The Comparison of Self-Compassion between Athletes with and without Exposed Exercise Addiction

Subject Areas : Educational

sahar zarei ¹ ( Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran )
mahmoud mohebi ² ( Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran )
Zahra salman ³ ( Associate Professor of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran )

Received: 2019-09-08 Accepted : 2020-04-10 Published : 2022-05-22

Keywords: mindfulness, salience of exercise, eating disorder, self-Compassion, cognitive appraisal,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to compare self-compassion in athletes with and without exposed exercise addiction. The research method was a descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population consisted of the sports team of University of Tehran. Initially, status of all students was assessed based on Exercise Addiction Scale (Griffiths et al.  2004), and 25 athletes with exposed (Score 24 or above) and 20 athlete without exposed exercise addiction (Grade 12 or lower) were identified according to guidelines of this scale .In addition, subjects were asked to complete Eating Disorders Scale (Stice et al. 2000) because of their high Comorbidity with exercise addiction. Then five athlete were excluded because of eating disorder symptoms. Finally, 20 athlete with exposed exercise addiction were selected and compared through Self-Compassion Scale (Rice et al.  2011). One way ANOVA results reveled that mean scores of self-compassion characteristic of the students with exposed are significantly lower than students without exposed exercise addiction . The findings of this study indicated the need to consider self-compassion characteristic as a risk factors of exercise addiction phenomenon, and they have many applications in the field of preventive and therapeutic interventions of use behaviors.        

References:

Aidman, E. V., & Woollard, S. (2003). The influence of self-reported exercise addiction on acute emotional and physiological responses to brief exercise deprivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(3), 225-236.

Basharpoor, S., Abolghasemi, A., & Narimani, M. (2017). The effectiveness of cognitive self-compassion training on craving, dependence severity and cognitive flexibility in substance dependent individuals. Journal of clinical psychology, 3(35), 9-23. Persian

Berczik K., Szabó A., Griffiths M. D., Kurimay T., Kun B., Urbán R., Demetrovics Z. (2012). Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Substance Use & Misuse,47(4), 403–417.

doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.639120 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Berczik, K., Griffiths, M. D., Szabó, A., Kurimay, T., Urban, R., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Exercise addiction. In Behavioral Addictions (pp. 317-342). Academic Press.

Biber, D. D., & Ellis, R. (2017). The effect of self-compassion on the self-regulation of health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 1359105317713361.

Cook, B., & Luke, R. (2017). Primary and secondary exercise dependence in a sample of cyclists. International journal of mental health and addiction, 15(2), 444-451.

De La Vega, R., Parastatidou, I. S., Ruiz-Barquin, R., & Szabo, A. (2016). Exercise addiction in athletes and leisure exercisers: the moderating role of passion. Journal of behavioral addictions, 5(2), 325-331.

Donatelle, R. (2011). Addiction and drug abuse. In Health—The basics (green ed., pp. 191–192). San
Francisco: Pearson Education

Downs, D. S., & Hausenblas, H. (2014). Exercise dependence. In R. C. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 266–269). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Dumitru, D. C., Dumitru, T., & Maher, A. J. (2018). A systematic review of exercise addiction: Examining gender differences. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(3), 1738-1747.

Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2013). The exercise paradox: An interactional model for a clearer conceptualization of exercise addiction, Journal of Behavioral Addictions.  199-208.

Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2010). Endogenous reward mechanisms and their importance in stress reduction, exercise and the brain. Archives of medical science: AMS, 6(3), 447.

Fatima, S., Niazi,S., Ghayas, A (2017). Relationship between Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety: Role of Social Connectedness as a Mediator. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2(15) , 12-17.

 

Ferguson, L. J., Kowalski, K. C., Mack, D. E., & Sabiston, C. M. (2015). Self-compassion and eudaimonic well-being during emotionally difficult times in sport. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(5), 1263-1280.

Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., & Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS one, 13(2).

Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International journal of environmental research and public health, 8(10), 4069-4081.

Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9-74). New York, NY, US: Routledge.

Ginsberg, A. T. (2016). Association between self-esteem and mindset toward social stress (Ph.D Thesis). Loyola Marymount University.

Goodman, A. (1990). Addiction: definition and implications. British journal of addiction, 85(11), 1403-1408.

Horan, K. A., & Taylor, M. B. (2018). Mindfulness and self-compassion as tools in health behavior change: An evaluation of a workplace intervention pilot study. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 8, 8-16.

Janson, S., Widlund, S. (2017). The Mediating Role of Self-esteem in the Relationship between Perfectionism and Exercise Dependence. Thesis Basic level degree of Bachelor. Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work

Khabir, L., Mohamadi, N., & Rahimi, C. (2014). The validation of eating disorder diagnostic scale (EDDS). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 18(2), 100-107.

Khajavi, D., & Kavusi A. (2014). Translation and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Short-Form Exercise List. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 2 (6), 49-62.

Khanjani, S., Foroughi, A. A., Sadghi, K., & Bahrainian, S. A. (2016). Psychometric properties of Iranian version of self-compassion scale (short form). Pajoohandeh Journal, 21(5), 282-289.

Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(5), 887.

Li, M., & Ren, Y. (2019). Intervention Effects of Motivation Interviewing Chinese Modified on the Mental Health of College Students with Exercise Dependence. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(2), 447-459.

Li, M., Nie, J., & Ren, Y. (2015). Effects of exercise dependence on psychological health of Chinese college students. Psychiatria Danubina, 27(4), 0-419.

Lichtenstein, M. B., Hinze, C. J., Emborg, B., Thomsen, F., & Hemmingsen, S. D. (2017). Compulsive exercise: links, risks and challenges faced. Psychology research and behavior management, 10, 85.

Lichtenstein, M. B., Nielsen, R. O., Gudex, C., Hinze, C. J., & Jørgensen, U. (2018). Exercise addiction is associated with emotional distress in injured and non-injured regular exercisers. Addictive behaviors reports, 8, 33-39.

Macfarlane, L., Owens, G., & Cruz, B. D. P. (2016). Identifying the features of an exercise addiction: A Delphi study. Journal of behavioral addictions, 5(3), 474-484.

McNamara, J., & McCabe, M. P. (2012). Striving for success or addiction? Exercise dependence among elite Australian athletes. Journal of sports sciences, 30(8), 755-766.

Miller, K. J., & Mesagno, C. (2014). Personality traits and exercise dependence: Exploring the role of narcissism and perfectionism. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 368–381. https://doi. org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.932821

Mohebi, M., & Zarei, S. (2021). Self-Compassion and the Risk of Exercise Addiction in College Students. Sports Psychology, 1400(1), 63-74.

Mohebi, M., Gharaygh, Z. H., Besharat, M. A., & Ghayour, N. M. (2021). Structural Equation Modeling The Relationship between Self-compassion and Negative Emotional Responses to Failure: The Mediating Role of Cognetive Emotion Regulation.

Mohebi, M., Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Zarei, S., Gharayagh Zandi, H., & Brand, S. (2021). Examining the Effects of Mindfulness–Acceptance–Commitment Training on Self-Compassion and Grit among Elite Female Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 134.

Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runners. Physician and Sports Medicine, 7(2), 56–63, 67–70.

Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 35(5), 514-524.

Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.

Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and identity, 9(3), 225-240.

Neff, K. D., & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160-176.

Noetel, M., Ciarrochi, J., Van Zanden, B., & Lonsdale, C. (2017). Mindfulness and acceptance approaches to sporting performance enhancement: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-37.

Phelps, C. L., Paniagua, S. M., Willcockson, I. U., & Potter, J. S. (2018). The relationship between self-compassion and the risk for substance use disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 183, 78-81.

Poucher, Z. A., Tamminen, K. A., & Kerr, G. (2018). Providing Social Support to Female Olympic Athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40(4), 217-228.

Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self‐compassion scale. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255.

Reis, N. A., Kowalski, K. C., Ferguson, L. J., Sabiston, C. M., Sedgwick, W. A., & Crocker, P. R. (2015). Self-compassion and women athletes' responses to emotionally difficult sport situations: An evaluation of a brief induction. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 18-25.

Sachs, M. L., & Razon, S. (Eds.). (2018). Applied Exercise Psychology: The Challenging Journey from Motivation to Adherence. Routledge.p. 330-340.

Sancho, M., De Gracia, M., Rodríguez, R. C., Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Sánchez-González, J., Trujols, J., ... & Menchón, J. M. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of substance and behavioral addictions: a systematic review. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 95.

Schreiber, K., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2015). The truth about exercise addiction. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Shabani, A., Abdolmaleki, M. . (2019). Forecasting the Perfectionism and Psychological Needs Regarding Exercise Addiction in Female Athlete Students. Sport psychology Studies, 8(29): 61-74 DOI: 10.22089/spsyj.2019.6966.1750 Persian  

Simón, G. J., Estrada-Marcén, N., & Montero-Marín, J. (2018). Exercise addiction measure through the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) and health in habitual exercisers. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adicciones, 990.

Snaith, N., Schultz, T., Proeve, M., & Rasmussen, P. (2018). Mindfulness, self-compassion, anxiety and depression measures in South Australian yoga participants: implications for designing a yoga intervention. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 32, 92-99.

Stice, E., Telch, C. F., & Rizvi, S. L. (2000). Development and validation of the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale: a brief self-report measure of anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder. Psychological assessment, 12(2), 123.

Sussman, S., Leventhal, A., Bluthenthal, R. N., Freimuth, M., Forster, M., & Ames, S. L. (2011). A framework for the specificity of addictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(8), 3399–3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083399

Szabo, A. (1995). The impact of exercise deprivation on well-being of habitual exercisers. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27, 68–75.

Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction research and theory, 12(5), 489-499.

Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). Exercise Addiction. In Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800634-4.00097-4

Veale, D. (1995). Does primary exercise dependence really exist. Exercise addiction: Motivation for participation in sport and exercise, 1-5.

Weinstein, A., & Weinstein, Y. (2014). Exercise addiction-diagnosis, bio-psychological mechanisms and treatment issues. Current pharmaceutical design, 20(25), 4062-4069.

Wilson, D., Bennett, E. V., Mosewich, A. D., Faulkner, G. E., & Crocker, P. R. (2019). “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61-70.

Yaghoubi, H; Hashemi, S.G ; Bedayat, E; Babaloo, A. (2019). Study of Mediator Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in the Relationship between Behavioral Activation System and Exercise Addiction in Bodybuilding Athletes. Neuropsychology, 4(16),  55-74. Persian

Zarei, S., Salman, Z., & Mohebi M. (2015).  The Relationship between Perfectionism
and Self-Compassion in Elite Taekwondo Athletes. Sport psychology Studies.8 (29): 219-34.DOI: 10.22089/spsyj.2019.7427.1794  Persian

Zou, Z., Wang, H., Uquillas, F. D. O., Wang, X., Ding, J., & Chen, H. (2017). Definition of substance and non-substance addiction. In Substance and Non-substance Addiction (pp. 21-41). Springer, Singapore.