Adaptation of the urban façade movement algorithm to the behavioral pattern of Morning Glory in line with sustainable urban development
Subject Areas : Sustainable urban development
Zahra Yarmahmoodi
1
,
Tahereh Nasr
2
,
Hamed Moztarzadeh
3
1 - Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor in Urban Planning, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
3 - Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
Keywords: Kinetic Shading Device, Radiation Analysis, Daylight Simulation, Urban Facades, Sustainable Urban Development,
Abstract :
Today, with the advancement of technology, energy consumption has increased. For this reason, the smart city has been proposed as one of the solutions to controlling energy consumption. One of the solutions that have been presented for this problem so far is the use of the kinetic shading device, which is usually used in hot and dry climates where there is more sunlight. The design of smart facades can have a special form and movement pattern so that a unique facade can be designed visually, dynamically, and according to the surrounding environment and the needs of the building users. Therefore, the current research aims to design a kinetic shading device for the building’s facade in the hot and dry climate of Yazd to control daylight. The source of inspiration for the current research is the movement pattern of the Morning Glory, which opens and closes according to daylight. The methods of collecting information are libraries, documents, and the internet, and the research method is modeling-simulation. Parametric modeling is done with Rhino6 software and the Grasshopper plugin; sunlight radiation analysis is done with the Ladybug plugin; and daylight simulation is done with the Honeybee plugin. The research results indicate that the use of the building’s kinetic shading device inspired by the movement pattern of the Morning Glory can reduce 70% of the daylight radiation absorbed by the facade transparent surface in the case of closed panels, and in addition, 85% of the penetration of daylight into the interior space is reduced, which causes a 13% decrease in the thermal zone temperature. Therefore, in the hot seasons, the shading device controls daylight, reduces the cooling load, and ultimately reduces the energy consumption of the building. Extended Abstract Introduction: With the advancement of technology, energy consumption has also increased. This has caused energy consumption management to become the main concern of urban planners. One of the solutions to reduce energy consumption is to design the city smartly. A smart city is a purposeful place to achieve sustainability and, as a result, control energy consumption and reduce environmental pollution. For example, in a hot and dry climate, such as Yazd city, by using an external shading device on a transparent facade, it is possible to control daylight, reduce the sunlight radiation absorbed by the building facade, and finally reduce the internal temperature of the building. And creating thermal comfort for residents and saving energy consumption. A shading device can be used as a roof or for the building facade in an internal, middle, or external way. In general, shading devices are divided into two categories: fixed and kinetic. The fixed one is horizontal, vertical, and slanted, and other types of fixed shading devices are created from the combination of the main shading devices. Fixed shading devices are simpler and more economical in terms of execution. Still, they have lower performance than the kinetic shading device because they do not match the changing conditions of the environment around the building and the sun's path. Kinetic shading devices can be operated manually and automatically, or both, and are divided into active and passive categories. In terms of structure, it can be internal, dynamic, and expandable, and it can be designed using smart materials or mechanically. In this research, the shading device is a type of kinetic exterior one with active folding movement that can be implemented mechanically and is expandable. So, despite climate change and environmental pollution, the need to interact with nature has increased. One of the features that makes the building more connected with the surrounding environment and reduces biological pollution is the use of natural patterns in the design. Because these patterns were able to adapt to the environment and be stable for many years, the design obtained with them is stable. Therefore, the main aim of the current research is to design a climate kinetic shading device for the building facade that is compatible with the sun path diagram in the hot and dry climate and is modeled after the movement behavior of the Morning Glory flower. The Morning Glory is known as Ipomea. This flower is a common species that closes at night and opens again every morning. This is why it is also known as morning glory. The name refers to a thousand types of flowers with similar functions, each with unique characteristics. The Morning Glory is in a bunch of ivies and is usually used to decorate fences and walls. This flower needs to receive sunlight during the day, and if it is in the shade, it becomes impossible to even see the flowers. In addition, it has good shading on its back surface. The plant’s height reaches more than ten feet. The flowers are funnel-shaped and come in purple, white, and pink colors. This flower grows better in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions and closes to protect itself from wind and cold at night and in the absence of sunlight. The plant leaves are heart-shaped and are between 5 and 18 cm long. Therefore, the movement behavior of the flower is completely practical and is done to react to the change in the surrounding environment and to protect itself. The same thing can be repeated for the building facade kinetic shading device design, and by taking inspiration from the flower movement pattern, the climatic shading device can be designed to control daylight, increase thermal comfort, and reduce glare. Methodology: The current research method is modeling and simulation. The theoretical part of the present research (analysis of the Morning Glory flower, the climate of Yazd city, etc.) has been collected from the library, the internet, and documentary data. The modeling part of the facade's kinetic shading device is done by Rhino 6 software and the Grasshopper plugin. The building model consists of a cube with a side length of ten meters, and the shading device is designed on the building's south facade at a distance of half a meter from the facade. The building's southern facade is considered completely transparent. After that, to analyze the findings of the research and achieve the current goals, the Ladybug plugin was used to analyze the daylight radiation absorbed by the transparent surface, and the Honeybee plugin was used to measure the thermal zone temperature and the amount of building interior illumination. Results and discussion: Due to being smart and adaptable, this shading device can solve users' needs in different seasons. In the hot seasons, the shading device panels can be closed, and in the cold seasons, the panels can be placed at an angle that increases the building's interior heat by reflecting daylight into the interior. Therefore, finally, the shading device is designed for the south facade, which is opened and closed by the sensors embedded in the shell and by the sun's movement, and its structural design is modular and is attached to the building facade. The shading device acts as the building's second shell and is responsible for reacting to environmental variables. In such a way that in the cold seasons, it reduces the heating load, and in the hot seasons, it reduces the cooling load, ultimately bringing the user thermal comfort and a reduction in energy consumption. Conclusion: The results indicate that the shading device is open from 7:00 to 10:00, 10:00 to 13:00 in the closed state, and 13:00 to 16:00 in the semi-open state, and it can reduce 70% of the absorption of daylight radiation by the transparent surface; 85% of the building interior lighting is reduced; and finally, it causes a 13% decrease in the thermal zone temperature. Therefore, in the hot seasons, the shading device controls daylight, reduces the cooling load, and ultimately reduces the building’s energy consumption.
1. Amoushahi, S., Salmanmahiny, A., Moradi, H., Mikaeili Tabrizi, A. R., and Galán, C, (2023). An analysis of the importance of sustainable urban development indicators in Iran and its comparison with global indicators. Town and Country Planning, 15(1), 53–71. [In Persian] 10.22059/JTCP.2022.348227.670348
2. Bano, F. and Sehgal, V, (2019). Finding the gaps and methodology of passive features of building envelope optimization and its requirement for office buildings in India. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 9, 66–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2018.11.004
3. Behzadpour, M, (2022). Identification and introduction principles of green architecture in Iran to reduce energy consumption, case study of Bushehr green building. Journal of Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 2(6), 61-76[In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30495/juepd.2022.690527
4. Chuan, N. S. B. S., Razif, F. M., Mydin, M. A. O., Mohidin, H. H. B., and Chung, L. P. (2023). Solar responsive facade as siamese cultural aesthetic frontage in Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 29(3), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.29.3.6276
5. El-Rahman, S. M. A., Esmail, S. I., Khalil, H. B., & El-Razaz, Z, (2020). Biomimicry inspired adaptive building envelope in hot climate. Engineering Research Journal, 166, 30-47. https://doi.org/10.21608/erj.2020.135274
6. Elkhayat, Y. O., Hamada, M., & Wahba, M. (2023). Visual comfort as a design approach for intelligent facades: A review. Delta University Scientific Journal, 6(1), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.21608/dusj.2023.291086
7. Ennos, R. A. and Clegg, M. T, (1983). Flower color variation in the morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. Journal of Heredity, 74(4), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109778
8. Gimenes, M., Araujo, L. S. and Medina, A. M, (2021). The light intensity mediates the pollination efficacy of a Caatinga morning glory Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae). Sociobiology, 68(4), e5906–e5906. 10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.5906
9. Habibi, H., & Nazarizadeh, F. (2023). Theoretical foundations morphology new technology of smart materials with magnetic shape memory alloys and their application in various industries. Iranian Journal of Ceramic Science & Engineering, 11(4). [In Persian] http://ijcse.ir/article-1-904-en.html
10. Hosseini, S. M., Fadli, F. and Mohammadi, M, (2021). Biomimetic kinetic shading facade inspired by tree morphology for improving occupant’s daylight performance. Journal of Daylighting, 8(1), 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.5
11. Hosseini, A., Farhadi, E., Joshanpour, M., and Tayebi, A, (2022). Multi-dimensional analysis of smart city indicators in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic; The case study of Mashhad city. Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 2(7), 79–94. [In Persian]10.30495/juepd.2022.1974326.1109
12. Hosseini, S. M., Mohammadi, M., Schröder, T., and Guerra-Santin, O, (2021). Bio-inspired interactive kinetic façade: Using dynamic transitory-sensitive area to improve multiple occupants’ visual comfort. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(4), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.07.004
13. Izadfar, N, and Izadfar, E, (2021). Identifying a conceptual model for achieving urban sustainable regeneration from the perspective of a future studies. Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 27–44. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.12.0
14. Jamali Haji Hassan Sofla, E. and Nematollahi Bonab, S, (2021). Examining and evaluating the role of citizens and their social participation in achieving sustainable urban development goals (case example: city of tabriz). Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 95–112. 20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.16.4 [In Persian]
15. Jamshidzehi, M. A., Karimian Bostani, M., and Hafez Rezazadeh, M, (2022). Analysis of smart city indicators in Zahedan City. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning, 17(2), 535–546. 20.1001.1.25385968.1401.17.2.8.0 [In Persian]
16. Janghorban M., Kariminia S., Farokhi M., and Jafari M, (2022). Investigating the role of high-rise building shell elements in reducing energy consumption (case example: Isfahan Cascade doctors' residential towers). Haft Hesar J Environ Stud 11(41), 69-86. [In Persian] 10.52547/hafthesar.11.41.7
17. Jokar R. & Maleki M (2023). Investigating the effect of Voronoi shell parametric design on improving daylight efficiency in an office building in Shiraz. Naqshejahan, 12(4), 116-141[In Persian]. 20.1001.1.23224991.1401.12.4.5.1
18. Kende, H. and Hanson, A. D, (1976). Relationship between ethylene evolution and senescence in morning-glory flower tissue. Plant Physiology, 57(4), 523–527. 10.1104/pp.57.4.523
19. Ma, Y. and Sun, J, (2009). Humido-and thermo-responsive free-standing films mimicking the petals of the morning glory flower. Chemistry of Materials, 21(5), 898–902. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm8031708
20. Mahyari, H., Zarkesh, A., and Mahdavinejad, M, (2022). An intelligent adaptive skin from a biomimetic approach for energy consumption reduction. Hoviatshahr, 16(4), 23-38. [In Persian]10.30495/hoviatshahr.2022.64865.12140
21. Maroofi, N., Mahdavinejad, M., and Moradi Nasab, H, (2023). Daylightophil educational buildings; Case Study: Optimizing of the southern walls' openings of the classrooms in Semnan. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 10(16), 164-181. [In Persian] 10.22034/ahdc.2023.18776.1668
22. Mohammadi Gazijahani, H. and Ezatpanah, B, (2021). Ranking of the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis based on the indicators of the creative city. Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 61–76. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.14.2
23. Nasr, T. and Yarmahmoodi, Z, (2022). Comparison of the fixed external sun shading devices performance in order to daylight control (Case study: southern facade in Yazd climate). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 24(5), 33-45. 10.30495/jest.2022.61515.5423 [In Persian]
24. Nasr, T., Yarmahmoodi, Z., and Ahmadi, S. M, (2020). The effect of kinetic shell’s geometry on energy efficiency optimization inspired by kinetic algorithm of Mimosa Pudica. Naqshejahan-Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 10(3), 219–230. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.23224991.1399.10.3.3.3
25. Olia S., Habib F., and Shahcheraghi A, (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of teaching nature-based strategies on the Bioarchitecture design process. In iauh-hafthesar, 10(38), 81-94. [In Persian]10.52547/hafthesar.10.38.7
26. Pourjavan, K, (2019). Explanation of Smart City and Urban Smart Transportation Solutions. Karafan Quarterly Scientific Journal, 16(1), 15–34. 20.1001.1.23829796.1398.16.45.12.5 [In Persian]
27. Quach, Q. N., Clay, K., Lee, S. T., Gardner, D. R. and Cook, D, (2023). Phylogenetic patterns of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by fungal endosymbionts in morning glories (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae). New Phytologist, 238 (4), 1351-1361. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18785
28. Rasuli, M., Shahbazi, Y., & Matini, M. (2019). Horizontal and vertical movable drop-down shades performance in double skin facade of office buildings; evaluation and parametric simulation. Naqshejahan-Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 9(2), 135–144. 20.1001.1.23224991.1398.9.2.7.8 [In Persian]
29. Sadegh, S. O., Haile, S. G., and Jamshidzehi, Z, (2022). Development of two-step biomimetic design and evaluation framework for performance-oriented design of multi-functional adaptable building envelopes. Journal of Daylighting, 9(1), 13–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2022.2
30. Samadi-Parviznejad, P. and Soltani, Z, (2022). Identifying and evaluating smart city marketing parameters (Case study: Tabriz). International Journal of Innovation in Marketing Elements, 2(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.59615/ijime.2.1.35
31. Sarvar, R. and Khaliji, M. A, (2021). Urban policy in the field of wicked problems. Urban Environmental Planning and Development, 1(1), 1–16. [In Persian]10.1332/policypress/9781861341914.003.0010
32. Shams G. & Rasoolzadeh M, (2023). Bauchemie: environmental perspective to well-building and occupant health. Naqshejahan, 12(4), 51-69. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.23224991.1401.12.4.2.8
33. Shams Najafi, F. al-S., Kamyabi, S., and Arghan, A, (2022). The Presentation of the Optimal Smart City Model From the Viewpoint of Sustainable Urban Development: The Case Study of Shahr-e Ray. Town and Country Planning, 14(2), 623–649. [In Persian] 10.22059/jtcp.2022.346547.670338
34. Stock, A. J., Campitelli, B. E. and Stinchcombe, J. R, (2014). Quantitative genetic variance and multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369(1649), 20130259. 10.1098/rstb.2013.0259
35. Tabares-Velasco, P. C., Christensen, C. and Bianchi, M, (2012). Verification and validation of EnergyPlus phase change material model for opaque wall assemblies. Building and Environment, 54, 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.02.019
36. Valladares-Rendón, L. G., and Lo, S.-L. (2014). Passive shading strategies to reduce outdoor insolation and indoor cooling loads by using overhang devices on a building. Building Simulation, 7(6), 671–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-014-0182-7
37. Yarmahmoodi Z., Nasr T., and Moztarzadeh H, (2023). Algorithmic Design of Building Intelligent Facade to Control the Daylight Inspired by the Rafflesia Flower Kinetic Pattern. Naqshejahan, 13(2), 1-24. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.23224991.1402.13.2.1.0
38. Yazdi, Y., Shemirani, S. M. M., and Etesam, I, (2021). An Investigation of the Relation between the Structural Components of the Vernacular Houses in Hot and Arid Areas in Iran. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 18(96), 59–76. [In Persian] 10.22034/bagh.2020.170445.3984
39. Ziari K., Hataminejad H., Pourahmad A., Zanganehshahraki S., and Hamghadam N, (2023). Presentation the model of smart city governance with a future study approach; Case study: Rasht City. Naqshejahan, 12(4), 22-50. [In Persian] 20.1001.1.23224991.1401.12.4.1.7
