The Effect of Schema-Based Pre-marital Instruction on Marriage Values and the Ideal Image of the Spouse in Single Girls
Subject Areas : Woman and family
Samaneh Mokhtari
1
,
Zahra. Yousefi.
2
,
GholamReza Manshaei
3
1 - PhD Student in Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Azad University, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding author)
3 - Associate Professor, Faculty of Education and Psychology Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: marriage values, maladaptive schemas, pre-marital, spouse selection, ideal image of spouse,
Abstract :
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of schema-based pre-marital instructionon the marriage values and the ideal image of the spouse in single girls in Isfahan. This study was performed using the quasi-experimental method with pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of this study consisted single girls under 30 years old in Isfahan. For this purpose, 30 single girls were selected through convenience sampling method and were divided into two groups: (15 people) in control and (15 people) in experimental group. The experimental group underwent schema-based pre-marital group training during 15 ninety-minute sessions. Participants answered the Marriage Values Questionnaire by Delkhamoosh (2007) and Spouse Selection Attitudes Questionnaire by Cobb, Larson and Watson (2003) in the pre-intervention and post-intervention stages. The only difference was that the control group did not receive any intervention. Findings from the covariance ANCOVA showed that pre-marital instruction the ideal image of the spouse in the post-test stage (P/00.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the schema-based pre-marital education can be considered as an important and key pre-marital intervention. The results of this study can be used by family and marriage counselors.
Abasi, M., Ramzifard, M., Lotfi sarjini, A., Ghezelseflo, M. (2019). The Effect of Schema Therapy on Marriage Values and the Marriage Tendency in Single Girls in Tehran. Community Health Journal, 13(2), 45-55 [In Persian]
Amani, A., Sanaie Zaker, B., Nazari, A., Namdari Pajeman, M. (2011). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Attachment Therapy on Attachment Styles in Contractually Engaged Students. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 1(2), 171-191. [In Persian]
Arntz, A., & Jacob, G. (2017). Schema therapy in practice: An introductory guide to the schema mode approach. John Wiley & Sons. Translated by Borabadi, H. (2020) thirth Ed. Tehran: Asbar Publication. [Persian]
Azadbakht, R., Vakili, P. (2013). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction of women. Journal of Educational Psychology, 4(3), 11-18. [In Persian]
Barker, P., (2013). Basic family therapy. Translated by Dehghani, M. Dehghani, Z. (2018) Fourth Ed. Tehran: Roshd Publication. [Persian]
Beheshti, S.A (2019). Premarital counseling: (Applied method for specialists) with diagnostic-applied training to test early incompatible schemas. First Ed. Tehran: Ravan Sangi Publication. [Persian]
Cobb, N. P., Larson, J. H., & Watson, W. L. (2003). Development of the attitudes about romance and mate selection scale. Family Relations, 52(3), 222-231.
Delkhamoush, M. (2008). Developing A Scale for Measuring Ego Identity. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists), 5(17), 43-52. [In Persian]
Delkhamoush, M. (2013). Marriage Values Survey: Questionnaire,Instruction and Scoring Key. , Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 9(36), 433-437. [In Persian]
Ebrahimi, S., Goudarzi, M., & Isanejad, O. (2019). The effectiveness of pre-marriage counseling through the couple’s care program «CARE» on expectations and communicational beliefs in marriage applicants. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(1), 217-236. [In Persian]
Eken, E. (2017). The role of early maladaptive schemas on romantic relationships: a review study. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 108.123
Fathollahzadeh, N., Behbahani, M., Karaminehad, J., Mahmoudi, M., & Abdi, M. (2020). Effectiveness of Emotional Schemata Therapy in comparison with Reality Therapy on marriage expectations in single girls. Quarterly of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 77-97. [In Persian]
Fereydonpour, Z., Kalhouri, S., Mohseni, F., & Namjoo, F. (2020). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Imago Relation Therapy on Fear of Marriage and attitudes about romance and mate selection in Girls. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 1(1), 100-124. [In Persian]
Fusco, G. M., & Freeman, A. (2004). Borderline personality disorder: A patient's guide to taking control. WW Norton & Company.
Gharavi, A., & Enayat, H. (2009). Study of socio-economic factors related to spouse selection criteria among students (Case study: Male students of Shiraz University), Master Thesis in Sociology, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University. [Persian]
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (2017). Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Guilford Publications.
Javanbakht, A; Mohammadi Razi, M; Moharrami, S. (2019). Relationship between the dimensions of the love triangle and initial incompatible schema with expectation of marriage in female students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Second National Conference on Social Injuries, Ardebil, [In Persian]
Jill, L., Michiel, F. Vreeswijk, A. (2015). An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46: 854- 863.
Kaldi, A., Ghafoorian Galibaf, M. (2009). Study of Effective Social Factors in Spouse Selection Criteria. Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies, 1(1), 155-172.
Karami Boldaji, R., Sabetzadeh, M., Zarei, E., & Sadeghifard, M. (2015). Effectiveness of Rational-Emotive-Behavior Group Counseling (REBT) on Irrational Attitudes about Spouse Selection in Girls and Boys. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 171-188. [In Persian]
Kimiaee, A., Salhi Fadardi, J., Ghafouri Nasab, J. (2015). The Effectiveness of Pre-Marriage and Life Skills Training on Choosing a Spouse and EQ of the Students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 5(1), 41-51. [In Persian]
Kreuter, E. A., & Moltner, K. M. (2014). Treatment and management of maladaptive schemas. Springer.
Leahy, R. L. (2016). Emotional schema therapy: A meta‐experiential model. Australian Psychologist, 51(2), 82-88.
Leahy, R. L. (2019). Introduction: emotional schemas and emotional schema therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 1-4.
Mahmoudi, F., Mahmoudi, A., & Nooripour, R. (2017). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and safe communications in married students. Journal of Research and Health, 7(3), 779-787. [In Persian]
McManus, F., Van Doorn, K., & Yiend, J. (2012). Examining the effects of thought records and behavioral experiments in instigating belief change. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 43(1), 540-547.
Mehra, D., Sarkar, A., Sreenath, P., Behera, J., & Mehra, S. (2018). Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to delay early marriage, early pregnancy and improve school retention among adolescents in India. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-13.
Minuchin, S. (1996) Family and family therapy. Translated by Sanaei B. (2019) Second Ed. Tehran: Amirkabir Publication. [Persian]
Nouri, N., & Janbozorgi, M. (2011). The relationship between attachment styles and personal love attitudes and marital values. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5(3), 225-233. [Persian]
Omidvar, B., & Fatehizadeh, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2009). The Effect of Premarital Training on Marital Expectations and Attitudes of University Students in Shiraz. Journal of Family Research, 5(2 (18)), 231-246. [In Persian]
Rabani Khourasgani, R., & Shahabi, S. (2010). The Survey of Isfahan Youth’s Moral Values. Urban-Regional Studies and Research (University of Isfahan), 2(5), 77-92. [In Persian]
Rajabi G, Abbasi G, Sudani M, Aslani K. (2016) Premarital Education Program Based on Premarital Interpersonal Choices and Knowledge Program on Idealistic Marital Expectation in Single Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.22 (3) :212-221[In Persian]
Razavi, A., Fatehi Zadeh, M. (2010). Determining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and attitude about mate selection among college students. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 1(2), 45-70. [In Persian]
Rice, F. P. (1998). Intimate relationships, marriages, and families. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.
Rios, C. M. (2010). The relationship between premarital advice, expectations and marital satisfaction. Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 536.
Rostami, Mehdi; Nawabi Nejad, Shokooh and Farzad, Waliullah (2020). Develop, validate and validate a questionnaire to assess patterns and injuries before marriage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 13 (3): 373-353. [In Persian]
Sepehri, S., & Hasan Tavakoli, M. (2012). An Investigation on Validity and Reliability of The Attitudes About Romance And Mate Selection Scale. Journal of Family Research, 7 (28), 401-419.
Skeen, M. (2014). Love Me, Don't Leave Me: Overcoming Fear of Abandonment and Building Lasting, Loving Relationships. New Harbinger Publications. Translated by Monafi, D & Monafi, S. (2018) first Ed. Tehran: Argmand Publication. [Persian]
Shariatmadar, A. (2014). Qualitative study of marriage damaging gender schemas and husband role expectations. Clinical Psychology Studies, 5(17), 137-155. [In Persian]
Shiri, Tahereh; Gol Mohammadian, Mohsen; Hojjatkhah, Seyed Mohsen. (2015). The effectiveness of schema therapy on dysfunctional attitudes toward choosing a spouse in female students. Quarterly Journal of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 7(27).[In Persian].
Suh, J. W., Lee, H. J., Yoo, N., Min, H., Seo, D. G., & Choi, K. H. (2019). A brief version of the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale: a validation study. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 38-54.
Tsai, J. W. (2016). Family Matters. Journal Published by the American Medical Association; 170(7): 601-6410.
Udri, R. (2000). The social context of Marriage. New York, J, B Lippincott company
Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing Your Life: The Breakthough Program to End Negative Behavior... and Feel Great Again. Penguin. Translated by Hamidpour, H, Pirmoradi, E, Golizadeh, N. (2021) Tehran: Argmand Publication. [Persian]
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Abasi, M., Ramzifard, M., Lotfi sarjini, A., Ghezelseflo, M. (2019). The Effect of Schema Therapy on Marriage Values and the Marriage Tendency in Single Girls in Tehran. Community Health Journal, 13(2), 45-55 [In Persian]
Amani, A., Sanaie Zaker, B., Nazari, A., Namdari Pajeman, M. (2011). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Attachment Therapy on Attachment Styles in Contractually Engaged Students. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 1(2), 171-191. [In Persian]
Arntz, A., & Jacob, G. (2017). Schema therapy in practice: An introductory guide to the schema mode approach. John Wiley & Sons. Translated by Borabadi, H. (2020) thirth Ed. Tehran: Asbar Publication. [Persian]
Azadbakht, R., Vakili, P. (2013). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction of women. Journal of Educational Psychology, 4(3), 11-18. [In Persian]
Barker, P., (2013). Basic family therapy. Translated by Dehghani, M. Dehghani, Z. (2018) Fourth Ed. Tehran: Roshd Publication. [Persian]
Beheshti, S.A (2019). Premarital counseling: (Applied method for specialists) with diagnostic-applied training to test early incompatible schemas. First Ed. Tehran: Ravan Sangi Publication. [Persian]
Cobb, N. P., Larson, J. H., & Watson, W. L. (2003). Development of the attitudes about romance and mate selection scale. Family Relations, 52(3), 222-231.
Delkhamoush, M. (2008). Developing A Scale for Measuring Ego Identity. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists), 5(17), 43-52. [In Persian]
Delkhamoush, M. (2013). Marriage Values Survey: Questionnaire,Instruction and Scoring Key. , Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 9(36), 433-437. [In Persian]
Ebrahimi, S., Goudarzi, M., & Isanejad, O. (2019). The effectiveness of pre-marriage counseling through the couple’s care program «CARE» on expectations and communicational beliefs in marriage applicants. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(1), 217-236. [In Persian]
Eken, E. (2017). The role of early maladaptive schemas on romantic relationships: a review study. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 108.123
Fathollahzadeh, N., Behbahani, M., Karaminehad, J., Mahmoudi, M., & Abdi, M. (2020). Effectiveness of Emotional Schemata Therapy in comparison with Reality Therapy on marriage expectations in single girls. Quarterly of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 77-97. [In Persian]
Fereydonpour, Z., Kalhouri, S., Mohseni, F., & Namjoo, F. (2020). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Imago Relation Therapy on Fear of Marriage and attitudes about romance and mate selection in Girls. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 1(1), 100-124. [In Persian]
Fusco, G. M., & Freeman, A. (2004). Borderline personality disorder: A patient's guide to taking control. WW Norton & Company.
Gharavi, A., & Enayat, H. (2009). Study of socio-economic factors related to spouse selection criteria among students (Case study: Male students of Shiraz University), Master Thesis in Sociology, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University. [Persian]
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (2017). Perfectionism: A relational approach to conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Guilford Publications.
Javanbakht, A; Mohammadi Razi, M; Moharrami, S. (2019). Relationship between the dimensions of the love triangle and initial incompatible schema with expectation of marriage in female students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. Second National Conference on Social Injuries, Ardebil, [In Persian]
Jill, L., Michiel, F. Vreeswijk, A. (2015). An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46: 854- 863.
Kaldi, A., Ghafoorian Galibaf, M. (2009). Study of Effective Social Factors in Spouse Selection Criteria. Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies, 1(1), 155-172.
Karami Boldaji, R., Sabetzadeh, M., Zarei, E., & Sadeghifard, M. (2015). Effectiveness of Rational-Emotive-Behavior Group Counseling (REBT) on Irrational Attitudes about Spouse Selection in Girls and Boys. Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 4(2), 171-188. [In Persian]
Kimiaee, A., Salhi Fadardi, J., Ghafouri Nasab, J. (2015). The Effectiveness of Pre-Marriage and Life Skills Training on Choosing a Spouse and EQ of the Students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 5(1), 41-51. [In Persian]
Kreuter, E. A., & Moltner, K. M. (2014). Treatment and management of maladaptive schemas. Springer.
Leahy, R. L. (2016). Emotional schema therapy: A meta‐experiential model. Australian Psychologist, 51(2), 82-88.
Leahy, R. L. (2019). Introduction: emotional schemas and emotional schema therapy. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 1-4.
Mahmoudi, F., Mahmoudi, A., & Nooripour, R. (2017). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas and safe communications in married students. Journal of Research and Health, 7(3), 779-787. [In Persian]
McManus, F., Van Doorn, K., & Yiend, J. (2012). Examining the effects of thought records and behavioral experiments in instigating belief change. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 43(1), 540-547.
Mehra, D., Sarkar, A., Sreenath, P., Behera, J., & Mehra, S. (2018). Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to delay early marriage, early pregnancy and improve school retention among adolescents in India. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-13.
Minuchin, S. (1996) Family and family therapy. Translated by Sanaei B. (2019) Second Ed. Tehran: Amirkabir Publication. [Persian]
Nouri, N., & Janbozorgi, M. (2011). The relationship between attachment styles and personal love attitudes and marital values. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5(3), 225-233. [Persian]
Omidvar, B., & Fatehizadeh, M., & Ahmadi, S. (2009). The Effect of Premarital Training on Marital Expectations and Attitudes of University Students in Shiraz. Journal of Family Research, 5(2 (18)), 231-246. [In Persian]
Rabani Khourasgani, R., & Shahabi, S. (2010). The Survey of Isfahan Youth’s Moral Values. Urban-Regional Studies and Research (University of Isfahan), 2(5), 77-92. [In Persian]
Rajabi G, Abbasi G, Sudani M, Aslani K. (2016) Premarital Education Program Based on Premarital Interpersonal Choices and Knowledge Program on Idealistic Marital Expectation in Single Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.22 (3) :212-221[In Persian]
Razavi, A., Fatehi Zadeh, M. (2010). Determining the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and attitude about mate selection among college students. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 1(2), 45-70. [In Persian]
Rice, F. P. (1998). Intimate relationships, marriages, and families. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.
Rios, C. M. (2010). The relationship between premarital advice, expectations and marital satisfaction. Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 536.
Rostami, Mehdi; Nawabi Nejad, Shokooh and Farzad, Waliullah (2020). Develop, validate and validate a questionnaire to assess patterns and injuries before marriage. Journal of Applied Psychology, 13 (3): 373-353. [In Persian]
Sepehri, S., & Hasan Tavakoli, M. (2012). An Investigation on Validity and Reliability of The Attitudes About Romance And Mate Selection Scale. Journal of Family Research, 7 (28), 401-419.
Skeen, M. (2014). Love Me, Don't Leave Me: Overcoming Fear of Abandonment and Building Lasting, Loving Relationships. New Harbinger Publications. Translated by Monafi, D & Monafi, S. (2018) first Ed. Tehran: Argmand Publication. [Persian]
Shariatmadar, A. (2014). Qualitative study of marriage damaging gender schemas and husband role expectations. Clinical Psychology Studies, 5(17), 137-155. [In Persian]
Shiri, Tahereh; Gol Mohammadian, Mohsen; Hojjatkhah, Seyed Mohsen. (2015). The effectiveness of schema therapy on dysfunctional attitudes toward choosing a spouse in female students. Quarterly Journal of Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 7(27).[In Persian].
Suh, J. W., Lee, H. J., Yoo, N., Min, H., Seo, D. G., & Choi, K. H. (2019). A brief version of the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale: a validation study. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 12(1), 38-54.
Tsai, J. W. (2016). Family Matters. Journal Published by the American Medical Association; 170(7): 601-6410.
Udri, R. (2000). The social context of Marriage. New York, J, B Lippincott company
Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (1994). Reinventing Your Life: The Breakthough Program to End Negative Behavior... and Feel Great Again. Penguin. Translated by Hamidpour, H, Pirmoradi, E, Golizadeh, N. (2021) Tehran: Argmand Publication. [Persian]
