Comparison of Muscle Fatty Acid Profile and Biochemical Composition in Kutum (Rutilus frisii) from the Caspian Sea in Winter and Spring in the Eastern and Western Mazandaran Province, Iran
Subject Areas : Microbiology
M.
Tirneitali
1
(M. Sc. Graduated in Fisheries Ecology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.)
M.K.
Khalesi
2
(Associate Professor of Fisheries Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.)
S.
Kohestan Eskandari
3
(Academic Member of Fisheries Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.)
Keywords: Biochemical Composition, Fatty Acid, Noshahr, Rutilus frisii, Sari,
Abstract :
Introduction: Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii) is of great importance among consumers. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the fatty acid profiles of fish caught in east of Sari and west of Noshahr. Materials and Methods: The studied fish (three fish from each gender) were purchased in winter and spring from Sari Shahid Beheshti Cooperative and the Veterans Cooperative of Noshahr (east and west of Mazandaran province, respectively). Biochemical analysis and fatty acid profile were determined by the application of gas chromatography using standard methods. Results: Stearic acid, oleic acid, and DHA were the highest in Sari in winter being the significantly different from other fatty acids (p < 0.05). Total fatty acids in male and female fish from Noshahr and male fish from Sari were significantly lower in spring than in the others, and male and female fish from Nowshahr contained relatively higher total fatty acids in winter. Maximum DHA values were higher than EPA in both sexes, seasons, and regions. The chemical composition of male and female fish did not differ significantly in both seasons and regions (p > 0.05). SFA percentages in both sexes and regions were generally higher in winter than in spring, while PUFA percentages in both sexes and regions were higher in spring than in winter. The percentage of ω-3 fatty acids (41.12%) in winter samples of Noshahr was higher than that (30.91%) in Sari, and it was higher in spring samples of Sari (55.27%) than that of Noshahr (17.29%). The lowest total ratios of ω-3/ω-6 were obtained in Sari (3.12) in male fish in winter and in Noshahr (3.23) in spring. The highest PUFA/SFA ratios were observed in Sari (1.9) and Noshahr (0.74) kutum in spring and winter, respectively. Conclusion: Fish examined in winter contained more fatty acids (especially DHA and EPA) in the muscle and are therefore more important for human consumption. The two regions, two seasons, and two sexes had significant effects on body biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of Caspian Sea kutum.
content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters. Food Chernistry, 73, 55-60.
Abdolmaleki, Sh., Ghani Nejad, D., Sayad Boorani, M., Bandani, Gh. & Pourgholami, A. (2004). Evaluation of Rutilus frissi kutum stocks during the catch season of 2003-2004 on the Iranian shores of the Caspian Sea. Indoor Waters Research Institute, Bandar Anzali, 113 p [In Persian].
Abu Mahboob, P. & Mousavi Nodoshan, R. (2017). Fatty acids profile and levels in farmed fish in Samen Al-Aemeh pond in Qom. Research in Marine Science and Technology, 12(4), 35-43 [In Persian].
Ackman, R. G. (1990). Seafood lipids and fatty acids. Food Reviews International, 6(4), 617-646.
Adburakhmanov, Y. A. (1962). Fish of freshwater bodies of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan SSR AS Press. 224 p.
Adeli, Y. (1994). Cyprinids and Percids of the southern and central Caspian Sea basin (population structure, ecology, distribution, and strategies for stock regeneration). Guilan Fisheries Research Center, Bandar Anzali, 44 p [In Persian].
Akpinar, M. A., Görgün, S. & Akpinar, A. E. (2009). A comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in the liver and muscles of male and female Salmo trutta macrostigma. Food Chemistry, 112, 6–8.
Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K. D. A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F. & Alexis, M. (2002). Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chemistry, 79, 145-150.
AOAC International (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International. AOCS, Champaign, USA (metabolism).
Arts, M. T., Ackman, R. G. & Holub, B. J. (2001). Essential fatty acids”in aquatic ecosystems: a crucial link between diet and human health and evolution. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 122–137.
Bandarra, N. M., Batista, I., Nunes, M.L., Empis, J. M. & Christie, W. W. (1997). Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Journal of Food Science, 62(1), 40-42.
Coad, B. W. & Vilenkin, B. Ya. (2005). Co-occurrence and zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 31, 53-61.
Danesh Khosh Asl, A. (1997). The effect of Rutilus frissi kutum release on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of its stocks in the Caspian Sea. Guilan Fisheries Research Center, Bandar Anzali, 20 p [In Persian].
Dey, S., Misra, K. K. & Sumit, H. (2017). Reviewing Nutritional Quality of Small Freshwater Fish Species. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 5(1), 19-27.
Emre, Y., Uysal, K., Pak, F., Emre, N. & Kavasoğlu, M. (2014). Seasonal and sexual
variations of fatty acid composition in fillet of Capoeta erhani. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(6), 313-318.
Emre Uysal, K., Y., Emre, N., Kavasoğlu, M. & Aktaş, Ö. (2018). Seasonal and Sexual Variations of Total Protein, Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of an Endemic Freshwater Fish Species (Capoeta antalyensis). Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33(1), 6-10.
Engardeh, J., Mehrjerdi, A. & Saei Dehkordi, S. (2011). Comparison of nutritional composition and fatty acid profile of Capoeta damascina Valenciennes grown in saltwater and freshwater. PhD Thesis, 105 p [In Persian].
Eroldoğan, O. T., Turchini, G. M., Yılmaz, H. A., Taşbozan, O., Engin, K., Ölçülü, A., Özşahinoğlu, I. & Mumoğullarında, P. (2012). Potential of cottonseed oil as fish oil replacer in European sea bass feed formulation, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 787-797.
Görgün, S. & Akpinar, M. A. (2012). Effect of season on the fatty acid composition of the liver and muscle of Alburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt, 1772) from Tödürge Lake (Sivas, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology 36(5), 691-698.
Guler, G. O., Kiztanir, B., Aktumsek, A., Citil, O. B. & Ozparlak, H. (2007). Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition and ω3/ω6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir Lake (Turkey). Food Chemistry, 108(2), 689-694.
Hedayati Fard, M. & Nemati, S. (2009). Changes in the fatty acids of Rutilus frissi kutum and golden mullet (Liza aurata) eggs of the Caspian Sea under the salting process. Fisheries Journal, 3(2) [In Persian].
HMSO U. K. (1994). Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease (report on health and socialsubjects. No.46) London.
Ibarz, A., Blasco, J., Beltrán, M., Gallardo, M. A., Sánchez, J., Sala, R. & Fernández-Borràs, J. (2005). Cold-induced alterations on proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of several tissues in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 249, 477-486.
Jalili, S. (2008). The effect of refrigeration time on protein changes and damage to fatty acids in Rutilus frisii kutum from the Caspian Sea during refrigeration storage. Ph.D. Thesis in Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch [In Persian].
Jorjani S., Qelichi, A. & Baghdadi, A. (2014) Effects of complete replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils on growth parameters, feed efficiency, and muscle fatty acid profile of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Aquaculture Development, (3), 13-30 [In Persian].
Khosravi, N. (2011). A study on growth, activity of digestive enzymes, and composition of fatty acids and amino acids in Rutilus frisii kutum during larval development stages. MSc Thesis in Fisheries, Tarbiat Modares University [In Persian].
Kiabi, B. H., Abdoli, A. & Naderi, M. (1999). Status of the fish fauna in the South Caspian Basin of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 18(1), 57-65.
Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B. & Stone, R. A. (1990). Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 52(1), 1-28.
Komova, N. I. (2001). Dynamics of the biological composition of tissues in Abramis brama (Cyprinidae) at gonad maturation. Journal of Ichthyology, 41(4), 334-342.
Leger, C., Bergot, P., Lekuet, P., Flanzy, J. & Meurot, J. (1977). Specifik distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of Temperature Lipids, 12, 538–543.
Liang, K., Zhang, Q., Gu, M. & Cong, W., (2013). Effect of phosphorus on lipid accumulation in freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(1), 311–318.
Love, R. M. (1976). The chemical biology of fishes, London, translated under the title Khimicheskayabiologiya ryb, Moscow: Nauka.
Mohammadi Baghmalaei, M., Nikpour, H. & Valaei, N. (1996). The composition of fatty acids in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea fishes during 1995. Fourth Iranian Congress on Nutrition, Food Security, From Science to Practice, Tehran [In Persian].
Mukhopadhyay, T. & Ghosh, S. (2007). Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Two Silurid Fish Eggs. Journal of Oleo Science, 56-8
Olsson, G. B., Olsen, R. L., Carlehög, M. & Ofstad, R. (2002). Seasonal variations in chemical and sensory characteristics of farmed and wild Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 217(1), 191-205.
Osman N. H., Suriah A. R. & Law E. C. (2001). Fatty acid composition and cholesterol
Özyurt, G. & Polat, A. (2005). Amino acid and fatty acid composition of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a seasonal differentiation. European Food Research and Technology, 222(3-4), pp. 316-320.
Panetsos, A. (1978). Hygieneof foods of animal origin. Thessaloniki: D. Gartaganis. 221
Perez, M. J., Rodriguez, C., Cejas, J. R., Martín, M. V., Jerez, S. & Lorenzo, A. (2007). Lipid and fatty acid content in wild white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) broodstock in different stages of the reproductive cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 146, 187-196.
Razavi Sayad, B. (1995). The fish Rutilus frissi kutum. Iranian Fisheries Research Institute. 165 p [In Persian].
Rinchard, J., Czesny, S. & Dabrowski, K. (2007). Influence of lipid class and fatty acid deficiency on survival, growth and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture, 264, 363- 371.
Sargent, J. R. (1977). Fish oils and human diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 78, S5–S13.
Selmi, S., Mbarki. R. & Sadok, S. (2008). Seasonal change of lipid and fatty acid composition of little tuna Euthynnus alletteratus-by-products. Nutrition and Health, 19(3), 189-94.
Sorvachev, K. F. (1957). Changes in proteins of blood serum of carp during wintering, Biokhimia, 22 (2), 872-877.
Sotoodeh, A., Abedian Kenari, A., Khodabandeh, P. & Oji Fard, A. (2016). Histological changes of the gastrointestinal tract and the combination of fatty acids in the Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) fed different levels of dietary essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and vitamin E. Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 138-124 [In Persian].
Superko, H. R., Superko, S. M., Nasir, K., Agatston, A. & Garrett, B. C. (2013). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels: Clinical significance and Controversy. Circulation, 128, 2154-61.
Takashima, F. & Hibiya, T. (1995). An atlas of fish histology: Normal and Pathological features, 2 nd Ed. Tokyo. Kodansha.
Turan, H., Sonmez, G. & Kaya, Y. (2007). Fatty acid profile and proximatecomposition of the thornback ray (Raja clavata, L. 1758) from the Sinop coast in the Black Sea. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 1, 97–10.
Tzikas, Z., Amvrosiadis, I., Soultos, N. & Geogakis, S. P. (2007). Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and microbiological condition of Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) muscle from the North Aegean Sea (Greece). Food Control, 18(3), 251-257.
Usydus, Z., Szlifder-Richert, J. & Adamczyk, M. (2012). Variation in proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus). Food Chemistry, 130, 97-103.
Valencia, I., Ansorena, D. & Astiasaran I. (2006). Nutritional and sensory properties of dry fermented sasusages enriched with n-3 PUFAs. Meat Science, 72, 727-733.
Vance, J. E. (1985) Biochemistry of lipids and membranes, Benjamin/Cummings, California. ISBN 0-8053-9420-6, pp. 593.
Wang, G. Y. J., Millerr, L.A., Perren, M. & Addis, P.B. (1990). Omega-3 fatty acids in Lake Superior Fish. Journal of Food Science, 55(1), 71-73.
Yeganeh, S., Shabanpour, B., Hosseini, H., Imanpour, M. R., Shabani, A. & Abbasi, M. (2012). Assessment of seasonal changes in the chemical composition and fatty acid proffiles in Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Biology, 25(2) [In Persian].
Zaki Pour Rahimabadi, A. (2012). Comparison of muscle and liver fatty acid profiles in males and females Schizothorax zarudyi. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Fisheries, 67(4) [In Persian].
Zlatanos, S. & Laskaridis, K. (2006). Seasonal variation in the fatty acid composition of three Mediterranean fish–sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) and picarel (Spicara smaris). Food Chemistry, 103(3), 725-728.
content of selected marine fish in Malaysian waters. Food Chernistry, 73, 55-60.
Abdolmaleki, Sh., Ghani Nejad, D., Sayad Boorani, M., Bandani, Gh. & Pourgholami, A. (2004). Evaluation of Rutilus frissi kutum stocks during the catch season of 2003-2004 on the Iranian shores of the Caspian Sea. Indoor Waters Research Institute, Bandar Anzali, 113 p [In Persian].
Abu Mahboob, P. & Mousavi Nodoshan, R. (2017). Fatty acids profile and levels in farmed fish in Samen Al-Aemeh pond in Qom. Research in Marine Science and Technology, 12(4), 35-43 [In Persian].
Ackman, R. G. (1990). Seafood lipids and fatty acids. Food Reviews International, 6(4), 617-646.
Adburakhmanov, Y. A. (1962). Fish of freshwater bodies of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan SSR AS Press. 224 p.
Adeli, Y. (1994). Cyprinids and Percids of the southern and central Caspian Sea basin (population structure, ecology, distribution, and strategies for stock regeneration). Guilan Fisheries Research Center, Bandar Anzali, 44 p [In Persian].
Akpinar, M. A., Görgün, S. & Akpinar, A. E. (2009). A comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in the liver and muscles of male and female Salmo trutta macrostigma. Food Chemistry, 112, 6–8.
Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K. D. A., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F. & Alexis, M. (2002). Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chemistry, 79, 145-150.
AOAC International (2005). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International. AOCS, Champaign, USA (metabolism).
Arts, M. T., Ackman, R. G. & Holub, B. J. (2001). Essential fatty acids”in aquatic ecosystems: a crucial link between diet and human health and evolution. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 122–137.
Bandarra, N. M., Batista, I., Nunes, M.L., Empis, J. M. & Christie, W. W. (1997). Seasonal changes in lipid composition of sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Journal of Food Science, 62(1), 40-42.
Coad, B. W. & Vilenkin, B. Ya. (2005). Co-occurrence and zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 31, 53-61.
Danesh Khosh Asl, A. (1997). The effect of Rutilus frissi kutum release on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of its stocks in the Caspian Sea. Guilan Fisheries Research Center, Bandar Anzali, 20 p [In Persian].
Dey, S., Misra, K. K. & Sumit, H. (2017). Reviewing Nutritional Quality of Small Freshwater Fish Species. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 5(1), 19-27.
Emre, Y., Uysal, K., Pak, F., Emre, N. & Kavasoğlu, M. (2014). Seasonal and sexual
variations of fatty acid composition in fillet of Capoeta erhani. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2(6), 313-318.
Emre Uysal, K., Y., Emre, N., Kavasoğlu, M. & Aktaş, Ö. (2018). Seasonal and Sexual Variations of Total Protein, Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of an Endemic Freshwater Fish Species (Capoeta antalyensis). Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33(1), 6-10.
Engardeh, J., Mehrjerdi, A. & Saei Dehkordi, S. (2011). Comparison of nutritional composition and fatty acid profile of Capoeta damascina Valenciennes grown in saltwater and freshwater. PhD Thesis, 105 p [In Persian].
Eroldoğan, O. T., Turchini, G. M., Yılmaz, H. A., Taşbozan, O., Engin, K., Ölçülü, A., Özşahinoğlu, I. & Mumoğullarında, P. (2012). Potential of cottonseed oil as fish oil replacer in European sea bass feed formulation, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 787-797.
Görgün, S. & Akpinar, M. A. (2012). Effect of season on the fatty acid composition of the liver and muscle of Alburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt, 1772) from Tödürge Lake (Sivas, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology 36(5), 691-698.
Guler, G. O., Kiztanir, B., Aktumsek, A., Citil, O. B. & Ozparlak, H. (2007). Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition and ω3/ω6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir Lake (Turkey). Food Chemistry, 108(2), 689-694.
Hedayati Fard, M. & Nemati, S. (2009). Changes in the fatty acids of Rutilus frissi kutum and golden mullet (Liza aurata) eggs of the Caspian Sea under the salting process. Fisheries Journal, 3(2) [In Persian].
HMSO U. K. (1994). Nutritional aspects of cardiovascular disease (report on health and socialsubjects. No.46) London.
Ibarz, A., Blasco, J., Beltrán, M., Gallardo, M. A., Sánchez, J., Sala, R. & Fernández-Borràs, J. (2005). Cold-induced alterations on proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of several tissues in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 249, 477-486.
Jalili, S. (2008). The effect of refrigeration time on protein changes and damage to fatty acids in Rutilus frisii kutum from the Caspian Sea during refrigeration storage. Ph.D. Thesis in Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch [In Persian].
Jorjani S., Qelichi, A. & Baghdadi, A. (2014) Effects of complete replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils on growth parameters, feed efficiency, and muscle fatty acid profile of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Aquaculture Development, (3), 13-30 [In Persian].
Khosravi, N. (2011). A study on growth, activity of digestive enzymes, and composition of fatty acids and amino acids in Rutilus frisii kutum during larval development stages. MSc Thesis in Fisheries, Tarbiat Modares University [In Persian].
Kiabi, B. H., Abdoli, A. & Naderi, M. (1999). Status of the fish fauna in the South Caspian Basin of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 18(1), 57-65.
Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B. & Stone, R. A. (1990). Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 52(1), 1-28.
Komova, N. I. (2001). Dynamics of the biological composition of tissues in Abramis brama (Cyprinidae) at gonad maturation. Journal of Ichthyology, 41(4), 334-342.
Leger, C., Bergot, P., Lekuet, P., Flanzy, J. & Meurot, J. (1977). Specifik distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of Temperature Lipids, 12, 538–543.
Liang, K., Zhang, Q., Gu, M. & Cong, W., (2013). Effect of phosphorus on lipid accumulation in freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(1), 311–318.
Love, R. M. (1976). The chemical biology of fishes, London, translated under the title Khimicheskayabiologiya ryb, Moscow: Nauka.
Mohammadi Baghmalaei, M., Nikpour, H. & Valaei, N. (1996). The composition of fatty acids in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea fishes during 1995. Fourth Iranian Congress on Nutrition, Food Security, From Science to Practice, Tehran [In Persian].
Mukhopadhyay, T. & Ghosh, S. (2007). Lipid Profile and Fatty Acid Composition of Two Silurid Fish Eggs. Journal of Oleo Science, 56-8
Olsson, G. B., Olsen, R. L., Carlehög, M. & Ofstad, R. (2002). Seasonal variations in chemical and sensory characteristics of farmed and wild Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 217(1), 191-205.
Osman N. H., Suriah A. R. & Law E. C. (2001). Fatty acid composition and cholesterol
Özyurt, G. & Polat, A. (2005). Amino acid and fatty acid composition of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): a seasonal differentiation. European Food Research and Technology, 222(3-4), pp. 316-320.
Panetsos, A. (1978). Hygieneof foods of animal origin. Thessaloniki: D. Gartaganis. 221
Perez, M. J., Rodriguez, C., Cejas, J. R., Martín, M. V., Jerez, S. & Lorenzo, A. (2007). Lipid and fatty acid content in wild white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) broodstock in different stages of the reproductive cycle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 146, 187-196.
Razavi Sayad, B. (1995). The fish Rutilus frissi kutum. Iranian Fisheries Research Institute. 165 p [In Persian].
Rinchard, J., Czesny, S. & Dabrowski, K. (2007). Influence of lipid class and fatty acid deficiency on survival, growth and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture, 264, 363- 371.
Sargent, J. R. (1977). Fish oils and human diet. British Journal of Nutrition, 78, S5–S13.
Selmi, S., Mbarki. R. & Sadok, S. (2008). Seasonal change of lipid and fatty acid composition of little tuna Euthynnus alletteratus-by-products. Nutrition and Health, 19(3), 189-94.
Sorvachev, K. F. (1957). Changes in proteins of blood serum of carp during wintering, Biokhimia, 22 (2), 872-877.
Sotoodeh, A., Abedian Kenari, A., Khodabandeh, P. & Oji Fard, A. (2016). Histological changes of the gastrointestinal tract and the combination of fatty acids in the Caspian Sea salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) fed different levels of dietary essential fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and vitamin E. Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 138-124 [In Persian].
Superko, H. R., Superko, S. M., Nasir, K., Agatston, A. & Garrett, B. C. (2013). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels: Clinical significance and Controversy. Circulation, 128, 2154-61.
Takashima, F. & Hibiya, T. (1995). An atlas of fish histology: Normal and Pathological features, 2 nd Ed. Tokyo. Kodansha.
Turan, H., Sonmez, G. & Kaya, Y. (2007). Fatty acid profile and proximatecomposition of the thornback ray (Raja clavata, L. 1758) from the Sinop coast in the Black Sea. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 1, 97–10.
Tzikas, Z., Amvrosiadis, I., Soultos, N. & Geogakis, S. P. (2007). Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and microbiological condition of Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) muscle from the North Aegean Sea (Greece). Food Control, 18(3), 251-257.
Usydus, Z., Szlifder-Richert, J. & Adamczyk, M. (2012). Variation in proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of Baltic sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus). Food Chemistry, 130, 97-103.
Valencia, I., Ansorena, D. & Astiasaran I. (2006). Nutritional and sensory properties of dry fermented sasusages enriched with n-3 PUFAs. Meat Science, 72, 727-733.
Vance, J. E. (1985) Biochemistry of lipids and membranes, Benjamin/Cummings, California. ISBN 0-8053-9420-6, pp. 593.
Wang, G. Y. J., Millerr, L.A., Perren, M. & Addis, P.B. (1990). Omega-3 fatty acids in Lake Superior Fish. Journal of Food Science, 55(1), 71-73.
Yeganeh, S., Shabanpour, B., Hosseini, H., Imanpour, M. R., Shabani, A. & Abbasi, M. (2012). Assessment of seasonal changes in the chemical composition and fatty acid proffiles in Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Biology, 25(2) [In Persian].
Zaki Pour Rahimabadi, A. (2012). Comparison of muscle and liver fatty acid profiles in males and females Schizothorax zarudyi. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Fisheries, 67(4) [In Persian].
Zlatanos, S. & Laskaridis, K. (2006). Seasonal variation in the fatty acid composition of three Mediterranean fish–sardine (Sardina pilchardus), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) and picarel (Spicara smaris). Food Chemistry, 103(3), 725-728.
