Rethinking the Concept of Healthy Living in Urban Neighborhoods During the Corona Pandemic era and after
Subject Areas : Urban Development
Kasra Ketabollahi
1
,
Agostino Petrillo
2
,
Morteza Mirgholami
3
1 -
2 -
3 -
Keywords: Contemporary Neighborhood, Pandemic, Place-Oriented, Health.,
Abstract :
The neighborhood is considered as the center of thinking about the City. Neighborhoods have undergone changes in different eras based on different crises. The emergence of the Corona pandemic has caused immediate changes in the way of living and the creation of new demands in the last four years. The daily concerns caused by the pandemic have put the dwellers' physical, mental, and psychological health at risk. Therefore, the research's main goal is to rethink the concept of neighborhood health as required in the post-pandemic era. This research was developed based on the correspondence of experiences and literature of "contemporary neighborhood" and "pandemic concept." Based on theme base method, studies related to the "pandemic" were investigated to base the obtained data on the content matching of two concepts of the contemporary neighborhood and pandemic and to make it possible to realize the research goals. Based on the findings, eighteen criteria related to place, ten related to biopsychology, and seven related to biomedicine have been promoted in contemporary urban planning. The summation of the criteria related to the contemporary neighborhood also confirms eighteen criteria. Examining the content of the basis of livability criteria in the pandemic era and the contemporary neighborhood shows that these two phenomena (chronological) not only do not have a fundamental conflict with each other in content, but the content coherence between the criteria is evident.
Aerts J P M, Uhlemann-Elmer S, Eilander D, and Ward P. J. 2020. Comparison of estimates of global flood models for flood hazard and exposed gross domestic product: A China case study. Volume 20, issue 12, NHESS, 20, 3245–3260, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3245-2020
Aliloo, M., Mirgolami, M., & Hashempoor, P. (2019). Analysis of the Impact of the Urbanism and Architecture Rules and Regulations on the Physical Structure of Neighborhoods. Urban Planning Knowledge, 3(1), 71-83. https://doi: 10.22124/upk.2019.11996.1161 ]In Persian[
Alizadeh. H, Habibi. K. 2011, Factors shaping historical Islamic cities of Muslims.Iranian Islamic city studies,3 (1),19-30. ]In Persian[
Assar, G. & Nazaripour. F. 2013, evaluating the performance of urban open spaces in the direction of strengthening and revitalizing neighborhood centers, Construction Engineering Quarterly, 39 series, pages 121-104]In Persian[
Barker J, Pan D, Koeckerling D, Baldwin AJ, West R. Effect of serial awake prone positioning on oxygenation in patients admitted to intensive care with COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2022 May;98(1159):360-364. https://doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139631
Barton H & Tsourou C. 2011. Healthy Urban Planning. ISBN9780203857755, 1st edition, Routledge, London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203857755
Bastani Rad, H. 1391, Koi (neighborhood) in Iranian cities of the first Islamic centuries, Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam, serial 10, ISSN: 2099-2345, Iran ]In Persian[
Bustamante G, Guzman V, Kobayashi L C., Finlay J. 2022. Mental health and well-being in times of Covid-19: A mixed-methods study of the role of neighborhood parks, outdoor spaces, and nature among U.S. older adults, Health and Place Journal, 76 )2022) 102813, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102813
Brown K & Mijic A. 2019. Integrating green and blue spaces into our cities: Making it happen. Imperial College London https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22773.12002
Bryan, M.S., Sun, J., Jagai, J., Horton, D.E., Montgomery, A., Sargis, R., Argos, M., 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality and neighborhood characteristics in Chicago. Ann. Epidemiol. 56, 47–54.
Chen C, Zou Y, Gao H. 2021. Role of neighborhood social support in stress coping and psychological well-being during the Covid -19pandemic: Evidence from Hubei, China, Health and Place Journal, 69 )2021) 102532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102532
Cromer, S.J., Lakhani, C.M., Wexler, D.J., Burnett-Bowie, S.A.M., Udler, M., Patel, C.J., 2020. Geospatial Analysis of Individual and Community-Level Socio-economic Factors Impacting SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence and Outcomes. medRxiv, 2020.09.30.20201830
Credit, K., 2020. Neighbourhood inequity: exploring the factors underlying racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 testing and infection rates using ZIP code data in Chicago and New York. Regional Science Policy & Practice 12, 1249–1271.
Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. 1991. Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Futures Studies.
Doostvandi, M., Akbari, M., & Ketabollahi, K. (2022). The flexibility of urban spaces during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Space and Place Studies, 1401(23), 25-44. doi 10.22034/JSPR.2022.702050
Derks, J., Giessen, L., Winkel, G. 2020. Covid -19-induced visitor boom reveals the importance of forests as critical infrastructure. For. Policy Econ 118, 102253. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FORPOL.2020.102253.
Dzhambov, A.M., Lercher, P., Browning, M.H.E.M., Stoyanov, D., Petrova, N., Novakov, S., Dimitrova, D.D. 2021. Does greenery experience indoors and outdoors provide an escape and support mental health during the Covid -19 quarantine? Environ. Res. 196, 110420. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envres.2020.110420.
Ehsan AM, De Silva MJ. Social capital and common mental disorder: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Oct;69(10):1021-8. Https://doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205868. Epub 2015 Jul 15. P.M.I.D.: 26179447.
Eltarabily S, Elgheznawy D., 2020, Post-Pandemic Cities - The Impact of COVID-19 on Cities and Urban Design, Scientific & Academic Publishing, e-ISSN: 2168-5088, 2020; 10(3): 75-84, Https://doi:10.5923/j.arch.20201003.02
Emeruwa, U. N., Ona, S., Shaman, J. L., Turitz, A., Wright, J. D., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., & Melamed, A. (2020). Associations between built environment, neighborhood socio-economic status, and SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women in New York City. Jama, 324(4), 390-392
eslami, A., & Aminzadeh, B. (2013). A Comparative Study on the Concept and Design Principles of Iranian Mahalleh and Western Neighborhood. Hoviatshahr, 7(13), 33-45. ]In Persian[
Fang. W & Wahba. S., 2020. Urban Density Is Not an Enemy in the Coronavirus Fight: Evidence from China, Sustainable Cities
Finlay, J.M., Kler, J.S., O'Shea, B.Q., Eastman, M.R., Vinson, Y.R., Kobayashi, L.C. 2021a. Coping during the Covid -19 pandemic: a qualitative study of older adults across the United States. Front. Public Health 9, 323. https://doi.org/10.3389/ FPUBH.2021.643807/BIBTEX.
Finlay, J.M., Meltzer, G., Cannon, M., Kobayashi, L.C. 2021b. Aging in place during a pandemic: neighborhood engagement and environments since the Covid -19 pandemic onset. Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1093/GERONT/GNAB169.
Geng. Y, Gu. J, Wang. J, Zhang. R., 2021 Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control, Journal of Affective Disorders, Volume 293, 2021, Pages 415-421, ISSN 0165-0327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062.
Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Moudon A, Reis R, Turrell G, Dannenberg AL, Badland H, Foster S, Lowe M, Sallis JF, Stevenson M, Owen N. City planning and population health: a global challenge. Lancet. 2016 Dec 10;388(10062):2912-2924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6. Epub 2016 Sep 23. P.M.I.D.: 27671668.
Grima, N & Corcoran, W & Hill-James, C & Langton, B & Sommer, H & Fisher, B. (2020). The importance of urban natural areas and urban ecosystem services during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE. 15. e0243344. 10.1371/journal.pone.0243344.
Harris, R. 2020. Exploring the neighbourhood-level correlates of Covid-19 deaths in London using a difference across spatial boundaries method, Health & Place journal 66 (2020) 102446, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102446
Henderson. J. V, Nigmatulina. D, Kriticos. S., 2021, Measuring urban economic density, Journal of Urban Economics, Volume 125, 103188, ISSN 0094-1190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.103188.
Heo, W., Cho, S., & Lee, P. (2020). A.P.R. Financial Stress Scale: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measurement. Journal of Financial Therapy, 11 (1) 2. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1216
Huang, R., Xia, J., Chen, Y., Shan, C., & Wu, C. (2020). A family cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection involving 11 patients in Nanjing, China. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20 (5), 534–535. Hui, D. S., Azhar, E. I., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., et al. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266.
Ketabollahi K, Mirgholami M, Doostvandi M 2023. Investigating the Intervention Plans of Urban Development From the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence. pos 2023; 5 (2), 205-224, URL: http://psp.modares.ac.ir/article-42-60431-en.html [In Persian]
Ketabollahi K & Mirgholami M. 2021. Healthy City, comparative analogy, the view of Hakim Bu Ali Sina and contemporary Western thinkers, 7th National Conference on Management Studies in Human Sciences, Tehran [In Persian]
Ketabollahi K, Ramezani M and Mirgholami M. 2021. Investigating the effects of the Covid-19 disease on household livelihoods and innovations in the post-covid period: the separated urban areas of Sanandaj, The first international conference on social capital and resilience, University of Tehran, Tehran. ]In Persian[
Kang. L, Ma. S, Chen. M, Yang. J, Wang. Y, Li. R, Yao. L, Bai. H, Cai. Z, Yang. B. X, Hu. S, Zhang. K, Wang. G, Ma. C, Liu. Z. 2020, impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 87, July 2020, Pages 11-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study,
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, Volume 87, 2020, Pages 11-17, ISSN 0889-1591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028.
Kani salmi, S., & Safari, H. (2019). Analyzing and investigating the indices and factors of creative tourism in urban rusty contexture of Isfahan (Case study: Joybere quarter). Journal of Innovation and Creativity in Human Science, 9(1), 115-152. ]In Persian[
Lai -C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
Lak A, Hakimian P, Sharif A. 2021. An evaluative model for assessing pandemic resilience at the neighborhood level: The case of Tehran, Sustainable Cities and Society Journal, 75, 103410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103410
Larson, L.R., Mullenbach, L.E., Browning, M.H.E.M., Rigolon, A., Thomsen, J., Metcalf, E. C., Reigner, N.P., Sharaievska, I., McAnirlin, O., D’Antonio, A., Cloutier, S., Helbich, M., Labib, S.M. 2022. Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the Covid -19 pandemic. Environ. Res. 204, 112367. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. ENVRES.2021.112367.
Latifi, Gh & SafariChabok, N., 2013. Regeneration of neighbourhood new urbanism principles times in Islamic Iranian cities. Motaleate Shahri, 2(8), 3-12.
Lee, J., Lim, H., Allen, J. , & Choi, G. (2021). Multiple mediating effects of conflicts with parents and self‐esteem on the relationship between economic status and depression among middle school students since COVID‐19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 712219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712219
Lesser, I.A., Nienhuis, C.P. 2020. The impact of Covid-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 17. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph17113899.
Levinger, P., Cerin, E., Milner, C., Hill, K.D. 2021. Older people and nature: the benefits of outdoors, parks, and nature in light of Covid -19 and beyond– where to from here? Int. J. Environ. Health Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2021.1879739.
Megahed NA, Ghoneim EM. Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic. Sustain Cities Soc. 2020 Oct;61:102350. https://doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350. Epub 2020 Jun 24. P.M.I.D.: 32834930; P.M.C.I.D.: PMC7313520.
Mitra R, Moore S A., Gillespie M, Faulkner G, Vanderloo L M., Chulak-Bozzer T, Rhodes R E., Brussoni M, Tremblay M S. 2020. Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the Covid-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment, Health & Place journal, 65 102418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418
Naghi Zadeh M. 2008. Islamic City and Architecture, Vol 1, Isafahan, Entesharat Mani [In Persian]
Neiman, D. & Wentz, L. 2019. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 8(3): 201–217. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6523821/ (Accessed 06/11/19).
Nguyen, Q.C., Huang, Y., Kumar, A., Duan, H., Tasdizen, T., 2020. Using 164 million google street view images to derive built environment predictors of COVID-19 cases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 17, 6359.
Niedzwiedz CL, Green MJ, Benzeval M, Campbell D, Craig P, Demou E, Leyland A, Pearce A, Thomson R, Whitley E, Katikireddi SV. Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown: longitudinal analyses of the U.K. Household Longitudinal Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2021 Mar;75(3):224-231. https://doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215060. Epub 2020 Sep 25. P.M.I.D.: 32978210; P.M.C.I.D.: PMC7892383.
Nourian, F., Elahizadeh, M. H., & Abdulahi Sabet, M. M. (2014). Developing a set of site location criteria for mosques within the urban land use framework. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 19(3), 39-52. . https://doi:10.22059/jfaup.2014.55403
O'Donnell J, 'Ardenas D, Orazani N, Evans A, Reynolds K J. 2022. The longitudinal effect of Covid -19 infections and lockdown on mental health and the protective effect of neighbourhood social relations, Social Science & Medicine Journal, 297 114821, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114821
Ottoni, C. A., Winters, M., & Sims-Gould, J. (2022). "We see each other from a distance": Neighbourhood social relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic matter for older adults' social connectedness. Health & Place, 76, 102844.
Petrillo, A & Pasqui, G., 2022. Cities Learning from a PandemicTowards Preparedness., Edited By Simonetta Armondi, Alessandro Balducci, Martina Bovo, Beatrice Galimberti, Routledge Publisher, Italy.
Pouso S, Borja Á, Fleming LE, Gómez-Baggethun E, White MP, Uyarra MC. Contact with blue-green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown beneficial for mental health. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 20;756:143984. https://doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143984. Epub 2020 Nov 26. P.M.I.D.: 33277006; P.M.C.I.D.: PMC7688424.
Public Health England. 2020. Disparities in the Risk and Outcomes of Covid -19. Public Health England, London.
Ren, J. L., Zhang, A. H., & Wang, X. J. (2020). Traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 treatment. Pharmacological Research, 155, 104743.
Rocklov, J., Jӧdin, H. 2020. High population densities catalyse the spread of Covid -19. J. Trav. Med. 27 (3) https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa038.
Ruiz, F., Suárez Falcón, J. C., Flórez, C. L., Odriozola-González, P., Tovar, D., López-González, S., & Baeza-Martín, R. (2019). Validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Colombia and factorial equivalence with Spanish data. Revista latinoamericana de psicología, 51(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n2.1
Salama AM. Coronavirus questions that will not go away: interrogating urban and socio-spatial implications of COVID-19 measures [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. Emerald Open Res 2020, 2:14 (https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13561.1)
Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL, Adams MA, Frank LD, Pratt M, Salvo D, Schipperijn J, Smith G, Cain KL, Davey R, Kerr J, Lai PC, Mitáš J, Reis R, Sarmiento OL, Schofield G, Troelsen J, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Owen N. Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2016 May 28;387(10034):2207-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2. Epub 2016 Apr 1. Erratum in: Lancet. 2016 May 28;387(10034):2198. P.M.I.D.: 27045735.
Saremi H and Ghazaei, M. 2021. Examining the role of selective segregation in the formation of neighborhoods with emphasis on Islamic, Iranian, and Western ideas, Danesh Shahrsazi, 5(4), 325-343. doi 10.22124/U.P.K.2021.16199.1439 [In Persian]
Sharifi A, Khavarian-Garmsir AR. The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Dec 20;749:14239.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391. Epub 2020 Sep 18. P.M.I.D.: 33370924; P.M.C.I.D.: PMC7499053.
Soga. M, Evans. M J, Cox. D T. C, Gaston. K J. 2021. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on human–nature interactions: Pathways, evidence, and implications. People and nature journal. Volume3, Issue3, Pages 518-527, https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10201
Soltanzadeh, H. 1389. Urban spaces in historical contexts of Iran, Publisher of Cultural Research Office, Volume 4, Tehran, Iran ]In Persian[
Thompson, A.G. 2007. The Meaning of Patient Involvement and Participation in Health Care Consultations: A Taxonomy. Social Science & Medicine: Medical Anthropology, 64, 1297-1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.11.002
Tomasso LP, Yin J, Cedeño Laurent JG, Chen JT, Catalano PJ, Spengler JD. The Relationship between Nature Deprivation and Individual Well-being across Urban Gradients under COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041511
Townshend N, Nichols M, Scarborough P, Rayner M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe--epidemiological update 2015. Eur Heart J. 2015 Oct 21;36(40):2696-705. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv428. Epub 2015 Aug 25. P.M.I.D.: 26306399.
Venter. Z.Z. S, Barton. David N, Gundersen. V, Figari. H, Nowell. Megan S., 2021, Back to nature: Norwegians sustain increased recreational use of urban green space months after the COVID-19 outbreak, Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 214, 2021, 104175, ISSN 0169-2046, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104175.
World Health Organization. (WHO), 1998. The Jakarta Declaration: on leading health promotion into the 21st century= Déclaration de Jakarta sur la promotion de la santé au XXIe siécle. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/63698
WHO. 2020. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic: WHO characterizes Covid -19 as a pandemic. Retrieved 23 May 2020, from. https://www. who. Int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al., 2020. Pathological findings of Covid -19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir. Med. 8 (4), 420–422.
You, H., Wu, X., Guo, X., 2020. Distribution of COVID-19 morbidity rate in association with social and economic factors in Wuhan, China: implications for urban development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 17, 3417.
Young, Lisa; O'Connor, Justen; Alfrey, Laura (2022). Moving from physical literacy to co-existing physical literacies: What is the problem? Monash University. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.26180/19345001.v2
Zhou, P., Yang, X.-L., Wang, X.-G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., et al. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579(7798), 270–273.
Zhang, X.N., Wang, W.W., Harris, R., Leckie, G. 2020. Analysing inter-provincial urban migration flows in China: A new multilevel gravity model approach. Migration Studies 8 (1), 19–42.
Zhang Xiaomeng, Sun Ziwen, Ashcroft Thulani, Dozier Marshall, Ostrishko Kayla, Krishan Prerna, McSwiggan Emilie, Keller Mark'eta and Douglas Margaret. 2022. Compact cities and the Covid -19 pandemic: Systematic review of the associations between transmission of Covid-19 or other respiratory viruses and population density or other features of neighbourhood design, Health and Place Journal, 76 (2022) 102827, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102827
