Allelopathy: An adaptive scientific method for sustainable weed management
Subject Areas : Plant Protection
1 - Instructor , Department of Agriculture Engineering, Technical and Vocational University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Allelochemicals, cover crops, herbicide, integrated management, suppression,
Abstract :
Today, dependence on chemical herbicides strongly affects the environment and ecosystem. Alternate sustainable weed management strategies like allelopathy could be included in integrated weed management programs to reduce the usage of chemical herbicides. Plant allelopathy is a response to external stimuli by releasing secondary metabolites. This phenomenon has the potential to facilitate environmentally sounder weed control and avoid the concerns associated with the misuse of agro-chemicals for pest and weed management. This review article provides the practical application of allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. In many sources, rye, sorghum, rice, sunflower, rape seed, and wheat have been documented as important allelopathic crops. These crops express their allelopathic potential by releasing allelochemicals which not only suppress weeds, but also promote underground microbial activities. Crop cultivars with allelopathic potentials can be grown to suppress weeds under field conditions. Further, several types of allelopathic plants can be intercropped with other crops to weed management. The use of allelopathic cover crops and mulches can reduce weed pressure in field crops. Rotating a routine crop with an allelopathic crop for one season is another method of allelopathic weed control. Importantly, plant breeding can be explored to improve the allelopathic potential of crop cultivars. In conclusion, it is possible to benefit from the potential of allelopathy to suppress weeds in field crops. Allelopathy is of special importance for ecological, sustainable and integrated weed management systems.
References:
Abbas, T., Ahmad, A. and Kamal, A. 2021. Ways to use allelopathic potential for weed management: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 5: 492-498.
Abou El-Enin, M.M. and Abdel-Ghffa, M.A.F. 2017. Allelopathic effect of peanut, sunflower and corn crops on germination and growth of some winter weeds. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 2: 257-263.
Achatz, M. and Rillig, M.C. 2014. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enhance transport of the allelochemical juglone in the field. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 78: 76-82.
Adler, M.J. and Chase, C.A. 2007. Comparison of the allelopathic potential of leguminous summer cover crops: cowpea, sunn hemp, and velvetbean. Hortscience 42: 289-293.
Ahn, J.K., Hahn, S.J., Kim, J.T., Khanh, T.D. and Chung, I.M. 2005. Evaluation of allelopaahic potential among rice Oryza sativa L. germplasm for control of Echinochloa crus-galli P. Beauv in the field. Crop Protection 24(5): 413-419.
Alam, M.A., Hakim, M.A., Juraimi, A.S., Rafii, M.Y., Hasan, M.M. and Aslani, F. 2018. Potential allelopathic effects of rice plant aqueous extracts on germination and seedling growth of some rice field common weeds. Italian Journal of Agronomy 13: 134-140.
Alcantara, C., Pujadas, A. and Saavedra, M. 2011. Management of Sinapis alba subsp. mairei winter cover crop residues for summer weed control in southern Spain. Crop Protection 30: 1239-1244.
Al-Johani, N.S., Aytah, A.A. and Boutraa, T. 2012. Allelopathic impact of two weeds, Chenopodium murale and Malva parviflora on growth and photosynthesis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 44: 1865-1872.
Alsaadawi, I.S., Sarbout, A.K. and Al-Shamma, L.M. 2010. Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science 58(10): 1-10.
Al-Sherif, E., Hegazy, A.K., Gomaa, N.H. and Hassan, M.O. 2013. Allelopathic effect of black mustard tissues and root exudates on some crops and weeds. Planta Daninha 31: 11-19.
Altieri, M.A., Lana, M.A. and Bittencourt, H.V. 2011. Enhancing crop productivity via weed suppression in organic no-till cropping systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 35: 855-869.
Alvarez-Iglesias, L., Puig, C.G., Revilla, P., Reigosa, M.J. and Pedrol, N. 2018. Faba bean as green manure for field weed control in maize. Weed Research 58: 437-449.
Amosse, C., Jeuffroy, M.H., Celette, F. and David, C. 2013. Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production. European Journal of Agronomy 49: 158-167.
Annett, R., Habibi, H.R. and Hontela, A. 2014. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate based herbicides on the freshwater environment. Journal of Applied Toxicology 34: 458-479.
Asaduzzaman, M. and Pramanik, M.H.R. 2005. Allelopathic effect of rice straw in soil on nutrient and chlorophyll contents of transplanted aman rice. Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science 11: 359-363.
Asaduzzaman, M., An, M., Pratley, J.E., Luckett, D.J. and Lemerle, D. 2014. Canola Brassica napus germplasm shows variable allelopathic effects against annual ryegrass Lolium rigidum. Plant and Soil 380(1/2): 47-56.
Ashrafi, Y.Z., Sadeghi, S. and Mashhadi, H.R. 2007. Allelopathic effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare) on germination and growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 13: 99-112.
Bajgai, Y., Kristiansen, P., Hulugalle, N. and McHenry, M. 2013. Comparison of organic and conventional managements on yields, nutrients and weeds in a corn-cabbage rotation. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30: 132-142.
Bangarwa, S.K. and Norsworthy, J.K. 2014. Brassicaceae cover-crop effects on weed management in plasticulture tomato. Journal of Crop Improvement 28(2): 145-158.
Bergin, D. 2011. Weed Control Options for Coastal Sand Dunes: a Review. Pp. 5-13. New Zealand Forest Research Institute LTD.
Bernstein, E.R., Stoltenberg, D.E., Posner, J.L. and Hedtcke, J.L. 2014. Weed community dynamics and suppression in tilled and no-tillage transitional organic winter rye-soybean systems. Weed Science 62: 125-137.
Bertholdsson, N.O., Andersson, S.C. and Merker, A. 2012. Allelopathic potential of Triticum spp., Secale spp. and Triticosecale spp. and use of chromosome substitutions and translocations to improve weed suppression ability in winter wheat. Plant Breeding 131: 75-80.
Bond, W. and Grundy, A. 2001. Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research 41: 383-405.
Brooker, R.W., Bennett, A.E. and Cong, W.F. 2015. Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. New Phytologist 206: 107-117.
Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Radicetti, E. and Caporali, F. 2010. Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Crop Protection 29: 354-363.
Campiglia, E., Radicetti, E. and Mancinelli, R. 2012. Weed control strategies and yield response in a pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) mulched with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) residues. Crop Protection 33: 65-73.
Carballido, J., Rodríguez-Lizana, A., Agüera, J. and Perez-Ruiz, M. 2013. Field sprayer for inter and intra-row weed control: performance and labor savings. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 11: 642-651.
Chauvel, B., Guillemin, J.P., Gasquez, J. and Gauvrit, C. 2012. History of chemical weeding from 1944 to 2011 in France: changes and evolution of herbicide molecules. Crop Protection 42: 320-326.
Chung, I., Kim, K. and Ahn, J. 2002. Screening of allelochemicals on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and identification of potentially allelopathic compounds from rice (Oryza sativa) variety hull extracts. Crop Protection 21: 913-920.
Corre-Hellou, G., Dibet, A. and Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. 2011. The competitive ability of peaebarley intercrops against weeds and the interactions with crop productivity and soil N availability. Field Crops Research 122: 264-272.
Dhima, S., Vasilakoglou, I., Eleftherohorinos, I. and Lithourgidis, A. 2005. Allelopathic potential of winter cereals and their cover crop mulch effect on grass weed suppression and sugar beet development. Crop Science 46(1): 1682-1691.
Didon, U.M., Kolseth, A.K., Widmark, D. and Persson, P. 2014. Cover crop residues effects on germination and early growth of annual weeds. Weed Science 62: 294-302.
Dmitrovic, S., Simonovic, A. and Mitic, N. 2015. Hairy root exudates of allelopathic weed Chenopodium murale L. induce oxidative stress and down-regulate core cell cycle genes in Arabidopsis and wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 75(1): 365-382.
Dube, E., Chiduza, C. and Muchaonyerwa, P. 2012. Winter cover crops and fertiliser effects on the weed seed bank in a low-input maize-based conservation agriculture system. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29: 195-197.
Fahey, J.W., Zalcmann, A.T. and Talalay, P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry 56(1): 5-51.
Farooq, M., Jabran, K., Cheema, Z.A., Wahid, A. and Siddique, K.H. 2011. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science 67: 493-506.
Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A.A. and Rubiales, D. 2010. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Crop Protection 29: 867-871.
Finney, D.M., Creamer, N.G. and Schultheis, J.R. 2009. Sorghum sudangrass as a summer cover and hay crop for organic fall cabbage production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24: 225-233.
Fragasso, M., Iannucci, A. and Papa, R. 2013. Durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 375.
Gealy, D., Moldenhauer, K. and Duke, S. 2013. Root distribution and potential interactions between allelopathic rice, sprangletop (Leptochloa spp.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) based on 13C isotope discrimination analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39: 186-203.
Gianessi, L.P. 2013. The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production. Pest Management Science 69: 1099-1105.
Gonzalez-Díaz, L., Van Den Berg, F., Van Den Bosch, F. and Gonzalez-Andújar, J.L. 2012. Controlling annual weeds in cereals by deploying crop rotation at the landscape scale: Avena sterilis as an example. Ecological Applications 22: 982-992.
Griepentrog, H.W. and Dedousis, A.P. 2010. Mechanical Weed Control. Pp. 171-179. Soil engineering. Springer.
Halkier, B.A. and Gershenzon, J. 2006. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 303-333.
Haramoto, E.R. and Gallandt, E.R. 2004. Brassica cover cropping for weed management: a review. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19: 187-198.
Haramoto, E.R. and Gallandt, E.R. 2005. Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment. Weed Science 53: 695-701.
Hoppin, J.A. 2014. Pesticides and respiratory health: where do we go from here? Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71(2): 80.
Ibrahim, M., Ahmad, N., Shinwari, Z.K., Bano, A. and Ullah, F. 2013. Allelopathic assessment of genetically modified and non-modified maize (Zea mays L.) on physiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 45: 235-240.
Jabran, K., Cheema, Z.A., Farooq, M. and Hussain, M. 2010. Lower doses of pendimethalin mixed with allelopathic crop water extracts for weed management in canola (Brassica napus). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12: 335-340.
Jabran, K. and Farooq, M. 2013. Implications of Potential Allelopathic Crops in Agricultural Systems. Pp. 349-385. In: Cheema, Z., Farooq, M. and Wahid, A. (eds.). Allelopathy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Javaid, A., Shafique, S., Bajwa, R. and Shafique, S. 2006. Effect of aqueous extracts of allelopathic crops on germination and growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L. South African Journal of Botany 72: 609-612.
Kandhro, M.N., Tunio, S., Rajpar, I. and Chachar, Q. 2014. Allelopathic impact of sorghum and sunflower intercropping on weed management and yield enhancement in cotton. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 30: 311-318.
Khaliq, A., Matloob, A. and Shafiq, H.M. 2011. Evaluating sequential application of pre and post emergence herbicides in dry seededfine rice. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 17: 111-123.
Khan, M.B., Ahmad, M. and Hussain, M. 2012. Allelopathic plant water extracts tank mixed with reduced doses of atrazine efficiently control Trianthema portulacastrum L. in Zea mays L. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22: 339-346.
Khanh, T.D., Cong, L.C., Chung, I.M., Xuan, T.D. and Tawata, S. 2009. Variation of weed suppressing potential of Vietnamese rice cultivars against barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in laboratory, greenhouse and field screenings. Journal of Plant Interactions 4: 209-218.
Kong, C.H., Xiong-Hui, C., Fei, H. and Song-Zhu, Z. 2011. Breeding of commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivars in China. Pest Management Science 67(9): 1100-1106.
Macias, F.A., Oliveros-Bastidas, A. and Marin Mateos, D. 2014. Evidence for an allelopathic interaction between rye and wild oats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 9450-9457.
Mahajan, G. and Chauhan, B.S. 2013. The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry seeded rice production systems. Crop Protection 49: 52-57.
Mahmood, K., Khaliq, A., Cheema, Z.A, and Arshad, M. 2013. Allelopathic activity of Pakistani wheat genotypes against wild oat Avena fatua L. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 50(2): 169-176.
Moran, P. and Greenberg, S. 2008. Winter cover crops and vinegar for early-season weed control in sustainable cotton. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 32: 483-506.
Morra, M.J. and Kirkegaard, J.A. 2002. Isothiocyanate release from soil-incorporated Brassica tissues. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 1683-1690.
Muhammad, Z. and Majeed, A., 2014. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sunflower on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 1715-1718.
Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K. and Still, J. 2011. Evaluation of cereal and Brassicaceae cover crops in conservation-tillage, enhanced, glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technology 25: 6-13.
Norsworthy, J.K. and Meehan IV, J.T. 2005. Use of isothiocyanates for suppression of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Science 53: 884-890.
Oerke, E.C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science 144: 31-43.
Oerke, E.C., Dehne, H.W., Schonbeck, F. and Weber, A. 1994. Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Elsevier, B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 808pp.
Petersen, J., Belz, R., Walker, F. and Hurle, K., 2001. Weed suppression by release of isothiocyanates from turnip-rape mulch. Agronomy Journal 93(1): 37-43.
Pheng, S., Olofsdotter, M., Jahn, G. and Adkins, S.W. 2009. Potential allelopathic rice lines for weed management in Cambodian rice production. Weed Biology and Management 9: 259-266.
Powles, S.B. 2008. Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt. Pest Management Science 64: 360-365.
Rahaman, F., Juraimi, A.S. and Rafii, M.Y. 2021. Allelopathic effect of selected rice (Oryza sativa) varieties against barnyard grass (Echinochloa cruss-gulli). Plants 10(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102017.
Rajcan, I. and Swanton, C.J. 2001. Understanding maize–weed competition: resource competition, light quality and the whole plant. Field Crop Research 71(2): 139-150.
Razzaq, A., Cheema, Z. and Jabran, K. 2012. Reduced herbicide doses used together with allelopathic sorghum and sunflower water extracts for weed control in wheat. Journal of Plant Protection Research 52: 281-285.
Razzaq, A., Cheema, Z.A. and Jabran, K. 2010. Weed management in wheat through combination of allelopathic water extracts with reduced doses of herbicides. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 16: 247-256.
Reberg-Horton, S.C., Burton, J.D., Danehower, D.A., Ma, G, Monks, D.W., Murphy, J.P., Ranells, N.N., Williamson, J.D. and Creamer, N.G. 2005. Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye Secale cereale L. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(1): 179-193.
Rice, A., Johnson-Maynard, J., Thill, D. and Morra, M., 2007. Vegetable crop emergence and weed control following amendment with different Brassicaceae seed meals. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22(3): 204-212.
Rueda-Ayala, V., Rasmussen, J., Gerhards, R. and Fournaise, N.E. 2011. The influence of post-emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Weed Research 51: 478-488.
Rugare, J.T., Pieterse, P.J. and Mabasa, S. 2021. Allelopathic potential of green manure cover crops on germination and early seedling development of goose grass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn] and blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.). International Journal of Agronomy 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6552928.
Runzika, M., Rugare, J.T. and Mabasa, S. 2013. Screening green manure cover crops for their allelopathic effects on some important weeds found in Zimbabwe. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 3: 554-565.
Sahoo, T.R., Behera, B. and Paikaray, R.K. 2023. Effects of sunflower residue management options on productivity and profitability of succeeding rice under different crop establishment methods. Field Crops Research 290: 108763.
Saudy, H.S. 2015. Maize-cowpea intercropping as an ecological approach for nitrogen use rationalization and weed suppression. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 61: 1-14.
Scavo, A. and Mauromicale, G. 2020. Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy 10: 466-475.
Schulz, M., Marocco, A., Tabaglio, V., Macias, F.A. and Molinillo, J.M. 2013. Benzoxazinoids in rye allelopathy-from discovery to application in sustainable weed control and organic farming. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39: 154-174.
Silva, E.M. 2014. Screeningfive fall-sown cover crops for use in organic no-till crop production in the upper Midwest. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38: 748-763.
Smith, R.G., Ryan, M.R. and Menalled, F.D. 2011. Direct and indirect impacts of weed management practices on soil quality. Pp. 275-286. In: Hatfield, J.L. and Sauer, T.J. (eds.). Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI.
Starling, A.P., Umbach, D.M. and Kamel, F. 2014. Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the agricultural health study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71: 629-635.
Sun, B., Kong, C.H., Wang, P. and Qu, R. 2012. Response and relation of allantoin production in different rice cultivars to competing barnyardgrass. Plant Ecology 213: 1917-1926.
Tabaglio, V., Gavazzi, C., Schulz, M. and Marocco, A. 2008. Alternative weed control using the allelopathic effect of natural benzoxazinoids from rye mulch. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28: 397-401.
Tabaglio, V., Marocco, A. and Schulz, M. 2013. Allelopathic cover crop of rye for integrated weed control in sustainable agroecosystems. Italian Journal of Agronomy 8: 35-40.
Tesio, F. and Ferrero, A. 2010. Allelopathy, a chance for sustainable weed management. International Journal of Sustainable Development 17: 377-389.
Tibugari, H., Manyeruke, N. and Mafere, G. 2019. Allelopathic effect of stressing sorghum on weed growth. Cogent Biology 5: 1684865.
Tursun, N., Demir, Z. and Jabran, K. 2018. Use of living, mowed, and soil- incorporated cover crops for weed control in apricot orchards. Agronomy 8: 150-159.
Wang, P., Zhang, X. and Kong, C. 2013. The response of allelopathic rice growth and microbial feedback to barnyard grass infestation in a paddy field experiment. European Journal of Soil Biology 56: 26-32.
Weston, L.A., Alsaadawi, I.S. and Baerson, S.R. 2013. Sorghum allelopathydfrom ecosystem to molecule. Journal of Chemical Ecoloy 39: 142-153.
Weston, L.A., Ryan, P.R. and Watt, M. 2012. Mechanisms for cellular transport and release of allelochemicals from plant roots into the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany 63: 3445-3454.
Young, S.L., Pierce, F.J. and Nowak, P. 2014. Introduction [to automation: the future of weed control in cropping systems]: scope of the problem-rising costs and demand for environmental safety for weed control. West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, 9pp
Zeng, R.S. 2014. Allelopathy-the solution is indirect. Journal of Chemical Ecology 40: 515-516.
Zhang, F.J., Guo, J.Y., Liu, W.X. and Wan, F.H. 2012. Influence of coastal plain yellowtops (Flaveria bidentis) residues on growth of cotton seedlings and soil fertility. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58: 1117-1128.
Zimdahl, R.L. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science, 4th. ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 664pp.
Zuo, S., Liu, G. and Li, M. 2012. Genetic basis of allelopathic potential of winter wheat based on the perspective of quantitative trait locus. Field Crops Research 135(30): 67-73.
Abbas, T., Ahmad, A. and Kamal, A. 2021. Ways to use allelopathic potential for weed management: a review. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 5: 492-498.
Abou El-Enin, M.M. and Abdel-Ghffa, M.A.F. 2017. Allelopathic effect of peanut, sunflower and corn crops on germination and growth of some winter weeds. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 2: 257-263.
Achatz, M. and Rillig, M.C. 2014. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae enhance transport of the allelochemical juglone in the field. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 78: 76-82.
Adler, M.J. and Chase, C.A. 2007. Comparison of the allelopathic potential of leguminous summer cover crops: cowpea, sunn hemp, and velvetbean. Hortscience 42: 289-293.
Ahn, J.K., Hahn, S.J., Kim, J.T., Khanh, T.D. and Chung, I.M. 2005. Evaluation of allelopaahic potential among rice Oryza sativa L. germplasm for control of Echinochloa crus-galli P. Beauv in the field. Crop Protection 24(5): 413-419.
Alam, M.A., Hakim, M.A., Juraimi, A.S., Rafii, M.Y., Hasan, M.M. and Aslani, F. 2018. Potential allelopathic effects of rice plant aqueous extracts on germination and seedling growth of some rice field common weeds. Italian Journal of Agronomy 13: 134-140.
Alcantara, C., Pujadas, A. and Saavedra, M. 2011. Management of Sinapis alba subsp. mairei winter cover crop residues for summer weed control in southern Spain. Crop Protection 30: 1239-1244.
Al-Johani, N.S., Aytah, A.A. and Boutraa, T. 2012. Allelopathic impact of two weeds, Chenopodium murale and Malva parviflora on growth and photosynthesis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 44: 1865-1872.
Alsaadawi, I.S., Sarbout, A.K. and Al-Shamma, L.M. 2010. Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science 58(10): 1-10.
Al-Sherif, E., Hegazy, A.K., Gomaa, N.H. and Hassan, M.O. 2013. Allelopathic effect of black mustard tissues and root exudates on some crops and weeds. Planta Daninha 31: 11-19.
Altieri, M.A., Lana, M.A. and Bittencourt, H.V. 2011. Enhancing crop productivity via weed suppression in organic no-till cropping systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 35: 855-869.
Alvarez-Iglesias, L., Puig, C.G., Revilla, P., Reigosa, M.J. and Pedrol, N. 2018. Faba bean as green manure for field weed control in maize. Weed Research 58: 437-449.
Amosse, C., Jeuffroy, M.H., Celette, F. and David, C. 2013. Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production. European Journal of Agronomy 49: 158-167.
Annett, R., Habibi, H.R. and Hontela, A. 2014. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate based herbicides on the freshwater environment. Journal of Applied Toxicology 34: 458-479.
Asaduzzaman, M. and Pramanik, M.H.R. 2005. Allelopathic effect of rice straw in soil on nutrient and chlorophyll contents of transplanted aman rice. Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Science 11: 359-363.
Asaduzzaman, M., An, M., Pratley, J.E., Luckett, D.J. and Lemerle, D. 2014. Canola Brassica napus germplasm shows variable allelopathic effects against annual ryegrass Lolium rigidum. Plant and Soil 380(1/2): 47-56.
Ashrafi, Y.Z., Sadeghi, S. and Mashhadi, H.R. 2007. Allelopathic effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare) on germination and growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 13: 99-112.
Bajgai, Y., Kristiansen, P., Hulugalle, N. and McHenry, M. 2013. Comparison of organic and conventional managements on yields, nutrients and weeds in a corn-cabbage rotation. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30: 132-142.
Bangarwa, S.K. and Norsworthy, J.K. 2014. Brassicaceae cover-crop effects on weed management in plasticulture tomato. Journal of Crop Improvement 28(2): 145-158.
Bergin, D. 2011. Weed Control Options for Coastal Sand Dunes: a Review. Pp. 5-13. New Zealand Forest Research Institute LTD.
Bernstein, E.R., Stoltenberg, D.E., Posner, J.L. and Hedtcke, J.L. 2014. Weed community dynamics and suppression in tilled and no-tillage transitional organic winter rye-soybean systems. Weed Science 62: 125-137.
Bertholdsson, N.O., Andersson, S.C. and Merker, A. 2012. Allelopathic potential of Triticum spp., Secale spp. and Triticosecale spp. and use of chromosome substitutions and translocations to improve weed suppression ability in winter wheat. Plant Breeding 131: 75-80.
Bond, W. and Grundy, A. 2001. Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Research 41: 383-405.
Brooker, R.W., Bennett, A.E. and Cong, W.F. 2015. Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology. New Phytologist 206: 107-117.
Campiglia, E., Mancinelli, R., Radicetti, E. and Caporali, F. 2010. Effect of cover crops and mulches on weed control and nitrogen fertilization in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Crop Protection 29: 354-363.
Campiglia, E., Radicetti, E. and Mancinelli, R. 2012. Weed control strategies and yield response in a pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) mulched with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) residues. Crop Protection 33: 65-73.
Carballido, J., Rodríguez-Lizana, A., Agüera, J. and Perez-Ruiz, M. 2013. Field sprayer for inter and intra-row weed control: performance and labor savings. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 11: 642-651.
Chauvel, B., Guillemin, J.P., Gasquez, J. and Gauvrit, C. 2012. History of chemical weeding from 1944 to 2011 in France: changes and evolution of herbicide molecules. Crop Protection 42: 320-326.
Chung, I., Kim, K. and Ahn, J. 2002. Screening of allelochemicals on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and identification of potentially allelopathic compounds from rice (Oryza sativa) variety hull extracts. Crop Protection 21: 913-920.
Corre-Hellou, G., Dibet, A. and Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. 2011. The competitive ability of peaebarley intercrops against weeds and the interactions with crop productivity and soil N availability. Field Crops Research 122: 264-272.
Dhima, S., Vasilakoglou, I., Eleftherohorinos, I. and Lithourgidis, A. 2005. Allelopathic potential of winter cereals and their cover crop mulch effect on grass weed suppression and sugar beet development. Crop Science 46(1): 1682-1691.
Didon, U.M., Kolseth, A.K., Widmark, D. and Persson, P. 2014. Cover crop residues effects on germination and early growth of annual weeds. Weed Science 62: 294-302.
Dmitrovic, S., Simonovic, A. and Mitic, N. 2015. Hairy root exudates of allelopathic weed Chenopodium murale L. induce oxidative stress and down-regulate core cell cycle genes in Arabidopsis and wheat seedlings. Plant Growth Regulation 75(1): 365-382.
Dube, E., Chiduza, C. and Muchaonyerwa, P. 2012. Winter cover crops and fertiliser effects on the weed seed bank in a low-input maize-based conservation agriculture system. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 29: 195-197.
Fahey, J.W., Zalcmann, A.T. and Talalay, P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry 56(1): 5-51.
Farooq, M., Jabran, K., Cheema, Z.A., Wahid, A. and Siddique, K.H. 2011. The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science 67: 493-506.
Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A.A. and Rubiales, D. 2010. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Crop Protection 29: 867-871.
Finney, D.M., Creamer, N.G. and Schultheis, J.R. 2009. Sorghum sudangrass as a summer cover and hay crop for organic fall cabbage production. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24: 225-233.
Fragasso, M., Iannucci, A. and Papa, R. 2013. Durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 375.
Gealy, D., Moldenhauer, K. and Duke, S. 2013. Root distribution and potential interactions between allelopathic rice, sprangletop (Leptochloa spp.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) based on 13C isotope discrimination analysis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39: 186-203.
Gianessi, L.P. 2013. The increasing importance of herbicides in worldwide crop production. Pest Management Science 69: 1099-1105.
Gonzalez-Díaz, L., Van Den Berg, F., Van Den Bosch, F. and Gonzalez-Andújar, J.L. 2012. Controlling annual weeds in cereals by deploying crop rotation at the landscape scale: Avena sterilis as an example. Ecological Applications 22: 982-992.
Griepentrog, H.W. and Dedousis, A.P. 2010. Mechanical Weed Control. Pp. 171-179. Soil engineering. Springer.
Halkier, B.A. and Gershenzon, J. 2006. Biology and biochemistry of glucosinolates. Annual Review of Plant Biology 57: 303-333.
Haramoto, E.R. and Gallandt, E.R. 2004. Brassica cover cropping for weed management: a review. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19: 187-198.
Haramoto, E.R. and Gallandt, E.R. 2005. Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment. Weed Science 53: 695-701.
Hoppin, J.A. 2014. Pesticides and respiratory health: where do we go from here? Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71(2): 80.
Ibrahim, M., Ahmad, N., Shinwari, Z.K., Bano, A. and Ullah, F. 2013. Allelopathic assessment of genetically modified and non-modified maize (Zea mays L.) on physiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 45: 235-240.
Jabran, K., Cheema, Z.A., Farooq, M. and Hussain, M. 2010. Lower doses of pendimethalin mixed with allelopathic crop water extracts for weed management in canola (Brassica napus). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12: 335-340.
Jabran, K. and Farooq, M. 2013. Implications of Potential Allelopathic Crops in Agricultural Systems. Pp. 349-385. In: Cheema, Z., Farooq, M. and Wahid, A. (eds.). Allelopathy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Javaid, A., Shafique, S., Bajwa, R. and Shafique, S. 2006. Effect of aqueous extracts of allelopathic crops on germination and growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L. South African Journal of Botany 72: 609-612.
Kandhro, M.N., Tunio, S., Rajpar, I. and Chachar, Q. 2014. Allelopathic impact of sorghum and sunflower intercropping on weed management and yield enhancement in cotton. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 30: 311-318.
Khaliq, A., Matloob, A. and Shafiq, H.M. 2011. Evaluating sequential application of pre and post emergence herbicides in dry seededfine rice. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 17: 111-123.
Khan, M.B., Ahmad, M. and Hussain, M. 2012. Allelopathic plant water extracts tank mixed with reduced doses of atrazine efficiently control Trianthema portulacastrum L. in Zea mays L. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22: 339-346.
Khanh, T.D., Cong, L.C., Chung, I.M., Xuan, T.D. and Tawata, S. 2009. Variation of weed suppressing potential of Vietnamese rice cultivars against barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in laboratory, greenhouse and field screenings. Journal of Plant Interactions 4: 209-218.
Kong, C.H., Xiong-Hui, C., Fei, H. and Song-Zhu, Z. 2011. Breeding of commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivars in China. Pest Management Science 67(9): 1100-1106.
Macias, F.A., Oliveros-Bastidas, A. and Marin Mateos, D. 2014. Evidence for an allelopathic interaction between rye and wild oats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62: 9450-9457.
Mahajan, G. and Chauhan, B.S. 2013. The role of cultivars in managing weeds in dry seeded rice production systems. Crop Protection 49: 52-57.
Mahmood, K., Khaliq, A., Cheema, Z.A, and Arshad, M. 2013. Allelopathic activity of Pakistani wheat genotypes against wild oat Avena fatua L. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research 50(2): 169-176.
Moran, P. and Greenberg, S. 2008. Winter cover crops and vinegar for early-season weed control in sustainable cotton. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 32: 483-506.
Morra, M.J. and Kirkegaard, J.A. 2002. Isothiocyanate release from soil-incorporated Brassica tissues. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 1683-1690.
Muhammad, Z. and Majeed, A., 2014. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of sunflower on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 1715-1718.
Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K. and Still, J. 2011. Evaluation of cereal and Brassicaceae cover crops in conservation-tillage, enhanced, glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technology 25: 6-13.
Norsworthy, J.K. and Meehan IV, J.T. 2005. Use of isothiocyanates for suppression of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Weed Science 53: 884-890.
Oerke, E.C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science 144: 31-43.
Oerke, E.C., Dehne, H.W., Schonbeck, F. and Weber, A. 1994. Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Elsevier, B.V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 808pp.
Petersen, J., Belz, R., Walker, F. and Hurle, K., 2001. Weed suppression by release of isothiocyanates from turnip-rape mulch. Agronomy Journal 93(1): 37-43.
Pheng, S., Olofsdotter, M., Jahn, G. and Adkins, S.W. 2009. Potential allelopathic rice lines for weed management in Cambodian rice production. Weed Biology and Management 9: 259-266.
Powles, S.B. 2008. Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt. Pest Management Science 64: 360-365.
Rahaman, F., Juraimi, A.S. and Rafii, M.Y. 2021. Allelopathic effect of selected rice (Oryza sativa) varieties against barnyard grass (Echinochloa cruss-gulli). Plants 10(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102017.
Rajcan, I. and Swanton, C.J. 2001. Understanding maize–weed competition: resource competition, light quality and the whole plant. Field Crop Research 71(2): 139-150.
Razzaq, A., Cheema, Z. and Jabran, K. 2012. Reduced herbicide doses used together with allelopathic sorghum and sunflower water extracts for weed control in wheat. Journal of Plant Protection Research 52: 281-285.
Razzaq, A., Cheema, Z.A. and Jabran, K. 2010. Weed management in wheat through combination of allelopathic water extracts with reduced doses of herbicides. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 16: 247-256.
Reberg-Horton, S.C., Burton, J.D., Danehower, D.A., Ma, G, Monks, D.W., Murphy, J.P., Ranells, N.N., Williamson, J.D. and Creamer, N.G. 2005. Changes over time in the allelochemical content of ten cultivars of rye Secale cereale L. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31(1): 179-193.
Rice, A., Johnson-Maynard, J., Thill, D. and Morra, M., 2007. Vegetable crop emergence and weed control following amendment with different Brassicaceae seed meals. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22(3): 204-212.
Rueda-Ayala, V., Rasmussen, J., Gerhards, R. and Fournaise, N.E. 2011. The influence of post-emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. Weed Research 51: 478-488.
Rugare, J.T., Pieterse, P.J. and Mabasa, S. 2021. Allelopathic potential of green manure cover crops on germination and early seedling development of goose grass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn] and blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.). International Journal of Agronomy 12, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6552928.
Runzika, M., Rugare, J.T. and Mabasa, S. 2013. Screening green manure cover crops for their allelopathic effects on some important weeds found in Zimbabwe. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 3: 554-565.
Sahoo, T.R., Behera, B. and Paikaray, R.K. 2023. Effects of sunflower residue management options on productivity and profitability of succeeding rice under different crop establishment methods. Field Crops Research 290: 108763.
Saudy, H.S. 2015. Maize-cowpea intercropping as an ecological approach for nitrogen use rationalization and weed suppression. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 61: 1-14.
Scavo, A. and Mauromicale, G. 2020. Integrated weed management in herbaceous field crops. Agronomy 10: 466-475.
Schulz, M., Marocco, A., Tabaglio, V., Macias, F.A. and Molinillo, J.M. 2013. Benzoxazinoids in rye allelopathy-from discovery to application in sustainable weed control and organic farming. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39: 154-174.
Silva, E.M. 2014. Screeningfive fall-sown cover crops for use in organic no-till crop production in the upper Midwest. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 38: 748-763.
Smith, R.G., Ryan, M.R. and Menalled, F.D. 2011. Direct and indirect impacts of weed management practices on soil quality. Pp. 275-286. In: Hatfield, J.L. and Sauer, T.J. (eds.). Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI.
Starling, A.P., Umbach, D.M. and Kamel, F. 2014. Pesticide use and incident diabetes among wives of farmers in the agricultural health study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 71: 629-635.
Sun, B., Kong, C.H., Wang, P. and Qu, R. 2012. Response and relation of allantoin production in different rice cultivars to competing barnyardgrass. Plant Ecology 213: 1917-1926.
Tabaglio, V., Gavazzi, C., Schulz, M. and Marocco, A. 2008. Alternative weed control using the allelopathic effect of natural benzoxazinoids from rye mulch. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28: 397-401.
Tabaglio, V., Marocco, A. and Schulz, M. 2013. Allelopathic cover crop of rye for integrated weed control in sustainable agroecosystems. Italian Journal of Agronomy 8: 35-40.
Tesio, F. and Ferrero, A. 2010. Allelopathy, a chance for sustainable weed management. International Journal of Sustainable Development 17: 377-389.
Tibugari, H., Manyeruke, N. and Mafere, G. 2019. Allelopathic effect of stressing sorghum on weed growth. Cogent Biology 5: 1684865.
Tursun, N., Demir, Z. and Jabran, K. 2018. Use of living, mowed, and soil- incorporated cover crops for weed control in apricot orchards. Agronomy 8: 150-159.
Wang, P., Zhang, X. and Kong, C. 2013. The response of allelopathic rice growth and microbial feedback to barnyard grass infestation in a paddy field experiment. European Journal of Soil Biology 56: 26-32.
Weston, L.A., Alsaadawi, I.S. and Baerson, S.R. 2013. Sorghum allelopathydfrom ecosystem to molecule. Journal of Chemical Ecoloy 39: 142-153.
Weston, L.A., Ryan, P.R. and Watt, M. 2012. Mechanisms for cellular transport and release of allelochemicals from plant roots into the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany 63: 3445-3454.
Young, S.L., Pierce, F.J. and Nowak, P. 2014. Introduction [to automation: the future of weed control in cropping systems]: scope of the problem-rising costs and demand for environmental safety for weed control. West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, 9pp
Zeng, R.S. 2014. Allelopathy-the solution is indirect. Journal of Chemical Ecology 40: 515-516.
Zhang, F.J., Guo, J.Y., Liu, W.X. and Wan, F.H. 2012. Influence of coastal plain yellowtops (Flaveria bidentis) residues on growth of cotton seedlings and soil fertility. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58: 1117-1128.
Zimdahl, R.L. 2013. Fundamentals of Weed Science, 4th. ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA. 664pp.
Zuo, S., Liu, G. and Li, M. 2012. Genetic basis of allelopathic potential of winter wheat based on the perspective of quantitative trait locus. Field Crops Research 135(30): 67-73.
