175.
· Nagar, S., S. Ramakrishnan, V.P. Singh, C.P. Singh, R. Dhakar, D.K. Umesh, and A. Arora. 2015. Cytokinin enhanced biomass and yield in wheat by improving N-metabolism under water limited environment. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 20(1): 31-38.
· Nezami, A., H.R. Khazaei, R.Z. Boroumand, and A. Hosseini. 2008. Effects of drought stress and defoliation on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in controlled conditions. DESERT. 12: 99-104.
· Nezhadahmadi, A., Z.H. Prodhan, and G. Faruq. 2013. Drought tolerance in wheat. The Scientific World Journal. 13:1-12.
· Nishiyama, R., Y. Watanabe, Y. Fujita, D.T. Le, M. Kojima, T. Werner, R. Vankova, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Shinozaki, T. Kakimoto, and H. Sakakibara. 2011. Analysis of cytokinin mutants and regulation of cytokinin metabolic genes reveals important regulatory roles of cytokinins in drought, salt and abscisic acid responses, and abscisic acid biosynthesis. The Plant Cell. 23(6): 2169-2183.
· O'Brien, J.A., and E. Benková. 2013. Cytokinin cross-talking during biotic and abiotic stress responses. Frontiers in Plant Science. 4: 1-14.
· Opabode, J.T., and S. Owojori. 2018. Response of African eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.) to foliar application of 6-benzylaminopurine and gibberellic acid. Journal of Horticultural Research. 26(2): 37-45.
· Raza, M.A.S., M.S. Zaheer, M.F. Saleem, H. Khan, F. Khalid, M.U. Bashir, M. Awais, R. Iqbal, S. Ahmad, M.U. Aslam, and I. Haider. 2017. Investigating drought tolerance potential of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under reduced irrigation level. International Journal of Biosciences. 11: 257-265.
· Reyes-Olalde, J.I., V.M. Zúñiga-Mayo, J. Serwatowska, R.A.C. Montes, P. Lozano-Sotomayor, H. Herrera-Ubaldo, K.L. Gonzalez-Aguilera, P. Ballester, J.J. Ripoll, I. Ezquer, and D. Paolo. 2017. The bHLH transcription factor SPATULA enables cytokinin signaling, and both activate auxin biosynthesis and transport genes at the medial domain of the gynoecium. PLoS Genetics. 13(4): 1-14.
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