Effects of Aromatherapy with Ginger Essential Oil on Tonic Immobility Reactions and some Blood Metabolites of Caponized and Intact Cockerels

Subject Areas :

mohammad javad skandri ¹ ( MSc Graduated, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran )
Farhad Samadian ² ( Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. )
reza naghiha ³ ( Assistant Professor &Vet, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. )
mostafa Ghaderi-Zefrehei ⁴ ( Associate Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran. )

Received: 2019-11-18 Accepted : 2019-12-22 Published : 2019-12-22

Keywords:

Abstract :

Inroduction & Objective:Aromatherapy with essential oils (EO) in rats has been reported to alter some of the serum variables and reduce anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with ginger EO on serum metabolites and fear related responses in capons and intact cockerels. Materials and Methods:In this study, 10 caponized and 10 sham-operatedcockerelswere used. Half of the poultries in each group (capons=5 andsham-operated cockerels=5) were treated by aromatic EO in a chamber, and the rest of experimental poultries were exposed to water vapor in the same chamber. Eachbird after removal from the chamber was held by both legs and swung into an inverted position for 30 s and thereaftertonic immobility (TI)test was performed on it.Two weeks after this test, the aromatherapy process was repeated in all birds and blood plasma metabolites were measured before and after aromatherapy. Results: Aromatherapy in the caponized group resulted in a decrease in the tonic immobility duration, indicating a decrease in fearfulness induced by harvesting process.Moreover, aromatherapy significantly increased plasmalevels of glucose, protein and total urea in cockerels. Conclusion: Aromatherapy is probably by activating the sympathetic system and increase blood pressure, lead to increased levels of glucose, protein and serum urea and reduce the number of inductions required to attain the TI response. Therefore, ginger EOexposure during manual harvesting maybe advisable to reduce fearful responses in cockerels.

References:

1.Adeneye, A.A., Agbaje, E.O. (2007). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. In rats. J.Ethnopharmacol., 112(3); 440-444.

2.Aloisi, A. M., Ceccarelli, I., Masi, F., Scaramuzzino, A. (2002). Effects of the essential oil from Citrus lemon in male and female rats exposed to a persistent painful stimulation. Behavioural Brain Research, 136(1), 127-135.

3.Andrade, B.F.M.T., Braga, C.P., Dos Santos, K.C., Barbosa, L.N., Rall, V.L.M., Sforcin, J. M. (2014). Effect of inhaling Cymbopogon martinii essential oil and geraniol on serum biochemistry parameters and oxidative stress in rats. Biochem. Res. Int., 2014; 1-7.

4.Bagetta, G., Morrone, L.A., Rombolà, L., Amantea, D., Russo, R., Berliocchi, L. (2010). Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. Fitoterapia, 81(6); 453-461.

5.Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L., Jäger, W. (1991). Aromatherapy: evidence for sedative effects of the essential oil of lavender after inhalation. Z. Naturforsch. C. 46(11-12); 1067-1072.

6.Calik, J., Połtowicz, K., Świątkiewicz, S., Krawczyk, J., Nowak, J. (2015). Effect of caponization on meat quality of Greenleg Partridge cockerels. Ann. Anim. Sci., 15(2); 541-553.

7.Carli, G. (1969). Dissociation of electrocortical activity and somatic reflexes during rabbit hypnosis. Arch. Ital. Biol., 107; 219-234.

8.Carli, G. (1974). Blood pressure and heart rate in the rabbit during animal hypnosis. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 37(3); 231-237.

9.Carsia, R. V. (2015). Adrenals. Pages 577-611 in Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, 6th edition, C. G. Scanes, ed. Academic Press, New York.

10.Ceccarelli, I., Lariviere, W. R., Fiorenzani, P., Sacerdote, P., Aloisi, A. M. (2004). Effects of long-term exposure of lemon essential oil odor on behavioral, hormonal and neuronal parameters in male and female rats. Brain Res., 1001(1-2); 78-86.

11.Chen, K.L., Wu, C.P. Chou, R.G.R. (2000). Effect of castration age on growth performance and postmortem change in muscles of Taiwan country chicken. J. Agric. Assoc. China, 1; 54-63.

12.Chen, K.L., Chi, W.T., Chiou, P.W.S. (2005). Caponization and testosterone implantation effects on blood lipid and lipoprotein profile in male chickens. Poul. Sci., 84(4); 547-552.

13.Chen, K.L., Hsieh, T.Y., Chiou, P.W.S. (2006). Caponization effects on growth performance and lipid metabolism in taiwan country chicken cockerels nchu. edu. tw. Asian-Australas. J.Anim. Sci., 19(3); 438-443.

14.Davison, T. F., Rea, J., Rowell, J. G. (1983). Effects of dietary corticosterone on the growth and metabolism of immature Gallus domestlcus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 50(3); 463-468.

15.Diego, M.A., Jones, N.A., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C. (1998). Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int. J. Neurosci., 96(3-4); 217-224.

16.Donsbough, A.L., Powell, S., Waguespack, A., Bidner, T.D., Southern, L.L. (2010). Uric acid, urea, and ammonia concentrations in serum and uric acid concentration in excreta as indicators of amino acid utilization in diets for broilers. Poult. Sci., 89(2); 287-294.

17.Ettinger, R.H., Thompson, R.W. (1978). The role of dopaminergic systems in the mediation of tonic immobility (animal hypnosis) in chickens. B. Psychonomic Soc., 12(4); 301-302.

18.Filipović, N., Stojević, Z., Milinković-Tur, S., Beer Ljubić, B., Zdelar-Tuk, M. (2007). Changes in concentration and fractions of blood serum proteins of chickens during fattening. Vet. Arh., 77(4); 319-326.

19.Gallup, G. G. (1977). Tonic immobility: The role of fear and predation. Psychol. Rec., 27(1); 41-61.

20.Ghadyale, V., Takalikar, S., Haldavnekar, V., Arvindekar, A. (2012). Effective control of postprandial glucose level through inhibition of intestinal alpha glucosidase by Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. 2012. Article ID 372909, 6 pages, 2012.

21.Hatton, D.C., Webster, D., Lanthorn, T., Meyer, M.E. (1979). Evidence for baroreceptor involvement in the immobility reflex in the rabbit: blood pressure changes during induction and termination.Behav. Neural Boil., 26(1); 89-96.

22.Hennig, C.W. (1980). Biphasic effects of serotonin on tonic immobility in domestic fowl. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 12(4); 519-523.

23.Hennig, C.W., Fazio, J.K., Hughes, C.A., Castaldi, W.R., Spencer, B.D. (1984). Duration of tonic immobility in chickens as a function of alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 20(5), 731-738

24.Hongratanaworakit, T. (2004). Physiological effects in aromatherapy. Songklanakarin. J. Sci. Technol., 26(1); 117-125.

25.Hossain, S.J., Hamamoto, K., Aoshima, H., Hara, Y. (2002). Effects of tea components on the response of GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50(14); 3954-3960.

26.Hritcu, L., Cioanca, O., Hancianu, M. (2012). Effects of lavender oil inhalation on improving scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine, 19(6); 529-534.

27.Hughes, R.A. (1982). Anticholinergic drugs, blood-brain-barrier and tonic immobility in chickens. Physiol. Behav., 29(1); 67-71

28.Hur, M.H., Lee, M.S., Kim, C., Ernst, E. (2012). Aromatherapy for treatment of hypertension: a systematic review. J. Eval. Clin. Pract., 18(1); 37-41.

29.Jimbo, D., Kimura, Y., Taniguchi, M., Inoue, M., Urakami, K. (2009). Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics, 9(4); 173-179.

30.Jones, R. B. (1986). The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a review. World's poultry science journal, 42(1); 82-96.

31.Jones, R.B., Mills, A.D., Faure, J.M., (1991). Genetic and experiential manipulation of fearrelated behavior in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnkvcoturnix japonica). J. Comp. Psychol., 105; 15-24.

32.Jones, R.B. (1992). The nature of handling immediately prior to test affects tonic immobility fear reactions in laying hens and broilers.Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 34(3); 247-254.

33.Kannan, G., Mench, J.A. (1997). Prior handling does not significantly reduce the stress response to pre-slaughter handling in broiler chickens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 51; 87-99.

34.Khajavi, M., Rahimi, S., Hassa, Z.M., Kamali, M.A., Mousavi, T. (2003). Effect of feed restriction early in life on humoral and cellular immunity of two commercial broiler strains under heat stress conditions. Br. Poult. Sci., 44; 490-497.

35.Komiya, M., Takeuchi, T., Harada, E. (2006). Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. Behav. Brain Res., 172(2); 240-249.

36.Knowles, T.G., Broom, D.M. (1990). The handling and transport of broilers and spent hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 28; 75-91.

37.Marin, R.H., Freytes, P., Guzman, D., Jones, R.B. (2001). Effects of an acute stressor on fear and on the social reinstatement responses of domestic chicks to cagemates and strangers. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 71(1); 57-66.

38.McGregor, I. S., Dielenberg, R. A. (1999). Differential anxiolytic efficacy of a benzo diazepine on first versus second exposure to a predatory odor in rats. Psychopharmacology, 147(2); 174-181.

39.Mitchell, M.A., Kettlewell, P.J. (1998). Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: Solutions not problems. Poult. Sci. J., 77; 1803-1814.

40.Nicol, C.J., Scott, G.B. (1990). Pre-slaughter handling and transport of broiler chickens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 28; 57-73.

41.Retana-Marquez, S., Bonilla-Jaime, H., Vazquez-Palacios, G., Dominguez-Salazar, E., Martinez-Garcia, R., Velazquez-Moctezuma, J. (2003). Body weight gain and diurnal differences of corticosterone changes in response to acute and chronic stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28(2); 207-227.

42.Rikimaru, K., Takahashi, H., Nichols, M.A. (2011). An efficient method of early caponization in slow-growing meat-type chickens. Poult. Sci. J., 90(8); 1852-1857.

43.Sawada, K., Koyama, E., Kubota, M., Hayashi, I., Komari, R., Inui, M., Torii, S. (1992). Effects of odors on EEG relaxation and alpha power. Chem. Senses, 17; 88.

44.Shao, Y., Wu, C., Li, J., Zhao, C. (2009). The effects of different caponization age on growth performance and blood parameters in male Tibetan chicken. Asian J. Anim.Vet. Adv., 4(5); 228-236.

45.Shaw, D., Annett, J.M., Doherty, B., Leslie, J.C. (2007). Anxiolytic effects of lavender oil inhalation on open-field behaviour in rats. Phytomedicine, 14(9); 613-620.

46.Sewards, T. V., Sewards, M. (2002). Separate, parallel sensory and hedonic pathways in the mammalian somatosensory system. Brain Res. Bull., 58(3); 243-260.

47.Tanida, M., Niijima, A., Shen, J., Nakamura, T., Nagai, K. (2005). Olfactory stimulation with scent of essential oil of grape fruit affects autonomic neurotransmission and blood pressure. Brain Res., 1058(1-2); 44-55.

48.Tsang, H.W., Ho, T.Y. (2010). A review of the anxiolytic effects of aromatherapy in rodents. Rev. Neurosciences, 21(2); 141-152.

49.van Toller, S. (1988). Emotion and the brain. In: Engen, T., van Toller, S. & Dodd, G. H. (Eds.) Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance. London: Chapman & Hall. pp: 79-90.

50.Wallnau, L.B., Bordash, G.D., Corso Jr, P. (1981). The effects of tryptophan and manipulations of serotonergic receptors on tonic immobility in chickens. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 14(4); 463-468

51.Wilkinson, S., Aldridge, J., Salmon, I., Cain, E., Wilson, B. (1999). An evaluation of aromatherapy massage in palliative care. Palliat. Med., 13(5); 409-417.

Inroduction & Objective:Aromatherapy with essential oils (EO) in rats has been reported to alter some of the serum variables and reduce anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with ginger EO on serum metabolites and fear related responses in capons and intact cockerels.

Materials and Methods:In this study, 10 caponized and 10 sham-operatedcockerelswere used. Half of the poultries in each group (capons=5 andsham-operated cockerels=5) were treated by aromatic EO in a chamber, and the rest of experimental poultries were exposed to water vapor in the same chamber. Eachbird after removal from the chamber was held by both legs and swung into an inverted position for 30 s and thereaftertonic immobility (TI)test was performed on it.Two weeks after this test, the aromatherapy process was repeated in all birds and blood plasma metabolites were measured before and after aromatherapy.

Results: Aromatherapy in the caponized group resulted in a decrease in the tonic immobility duration, indicating a decrease in fearfulness induced by harvesting process.Moreover, aromatherapy significantly increased plasmalevels of glucose, protein and total urea in cockerels.

Conclusion: Aromatherapy is probably by activating the sympathetic system and increase blood pressure, lead to increased levels of glucose, protein and serum urea and reduce the number of inductions required to attain the TI response. Therefore, ginger EOexposure during manual harvesting maybe advisable to reduce fearful responses in cockerels