دگرآسیبی: روش علمی سازگار برای مدیریت پایدار علف های هرز
الموضوعات :
1 - مربی، گروه مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای، تهران، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: پیام رسان شیمیایی, علف کش, فرونشانی, محصولات پوششی, مدیریت تلفیقی,
ملخص المقالة :
امروزه وابستگی به علفکشهای شیمیایی به شدت بر محیط و اکوسیستم تأثیر گذاشته است. راهبردهای جایگزین مدیریت پایدار علفهای هرز مانند دگرآسیبی میتوانند در برنامههای مدیریت تلفیقی علفهای هرز به منظور کاهش استفاده از علفکشهای شیمیایی گنجانده شوند. دگـرآسیبی، پاسخ گیـاه به محرکهای خارجی با آزادسازی متابولیتهای ثانویه است. این پدیده بهطور بالقوه میتواند مدیریت سالمتر علفهای هرز را از نظر محیطی تسهیل کند و از نگرانی‌های مرتبط با استفاده نادرست از مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی برای مدیریت آفات و علفهای هرز جلوگیری کند. این مقاله مروری کاربرد عملی دگرآسیبی برای کنترل علفهای هرز را در سیستمهای کشاورزی ارائه میدهد. در منابع متعدد، چاودار، سورگوم، برنج، آفتابگردان، کلزا و گندم بهعنوان محصولات دگرآسیب مهم ثبت شدهاند. این محصولات توانایی دگرآسیبی خود را با انتشار پیام رسانهایی نشان میدهند که نه تنها علفهای هرز را سرکوب می‌کنند، بلکه فعالیت‌های میکروبی زیرزمینی را تقویت می‌سازند. ارقام زراعی دارای توانایی دگرآسیب را میتوان برای فرونشانی علفهای هرز تحت شرایط مزرعه کشت کرد. علاوه بر این، انواع مختلفی از گیاهان دگرآسیب را میتوان با محصولات دیگر برای مدیریت علفهای هرز بهصورت مخلوط کشت کرد. استفاده از محصولات پوششی دگرآسیب و مالچها میتوانند فشار علفهای هرز را در محصولات زراعی کاهش دهند. تناوب یک محصول رایج با یک محصول دگرآسیب برای یک فصل، یکی دیگر از روشهای کنترل دگرآسیب علفهای هرز است. نکته مهم آنکه، بهنژادی گیاهی را میتوان برای بهبود توانایی دگرآسیبی ارقام زراعی مورد بررسی قرار داد. در نتیجه از پتانسیل دگرآسیبی میتوان برای فرونشانی علفهای هرز در محصولات زراعی بهرهمند شد. دگرآسیبی برای سیستمهای مدیریت بومشناختی، پایدار و تلفیقی علفهای هرز از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است.
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