The Effect of Differences in the General Proficiency of Iranian EFL Students on their Metaphorical Competence

Subject Areas : Research in English Language Pedagogy

Zahra Rezaei ¹ , Aliakbar Jafarpour ²

1 - Department of English, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2 - Shahrekord State University

Received: 2012-05-10 Accepted : 2013-01-10 Published : 2013-01-10

Keywords:

References:

Abernethy, D. A. (2002). The power of metaphors for explaining cultural difference sigroups. Eastern group Psychotherapy society,220.
Hall Haley, M. & Austin, T. (2007).Content-based second language: An interactive  
approach to teaching & learning. Chinese edition, Boston, MA; Allyn & Bacon.
Austin, T. (2010). Teaching and learning foreign languages at school level in the U.S. to become multi-lingual. - Project for Activating Education and Research in Aichi Prefectural University.
Barker, P. (1996). Psychotherapeutic metaphors: Guide to theory and practice. Bristol, PA: Brunner/Mazel.

Boroditsky, L. & Ramscar, M. (2002). The roles of body and mind in abstract thought. Psychological Science 13, 185–189.
Butterworth, B. & Beattie, G. (1978). Gesture and silence as indicators of planning in speech. In R.N. Campbell, & P.T. Smith (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Psychology of Language: Formal and Experimental Approaches. New York: Plenum, 347-360.
Cienki, A.(1998). Metaphoric gestures and some of their relations to verbal metaphoric counterparts. In Jean-Pierre Koenig (ed.), Discourse and Cognition: Bridging the Gap. Stanford CA: CSLI Publications, 189-205.
Czander, W. (1993). The psychodynamics of work and organizations: Theory and application. New York: Guilford Press.
Dancygier, B & Sweetser, E. (1996). Conditionals, discourse and alternative spaces. In Goldberg, Adele (ed.), Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 83-98.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr. (1994). The poetics of mind. In
Katz (1998) Figurative Language and Thought. Oxford: OUP
Johnson, J., & Rosano, T. (1993): Relation of cognitive style to metaphor interpretation and second language proficiency, in: Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 159-175.
Kendon, A. (1995). Gestures as illocutionary and discourse structure markers in outherni conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 23-3: 247-279. Kondaiah, K.(2009).Metaphorical systems and their implications to teaching English as a foreign language.

Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor in A. Ortony (ed.): Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202-251. Lakoff, G., & Johnson,
M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and Mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Penn, P. (2001). Chronic Illness: Irvana, Lg and
Writing: Breaking the silence. Family process, 40 (1), 33-52.
Rizzuto, A. (2001). Metaphors of a bodily mind. Journal of the American psycho analytic association, 49(2), 535-568.
Soriano, C. ( 2005). The Conceptualization of anger in English and Spanish: a cognitive approach. Doctoral Thesis, University of Murcia.
Sweetser, Eve. (1998). Regular metaphoricity in gesture: Bodily-based models of speech interaction. In Actes du VXIe Congrès International des Linguistes (CIL16) (CD ROM). New York: Elsevier.
Webb, R. (1996). Linguistic features of metaphoric gestures. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester.
Trosborg, A. (1985): Metaphoric productions and preferences in second language learners, in: Parpotté, W. Dirven, R. (Eds.): The Ubiquity of Metaphor. Metaphor in Language and Thought, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 525-557.