Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Brown Alga Cystoseria.Sp and Evaluation of Physicochemichal and Sensory Properties of Its Enriched Edible Jelly
Subject Areas : MicrobiologyM. Mohammadi 1 , GH. Mohebbi 2 , M. Bolourian 3 , A. Barmak 4 , E. Ehsandoost 5
1 - Assistant Professor of the Department of Marine Biotechnology, the Persian Gulf Research and Studies Center, The Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor of the Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
3 - M.Sc. of the Kherad Institute of Higher Education, Bushehr, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor of Food and Drug Control Laboratory, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
5 - PhD Student of the Department of Marine Biotechnology, the Persian Gulf Research and Studies Center, The Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran.
Keywords: Cystoseira, Chemical Composition, Jelly, Persion Gulf, Sensory Properties, Texture,
Abstract :
Introduction: Alga Cystoseria is a brown macroalga belonging to the Phaeophyta family. This alga with irregular branches is found in tropical, sub-tropical waters near rocks and wetlands. The aim of the study was to identify the bioactive compounds of Cystoseria brown algae extract and to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of the edible jelly fortified with algae. Materials and Methods: The chemical compositions of the Cystoseria alga extract were detected by the GC-MS method, and the extracts were added to the jelly formulation at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg, then the effects on sensory properties and synereses were studied. Sensory evaluations of oral jelly were carried out by ten evaluators and using a five-point hedonic test to examine the color, taste, texture and general acceptance of the prepared jelly. Results: The GC-MS analysis identified twelve biologically active compounds effective in food and drugs. The study indicated that the color score increased with the addition of algae extract. According to the results of acceptability, adding 50 mg of the extract to the jelly had the most effects on color, taste and texture factors. The syneresis reduction in treatments was an indication of high water content within the jelly, resulting in improving the appearance of edible jelly. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the addition of 50 mg of Cystoseria alga extract can be as criteria for the selection of the best formulation that can be used for its high nutritional value.
Abbasi, S. & Rahimi, S. (2007). Introduction of an unknown local plant gum: Persian gum. Flour and Food Industry Magazine, 4, 42-51.
Akpuaka, A., Ekwenchi, M. M., Dashak, D. A. & Dildar, A. (2013). Biological activities of characterized isolates of n-hexane extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) leaves. New York Science Journal, 6, 119-124.
Andrade, P. B., Barbosa, M., Matos, R. P., Lopes, G., Vinholes, J., Mouga, T. & Valentão, P. (2013). Valuable compounds in macroalgae extracts. Food Chemistry, 138(2), 1819-1828.
Barrantes, E., Tamime, A. Y. & Sword, A. M. (1994). Production of low-calorie yoghurt using skim milk and fat-substitutes: 3. Microbiological and organoleptic qualities. Milchwissenschaft.
Barsanti, L. & Gualtieri, P. (2006). Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology. CRC Press Boca Raton.
Batista, A. P., Raymundo, A., Sousa, I. & Empis, J. (2006). Rheological characterization of coloured oil-in-water food emulsions with lutein and phycocyanin added to the oil and aqueous phases. Food Hydrocolloids, 20, 44-52.
Burns, R. P. & Burns, R. (2008). Business research methods and statistics using SPSS. Sage.
Cheow, C. S., Norizah, M. S., Kyaw, Z. Y. & Howell, N. K. (2007). Preparation and characterisation of gelatins from the skins of sin croaker (Johnius dussumieri) and shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma). Food Chemistry, 101, 386-391.
Chronakis, I. S. (2001). Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolate (Spirulina platensis strain pacifica): thermal transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved. Journal Agricalture Food Chemical, 49, 888-898.
Dehkordi, N. V., Kachouie, N. A., Pirbalouti, A. G., Malekpoor, F. & Rabei, M. (2015). Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts of Ephedra foliate. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica- Drug Research. 72, 341-345.
Dobashi, K., Nishino, T., Fujihara, M. & Nagumo, T. (1989). Isolation and preliminary characterization of fucose-containing sulfated polysamlharides with blood-anticoagulant activity from the brown seaweed Hizikia fusiforme. Carbohydrate Research, 194, 315-320.
Draisma, S. G., Ballesteros, E., Rousseau, F. & Thibaut, T. (2010). DNA sequence data demonstrate the polyphyly of the genus Cystoseira and other Sargassaceae genera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 46, 1329-1345.
Dulger, B., Hacioglu, N., Erdugan, H. & Aysel, V. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of some brown algae from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21, 4113.
Durmaz, Y., Duyar, H. A., GÖkpinar, Ş., Taskaya, L., Öğretmen, Y. Ö., Bandarra, N. M. & Nunes, M. L. (2008). Fatty Acids, α-tocopherol and Total Pigment Contents of Cystoseira spp., Ulva spp. and Zostera spp. from Sinop Bay (Turkey). International Journal of Natural & Engineering Sciences, 2(3), 111-114.
El-Tantawy, M. E., Shams, M. M. & Afifi, M. S. (2016). Chemical composition and biological evaluation of the volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl grown in Egypt. Natural Product Research, 30, 1197-1201.
FAO. (2014). The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 2014. FAO, Rome, p 223.
FAO. (2015). FAO Global Aquaculture Production statistics database updated to 2013: Summary information. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Farghaly, A. R., Esmail, S., Abdel-Hafez, A., Vanelle, P. & El-Kashef, H. (2012). New pyrazole derivatives of potential biological activity. Arkivoc, 7, 228-241.
Fernando, W. D., Ramarathnam, R., Krishnamoorthy, A. S. & Savchuk, S. C. (2005). Identification and use of potential bacterial organic antifungal volatiles in biocontrol. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37(5), 955-964.
Greene-McDowelle, D. M., Ingber, B., Wright, M. S., Zeringue, H. J., Bhatnagar, D. & Cleveland, T. E. (1999). The effects of selected cotton-leaf volatiles on growth, development and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus. Toxicon, 37, 883-893.
Hodges, K., Hancock, S., Currell, K., Hamilton, B. & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006). Pseudoephedrine enhances performance in 1500-m runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 329-333.
Jiao, L., Li, X., Li, T., Jiang, P., Zhang, L., Wu, M. & Zhang, L. (2009). Characterization and anti-tumor activity of alkali-extracted polysamlharide from Enteromorphaintestinalis. International Immunopharmacology, 9, 324-329.
Jordán, M. J., Tandon, K., Shaw, P. E. & Goodner, K. L. (2001). Aromatic Profile of Aqueous Banana Essence and Banana Fruit by Gas Chromatography− Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography− Olfactometry (GC-O). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 4813-4817.
Kengar, A. A. & Paratkar, G. T. (2015). International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, 2, 33-37.
Khani, M. H., Keshtkar, A. R., Ghannadi, M. & Pahlavanzadeh, H. (2008). Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study of the biosorption of uranium onto Cystoseria indica algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 612-618.
Kishimoto, T., Wanikawa, A., Kagami, N. & Kawatsura, K. (2005). Analysis of hop-derived terpenoids in beer and evaluation of their behavior using the stir bar sorptive extraction method with GC-MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 4701-4707.
Kovalenko, I., Zdyrko, B., Magasinski, A., Hertzberg, B., Milicev, Z., Burtovyy, R., Luzinov, I. & Yushin, G. (2011). A major constituent of brown algae for use in high-capacity Li-ion batteries. Science, 334, 75-79.
Liberman, L., Bonaccio, E., Hamele-Bena, D., Abramson, A. F., Cohen, M. A. & Dershaw, D. D. (1996). Benign and malignant phyllodes tumors: mammographic and sonographic findings. Radiology, 198, 121-124.
Li, D. Y., Xu, R. Y., Zhou, W. Z., Sheng, X. B., Yang, A. Y. & Cheng, J. L. (2002). Effects of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed on lipid peroxidation in mice. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 24, 389-392.
Li, D. Y., Xu, Z., Huang, L. M., Wang, H. B. & Zhang, S. H. (2001). Effect of fucoidan of L. japonica on rats with hyperlipidaemia. Food Science, 22, 92-95.
Li, D. Y., Xu, Z. & Zhang, S. H. (1999). Prevention and cure of fucoidan of L. japonica on mice with hypercholesterolemia. Food Science, 20, 45-46.
Meenakshi, V. K., Veerabahu, C. & Roselin, K. F. (2013). GC-MS and IR Studies of ethanolic extract of colonial ascidian-Polyclinum madrasensis Sebastian, 1952. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 4, 1187-1198.
Minamizawa, K., Goto, H., Ohi, Y., Shimada, Y., Terasawa, K. & Haji, A. (2006). Effect of d-pseudoephedrine on cough reflex and its mode of action in guinea pigs. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 102, 136-142.
Mohebbi, G. H., Nabipour, I. & Vazirizadeh, A. (2014). The sea, the future pharmacy. Iranian South Medical Journal, 17, 748-788.
Mounesan, L., Nedjat, S., Majdzadeh, R., Rashidian, A. & Gholami, J. (2013). Only one third of Tehran's physicians are familiar with Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 349.
Nishino, T., Yokoyama, G., Dobashi, K., Fujihara, M. & Nagumo, T. (1989). Isolation, purification, and characterization of fucose-containing sulfated polysamlharides from the brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome and their blood-anticoagulant activities. Carbohydrate Research, 186, 119-129.
Oliver, A. L., Anderson, B. N. & Roddick, F. A. (1999). Factors affecting the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol by yeast: a case study. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 41, 1-45.
Pedreschi, F., Leon, J., Mery, D. & Moyano, P. (2006). Development of a computer vision system to measure the color of potato chips. Food Research International, 39, 1092-1098.
Plaza, M., Cifuentes, A. & Ibáñez, E. (2008). In the search of new functional food ingredients from algae. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19, 31-39.
Ponce, N. M., Pujol, C. A., Damonte, E. B., Flores, L. & Stortz, C. A. (2003). Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydrate Research, 338, 153-165.
Rahbar, N., Shafaghat, A. & Salimi, F. (2012). Antimicrobial activity and constituents of the hexane extracts from leaf and stem of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. Viride (Boiss.) Hayek. growing wild in Northwest Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6, 2681-2685.
Sahan, N., Yasar, K., & Hayaloglu, A. A. (2008). Physical, chemical and flavour quality of non-fat yogurt as affected by a β-glucan hydrocolloidal composite during storage. Food Hydrocolloids, 22, 1291-1297.
Sathya, R., Kanaga, N., Sankar, P. & Jeeva, S. (2017). Antioxidant properties of phlorotannins from brown seaweed Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C. Agardh. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2608-S2614.
Sammataro, D., Finley, J., LeBlanc, B., Wardell, G., Ahumada-Segura, F., & Carroll, M. J. (2009). Feeding essential oils and 2-heptanone in sugar syrup and liquid protein diets to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) as potential Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) controls. Journal of Apicultural Research, 48(4), 256-262.
Shibata, H., Kimura‐Takagi, I., Nagaoka, M., Hashimoto, S., Aiyama, R., Iha, M., Ueyama, S. & Yokokura, T. (2000). Properties of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus tokida in gastric mucosal protection. Biofactors, 11, 235-245.
Sintermann, J., Schallhart, S., Kajos, M., Jocher, M., Bracher, A., Münger, A. & Ruuskanen, T. (2014). Trimethylamine emissions in animal husbandry. Biogeosciences, 11, 5073-5085.
Sobral, P. D. A., Menegalli, F. C., Hubinger, M. D. & Roques, M. A. (2001). Mechanical, water vapor barrier and thermal properties of gelatin based edible films. Food Hydrocolloids, 15, 423-432.
Stirk, W. A., Reinecke, D. L. & van Staden, J. (2007). Seasonal variation in antifungal, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity in seven South African seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19, 271-276.
Tolstoguzov, V. B. (1995). Some physico-chemical aspects of protein processing in foods. Multicomponent gels. Food Hydrocolloids, 9, 317-332.
Vaithiyanathan, V. & Mirunalini, S. (2015). Quantitative variation of bioactive phyto compounds in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Journal of Biomedical Research, 29, 169.
Volka, R.B. & Furkert, F.H. (2006). Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth. Microbiological Research, 161, 180-186.
Veena, C. K., Josephine, A., Preetha, S. P., Rajesh, N. G. & Varalakshmi, P. (2008). Mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of hyperoxaluria: a prophylactic approach with fucoidan. European Journal of Pharmacology, 579, 330-336.
Wells, M. L., Potin, P., Craigie, J. S., Raven, J. A., Merchant, S. S., Helliwell, K. E. & Brawley, S. H. (2017). Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 949-982.
Yang, J. W., Yoon, S. Y., Oh, S. J., Kim, S. K. & Kang, K. W. (2006). Bifunctional effects of fucoidan on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 346, 345-350.
Youn, K., Kim, J. Y., Yeo, H., Yun, E. Y., Hwang, J. S. & Jun, M. (2012). Fatty acid and volatile oil compositions of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 17, 310-314.
_||_Abbasi, S. & Rahimi, S. (2007). Introduction of an unknown local plant gum: Persian gum. Flour and Food Industry Magazine, 4, 42-51.
Akpuaka, A., Ekwenchi, M. M., Dashak, D. A. & Dildar, A. (2013). Biological activities of characterized isolates of n-hexane extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) leaves. New York Science Journal, 6, 119-124.
Andrade, P. B., Barbosa, M., Matos, R. P., Lopes, G., Vinholes, J., Mouga, T. & Valentão, P. (2013). Valuable compounds in macroalgae extracts. Food Chemistry, 138(2), 1819-1828.
Barrantes, E., Tamime, A. Y. & Sword, A. M. (1994). Production of low-calorie yoghurt using skim milk and fat-substitutes: 3. Microbiological and organoleptic qualities. Milchwissenschaft.
Barsanti, L. & Gualtieri, P. (2006). Algae: anatomy, biochemistry, and biotechnology. CRC Press Boca Raton.
Batista, A. P., Raymundo, A., Sousa, I. & Empis, J. (2006). Rheological characterization of coloured oil-in-water food emulsions with lutein and phycocyanin added to the oil and aqueous phases. Food Hydrocolloids, 20, 44-52.
Burns, R. P. & Burns, R. (2008). Business research methods and statistics using SPSS. Sage.
Cheow, C. S., Norizah, M. S., Kyaw, Z. Y. & Howell, N. K. (2007). Preparation and characterisation of gelatins from the skins of sin croaker (Johnius dussumieri) and shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma). Food Chemistry, 101, 386-391.
Chronakis, I. S. (2001). Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolate (Spirulina platensis strain pacifica): thermal transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved. Journal Agricalture Food Chemical, 49, 888-898.
Dehkordi, N. V., Kachouie, N. A., Pirbalouti, A. G., Malekpoor, F. & Rabei, M. (2015). Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts of Ephedra foliate. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica- Drug Research. 72, 341-345.
Dobashi, K., Nishino, T., Fujihara, M. & Nagumo, T. (1989). Isolation and preliminary characterization of fucose-containing sulfated polysamlharides with blood-anticoagulant activity from the brown seaweed Hizikia fusiforme. Carbohydrate Research, 194, 315-320.
Draisma, S. G., Ballesteros, E., Rousseau, F. & Thibaut, T. (2010). DNA sequence data demonstrate the polyphyly of the genus Cystoseira and other Sargassaceae genera (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology, 46, 1329-1345.
Dulger, B., Hacioglu, N., Erdugan, H. & Aysel, V. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of some brown algae from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21, 4113.
Durmaz, Y., Duyar, H. A., GÖkpinar, Ş., Taskaya, L., Öğretmen, Y. Ö., Bandarra, N. M. & Nunes, M. L. (2008). Fatty Acids, α-tocopherol and Total Pigment Contents of Cystoseira spp., Ulva spp. and Zostera spp. from Sinop Bay (Turkey). International Journal of Natural & Engineering Sciences, 2(3), 111-114.
El-Tantawy, M. E., Shams, M. M. & Afifi, M. S. (2016). Chemical composition and biological evaluation of the volatile constituents from the aerial parts of Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl grown in Egypt. Natural Product Research, 30, 1197-1201.
FAO. (2014). The state of the world fisheries and aquaculture 2014. FAO, Rome, p 223.
FAO. (2015). FAO Global Aquaculture Production statistics database updated to 2013: Summary information. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Farghaly, A. R., Esmail, S., Abdel-Hafez, A., Vanelle, P. & El-Kashef, H. (2012). New pyrazole derivatives of potential biological activity. Arkivoc, 7, 228-241.
Fernando, W. D., Ramarathnam, R., Krishnamoorthy, A. S. & Savchuk, S. C. (2005). Identification and use of potential bacterial organic antifungal volatiles in biocontrol. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37(5), 955-964.
Greene-McDowelle, D. M., Ingber, B., Wright, M. S., Zeringue, H. J., Bhatnagar, D. & Cleveland, T. E. (1999). The effects of selected cotton-leaf volatiles on growth, development and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus. Toxicon, 37, 883-893.
Hodges, K., Hancock, S., Currell, K., Hamilton, B. & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006). Pseudoephedrine enhances performance in 1500-m runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38, 329-333.
Jiao, L., Li, X., Li, T., Jiang, P., Zhang, L., Wu, M. & Zhang, L. (2009). Characterization and anti-tumor activity of alkali-extracted polysamlharide from Enteromorphaintestinalis. International Immunopharmacology, 9, 324-329.
Jordán, M. J., Tandon, K., Shaw, P. E. & Goodner, K. L. (2001). Aromatic Profile of Aqueous Banana Essence and Banana Fruit by Gas Chromatography− Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography− Olfactometry (GC-O). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49, 4813-4817.
Kengar, A. A. & Paratkar, G. T. (2015). International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, 2, 33-37.
Khani, M. H., Keshtkar, A. R., Ghannadi, M. & Pahlavanzadeh, H. (2008). Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study of the biosorption of uranium onto Cystoseria indica algae. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 612-618.
Kishimoto, T., Wanikawa, A., Kagami, N. & Kawatsura, K. (2005). Analysis of hop-derived terpenoids in beer and evaluation of their behavior using the stir bar sorptive extraction method with GC-MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 4701-4707.
Kovalenko, I., Zdyrko, B., Magasinski, A., Hertzberg, B., Milicev, Z., Burtovyy, R., Luzinov, I. & Yushin, G. (2011). A major constituent of brown algae for use in high-capacity Li-ion batteries. Science, 334, 75-79.
Liberman, L., Bonaccio, E., Hamele-Bena, D., Abramson, A. F., Cohen, M. A. & Dershaw, D. D. (1996). Benign and malignant phyllodes tumors: mammographic and sonographic findings. Radiology, 198, 121-124.
Li, D. Y., Xu, R. Y., Zhou, W. Z., Sheng, X. B., Yang, A. Y. & Cheng, J. L. (2002). Effects of fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed on lipid peroxidation in mice. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 24, 389-392.
Li, D. Y., Xu, Z., Huang, L. M., Wang, H. B. & Zhang, S. H. (2001). Effect of fucoidan of L. japonica on rats with hyperlipidaemia. Food Science, 22, 92-95.
Li, D. Y., Xu, Z. & Zhang, S. H. (1999). Prevention and cure of fucoidan of L. japonica on mice with hypercholesterolemia. Food Science, 20, 45-46.
Meenakshi, V. K., Veerabahu, C. & Roselin, K. F. (2013). GC-MS and IR Studies of ethanolic extract of colonial ascidian-Polyclinum madrasensis Sebastian, 1952. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 4, 1187-1198.
Minamizawa, K., Goto, H., Ohi, Y., Shimada, Y., Terasawa, K. & Haji, A. (2006). Effect of d-pseudoephedrine on cough reflex and its mode of action in guinea pigs. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 102, 136-142.
Mohebbi, G. H., Nabipour, I. & Vazirizadeh, A. (2014). The sea, the future pharmacy. Iranian South Medical Journal, 17, 748-788.
Mounesan, L., Nedjat, S., Majdzadeh, R., Rashidian, A. & Gholami, J. (2013). Only one third of Tehran's physicians are familiar with Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 349.
Nishino, T., Yokoyama, G., Dobashi, K., Fujihara, M. & Nagumo, T. (1989). Isolation, purification, and characterization of fucose-containing sulfated polysamlharides from the brown seaweed Ecklonia kurome and their blood-anticoagulant activities. Carbohydrate Research, 186, 119-129.
Oliver, A. L., Anderson, B. N. & Roddick, F. A. (1999). Factors affecting the production of L-phenylacetylcarbinol by yeast: a case study. Advances in Microbial Physiology, 41, 1-45.
Pedreschi, F., Leon, J., Mery, D. & Moyano, P. (2006). Development of a computer vision system to measure the color of potato chips. Food Research International, 39, 1092-1098.
Plaza, M., Cifuentes, A. & Ibáñez, E. (2008). In the search of new functional food ingredients from algae. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 19, 31-39.
Ponce, N. M., Pujol, C. A., Damonte, E. B., Flores, L. & Stortz, C. A. (2003). Fucoidans from the brown seaweed Adenocystis utricularis: extraction methods, antiviral activity and structural studies. Carbohydrate Research, 338, 153-165.
Rahbar, N., Shafaghat, A. & Salimi, F. (2012). Antimicrobial activity and constituents of the hexane extracts from leaf and stem of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. Viride (Boiss.) Hayek. growing wild in Northwest Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6, 2681-2685.
Sahan, N., Yasar, K., & Hayaloglu, A. A. (2008). Physical, chemical and flavour quality of non-fat yogurt as affected by a β-glucan hydrocolloidal composite during storage. Food Hydrocolloids, 22, 1291-1297.
Sathya, R., Kanaga, N., Sankar, P. & Jeeva, S. (2017). Antioxidant properties of phlorotannins from brown seaweed Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C. Agardh. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2608-S2614.
Sammataro, D., Finley, J., LeBlanc, B., Wardell, G., Ahumada-Segura, F., & Carroll, M. J. (2009). Feeding essential oils and 2-heptanone in sugar syrup and liquid protein diets to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) as potential Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) controls. Journal of Apicultural Research, 48(4), 256-262.
Shibata, H., Kimura‐Takagi, I., Nagaoka, M., Hashimoto, S., Aiyama, R., Iha, M., Ueyama, S. & Yokokura, T. (2000). Properties of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus tokida in gastric mucosal protection. Biofactors, 11, 235-245.
Sintermann, J., Schallhart, S., Kajos, M., Jocher, M., Bracher, A., Münger, A. & Ruuskanen, T. (2014). Trimethylamine emissions in animal husbandry. Biogeosciences, 11, 5073-5085.
Sobral, P. D. A., Menegalli, F. C., Hubinger, M. D. & Roques, M. A. (2001). Mechanical, water vapor barrier and thermal properties of gelatin based edible films. Food Hydrocolloids, 15, 423-432.
Stirk, W. A., Reinecke, D. L. & van Staden, J. (2007). Seasonal variation in antifungal, antibacterial and acetylcholinesterase activity in seven South African seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19, 271-276.
Tolstoguzov, V. B. (1995). Some physico-chemical aspects of protein processing in foods. Multicomponent gels. Food Hydrocolloids, 9, 317-332.
Vaithiyanathan, V. & Mirunalini, S. (2015). Quantitative variation of bioactive phyto compounds in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Journal of Biomedical Research, 29, 169.
Volka, R.B. & Furkert, F.H. (2006). Antialgal, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two metabolites produced and excreted by cyanobacteria during growth. Microbiological Research, 161, 180-186.
Veena, C. K., Josephine, A., Preetha, S. P., Rajesh, N. G. & Varalakshmi, P. (2008). Mitochondrial dysfunction in an animal model of hyperoxaluria: a prophylactic approach with fucoidan. European Journal of Pharmacology, 579, 330-336.
Wells, M. L., Potin, P., Craigie, J. S., Raven, J. A., Merchant, S. S., Helliwell, K. E. & Brawley, S. H. (2017). Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 949-982.
Yang, J. W., Yoon, S. Y., Oh, S. J., Kim, S. K. & Kang, K. W. (2006). Bifunctional effects of fucoidan on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 346, 345-350.
Youn, K., Kim, J. Y., Yeo, H., Yun, E. Y., Hwang, J. S. & Jun, M. (2012). Fatty acid and volatile oil compositions of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 17, 310-314.
