Designing an Optimal Model of Non-Interventionist Classroom Management Based on Self-Regulation Using a Fuzzy Approach
Subject Areas :
1 -
Keywords: Classroom Management, Non-Interventionist Approach, Self-Regulation, Optimal Model, Fuzzy Approach,
Abstract :
Given the increasing importance of classroom management and its influence on learning quality, this study aimed to propose an optimal model of non-interventionist classroom management based on self-regulation using a fuzzy approach. A mixed-method design (qualitative–quantitative) was adopted. In the first phase, the qualitative meta-synthesis method of Sandelowski and Barroso was applied to develop a comprehensive model. In the second phase, a survey was conducted, where expert opinions and content validity indices (CVR-CVI) were used to validate the model. Data were collected through 371 questionnaires distributed among teachers in Urmia, selected via cluster sampling, and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. In the third phase, a fuzzy expert system was employed to determine the optimal combination of model dimensions. Findings showed that emphasizing supportive environments, positive interactions, self-regulated learning, metacognitive skills, goal orientation, and responsibility enhances sustainable learning environments. These results provide practical guidance for educational policymaking and classroom management improvement programs.
References:
Amiri, M., Rezaei, A., & Karimi, H. (2020). Investigating classroom management challenges in Iranian schools. Quarterly Journal of Educational Studies, 15(2), 45–62. (in Persian)
Anderson, K., & Miller, S. (2022). Non-interventionist classroom management models: A comprehensive review. Educational Management Review, 45(3), 234-251.
Brown, R., Thompson, J., & Davis, M. (2023). Integrating self-regulation in modern classroom management. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58(2), 167-184.
Burden, P. R. (2020). Classroom Management: Creating a Successful K-12 Learning Community, 7th Edition. Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED605702.
Elhassan, I. A. M. I., Hamid, A., Yousif, Y. E. A., & Fadlalla, A. A. (2024). Techniques of Classroom Management. International Journal of Trends in English Language and Literature, 05(03), 29–44.
Făt, S. (2020). Interaction and Intervention Strategies in Effective Classrooms (pp. 49–72). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1427-6.CH003.
Goodman, A. M., McBain, R., Ye, Y., Sun, W., & Maitreesophon, B. (2023). Classroom Management Document Research: What are Effective: Proactive and Workable Techniques for Maximizing Learning and Minimizing Disruption in the Classroom? International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews (IJSASR), 3(4), 13–20.
Hamilton, D. (2017). Examining Behavioral Techniques, Encouragement, and Consistency in Classroom Management. 44(1). 56 – 71.
Hardin, C. J. (2011). Effective Classroom Management: Models and Strategies for Today’s Classrooms. https://www.amazon.com/Effective-Classroom-Management-Strategies-Classrooms/dp/013705503X
Hart, R. (2010). Classroom behaviour management: educational psychologists’ views on effective practice. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 15(4), 353–371.
Haydon.,T. F., Alana, M., Kennedy., Meagan, N., Scott. (2021). 5. Classroom Management. doi: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190068714.003.0019.
Hickey, D. T., & Schafer, N. J. (2006). Design-Based, Participation-Centered Approaches to Classroom Management (pp. 291–318). Routledge.
Hyasinth., A., Albina, P. (2024). 4. Self-Regulation Practices As a Key Determinant of Success in Mathematics Learning. doi: 10.70333/ijeks-03-08-003.
Jafari Senokesh, Kh. (2024). Classroom management and its styles. In 19th National Conference on Management and Humanities Research in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Jafarpour, M., & Barahoui Nouri, M. (2018). The impact of teachers’ personality traits on classroom management style. In 6th Scientific-Research Conference on Educational and Psychological Sciences: Social and Cultural Challenges in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Jones, M., & Watson, R. (2021). Traditional vs. modern approaches to classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 87, 102-115.
Karimi, A., & Rezaei, M. (2021). Analyzing the role of self-regulation in students’ academic success. Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(3), 78–95. (in Persian)
Khamzina, S., Syrymbetova, L. S., & Shakenova, T. (2024). Classroom management strategies in a modern school. 3i: Intellekt, Ideâ, Innovaciâ, 2, 230–238.
Kish, L. (2022). 15. Self‐management interventions for reducing challenging behaviors among school‐age students: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, doi: 10.1002/cl2.1223.
Kumari, M., & Biswas, S. N. (2024). Classroom Management Strategies and Their Influence on Student Social Behavior. International Journal of Humanities, Engineering, Science and Management, 5(1). 41 – 52.
Kumari., M., Saswata, Narayan, Biswas. (2024). 1. Classroom Management Strategies and Their Influence on Student Social Behavior. International Journal of Humanities, Engineering, Science and Management, doi: 10.59364/ijhesm.v5i1.272.
Langaroudi, K., & Soleimani, H. (2013). Comparing teachers’ beliefs and attitudes toward classroom management considering demographic characteristics. Quarterly Journal of Educational Research and Learning, 10(2), 45–60. (in Persian)
Laslett, R., & Smith, C. (2014). Effective Classroom Management: A Teacher’s Guide. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED241531
Marzano, R. J. (2008). Classroom Management That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Every Teacher. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED482825
Mashinchi, A. A., & Ghasempour, M. T. (2018). Examining the relationship between classroom management styles and academic achievement of primary students in Parsian in mathematics. In 3rd International Conference on New Research in Educational, Psychological, and Social Studies in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Matthew, I. A. (2022). Effective Classroom Management: A Sine Qua Non to Effective Teaching in a School Setting. International Journal of Educational Studies, 5(1), 1–7.
Mirajkar., M., Ms., S., U., Patil., Ms., I., P., Jadhav., Ms., S., N., Sawant., Ms., S., D., Dange., Ms., S., S., Dange. (2024). 1. Classroom Management. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, doi: 10.48175/ijarsct-17423.
Mohammadi, A., Hosseini, Z., & Razavi, S. (2022). The impact of modern technologies on classroom management. Journal of Innovative Educational Research, 8(4), 112–130. (in Persian)
Nourbakhsh, R., & Pourpashahaji Khajelou, S. (2023). Examining the effectiveness of classroom management methods in improving students’ self-directed learning. 2nd National Conference on Family and School Studies, Bandar Abbas. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1874471(in Persian)
Nur, K. (2020). Lecturer Strategies in Delivering Knowledge to Students at STAIN Mandailing Natal North Sumatera. 3(4), 2960–2965.
Padmaja, C. V. (2012). Classroom Management: An Approach. IUP Journal of English Studies, 7(2), 39.
Patrick, M. (2022). Classroom Management. doi: 10.4324/9781003140849-2.
Pedota, P. (2007). Strategies for Effective Classroom Management in the Secondary Setting. The Clearing House, 80(4), 163–168.
Ramsey, M. (2024). 2. Fostering an inclusive and socially responsive classroom environment using 5-minute self-regulation strategies. doi: 10.18260/1-2—46043.
Salehi Nia, M., et al. (2023). Examining characteristics of different classroom management styles and their impact on students’ learning and academic performance. National Conference on Educational Innovations and School Management, Farhangian University, Tehran. (in Persian)
Shepherd, T. L., & Linn, D. (2014). Behavior and Classroom Management in the Multicultural Classroom: Proactive, Active, and Reactive Strategies. https://www.amazon.com/Behavior-Classroom-Management-Multicultural-Strategies/dp/1452226261.
Shibanian, A., Masoumi Nejad, T., & Salehi, A. (2023). Examining the effect of laissez-faire and non-interventionist classroom management styles on students’ academic motivation. International Conference on Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (in Persian)
Soleimani, H. (2020). Comparing teachers’ attitudes toward classroom management styles considering demographic characteristics. Iranian Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 15(1), 78–92. (in Persian)
Soraya, K., Eryani, F., Andiyan, A., & Astuti, P. (2022). Classroom management strategies on the teaching English to young learners at elementary school. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 8(6), 259–266.
Sowell, H. K. (2013). Classroom management strategies: The impact on student achievement. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1824&context=doctoral
Stevens, K. B., & Lingo, A. S. (2013). Assessing Classroom Management: The Umbrella Approach. Beyond Behavior, 22(2), 19–26.
Taylor, P., & Roberts, L. (2023). Designing educational models for digital natives. Educational Technology Research, 42(1), 15-32.
Torres, N. (2017). Classroom management strategies for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. https://soar.suny.edu/handle/20.500.12648/304.
Trpin, A. (2023). 4. Contemporary approaches and challenges in classroom management. Conference proceedings, doi: 10.32591/coas.e-conf.09.03027.
Tyler, E., Smith., Aaron, M., Thompson., Brandy, R., Maynard., Anna, M., Kim. (2024). 1. Effects of Self-Management Interventions on Challenging Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, doi: 10.1177/10497315231200351.
Uddin, M. M., & Johnson, K. V. (2018). Identifying Classroom Management Strategies by Focusing on Diversity and Inclusion. https://peer.asee.org/identifying-classroom-management-strategies-by-focusing-on-diversity-and-inclusion
Vakili, Kh., & Falahati Aboukheli, M. R. (2019). Investigating the impact of classroom management styles on academic competence of first-grade secondary students in Sari, Iran, 2018–2019 academic year. In 3rd National Conference on Psychology, Education, and Lifestyle, Qazvin. (in Persian)
Wilson, R., Johnson, K., & Smith, M. (2022). Technology integration and classroom management challenges. Digital Education Review, 41(4), 78-93.
Yadav, M. (2014). Dimensions in Classroom Management:- Special Emphasis on Indian Education System EDUCATION.
Yousuf, M. M. (2023). Exploring Effective Classroom Management Techniques in English Teaching. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 11(11), 382–393. https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i11.9772.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2020). Self-regulated learning: Theories, measures, and outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 55, 89-107.
Zuckerman, J. T. (2007). Classroom Management in Secondary Schools: A Study of Student Teachers’ Successful Strategies. American Secondary Education, 35(2), 4–16.
Бежевец, А., Khamzina, S., Syrymbetova, L. S., & Shakenova, T. (2024). Classroom management strategies in a modern school. 3i: Intellekt, Ideâ, Innovaciâ, 2, 230–238.
Amiri, M., Rezaei, A., & Karimi, H. (2020). Investigating classroom management challenges in Iranian schools. Quarterly Journal of Educational Studies, 15(2), 45–62. (in Persian)
Anderson, K., & Miller, S. (2022). Non-interventionist classroom management models: A comprehensive review. Educational Management Review, 45(3), 234-251.
Brown, R., Thompson, J., & Davis, M. (2023). Integrating self-regulation in modern classroom management. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58(2), 167-184.
Burden, P. R. (2020). Classroom Management: Creating a Successful K-12 Learning Community, 7th Edition. Jossey-Bass, An Imprint of Wiley. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED605702.
Elhassan, I. A. M. I., Hamid, A., Yousif, Y. E. A., & Fadlalla, A. A. (2024). Techniques of Classroom Management. International Journal of Trends in English Language and Literature, 05(03), 29–44.
Făt, S. (2020). Interaction and Intervention Strategies in Effective Classrooms (pp. 49–72). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1427-6.CH003.
Goodman, A. M., McBain, R., Ye, Y., Sun, W., & Maitreesophon, B. (2023). Classroom Management Document Research: What are Effective: Proactive and Workable Techniques for Maximizing Learning and Minimizing Disruption in the Classroom? International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews (IJSASR), 3(4), 13–20.
Hamilton, D. (2017). Examining Behavioral Techniques, Encouragement, and Consistency in Classroom Management. 44(1). 56 – 71.
Hardin, C. J. (2011). Effective Classroom Management: Models and Strategies for Today’s Classrooms. https://www.amazon.com/Effective-Classroom-Management-Strategies-Classrooms/dp/013705503X
Hart, R. (2010). Classroom behaviour management: educational psychologists’ views on effective practice. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 15(4), 353–371.
Haydon.,T. F., Alana, M., Kennedy., Meagan, N., Scott. (2021). 5. Classroom Management. doi: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190068714.003.0019.
Hickey, D. T., & Schafer, N. J. (2006). Design-Based, Participation-Centered Approaches to Classroom Management (pp. 291–318). Routledge.
Hyasinth., A., Albina, P. (2024). 4. Self-Regulation Practices As a Key Determinant of Success in Mathematics Learning. doi: 10.70333/ijeks-03-08-003.
Jafari Senokesh, Kh. (2024). Classroom management and its styles. In 19th National Conference on Management and Humanities Research in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Jafarpour, M., & Barahoui Nouri, M. (2018). The impact of teachers’ personality traits on classroom management style. In 6th Scientific-Research Conference on Educational and Psychological Sciences: Social and Cultural Challenges in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Jones, M., & Watson, R. (2021). Traditional vs. modern approaches to classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 87, 102-115.
Karimi, A., & Rezaei, M. (2021). Analyzing the role of self-regulation in students’ academic success. Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(3), 78–95. (in Persian)
Khamzina, S., Syrymbetova, L. S., & Shakenova, T. (2024). Classroom management strategies in a modern school. 3i: Intellekt, Ideâ, Innovaciâ, 2, 230–238.
Kish, L. (2022). 15. Self‐management interventions for reducing challenging behaviors among school‐age students: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, doi: 10.1002/cl2.1223.
Kumari, M., & Biswas, S. N. (2024). Classroom Management Strategies and Their Influence on Student Social Behavior. International Journal of Humanities, Engineering, Science and Management, 5(1). 41 – 52.
Kumari., M., Saswata, Narayan, Biswas. (2024). 1. Classroom Management Strategies and Their Influence on Student Social Behavior. International Journal of Humanities, Engineering, Science and Management, doi: 10.59364/ijhesm.v5i1.272.
Langaroudi, K., & Soleimani, H. (2013). Comparing teachers’ beliefs and attitudes toward classroom management considering demographic characteristics. Quarterly Journal of Educational Research and Learning, 10(2), 45–60. (in Persian)
Laslett, R., & Smith, C. (2014). Effective Classroom Management: A Teacher’s Guide. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED241531
Marzano, R. J. (2008). Classroom Management That Works: Research-Based Strategies for Every Teacher. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED482825
Mashinchi, A. A., & Ghasempour, M. T. (2018). Examining the relationship between classroom management styles and academic achievement of primary students in Parsian in mathematics. In 3rd International Conference on New Research in Educational, Psychological, and Social Studies in Iran, Tehran. (in Persian)
Matthew, I. A. (2022). Effective Classroom Management: A Sine Qua Non to Effective Teaching in a School Setting. International Journal of Educational Studies, 5(1), 1–7.
Mirajkar., M., Ms., S., U., Patil., Ms., I., P., Jadhav., Ms., S., N., Sawant., Ms., S., D., Dange., Ms., S., S., Dange. (2024). 1. Classroom Management. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, doi: 10.48175/ijarsct-17423.
Mohammadi, A., Hosseini, Z., & Razavi, S. (2022). The impact of modern technologies on classroom management. Journal of Innovative Educational Research, 8(4), 112–130. (in Persian)
Nourbakhsh, R., & Pourpashahaji Khajelou, S. (2023). Examining the effectiveness of classroom management methods in improving students’ self-directed learning. 2nd National Conference on Family and School Studies, Bandar Abbas. Retrieved from https://civilica.com/doc/1874471(in Persian)
Nur, K. (2020). Lecturer Strategies in Delivering Knowledge to Students at STAIN Mandailing Natal North Sumatera. 3(4), 2960–2965.
Padmaja, C. V. (2012). Classroom Management: An Approach. IUP Journal of English Studies, 7(2), 39.
Patrick, M. (2022). Classroom Management. doi: 10.4324/9781003140849-2.
Pedota, P. (2007). Strategies for Effective Classroom Management in the Secondary Setting. The Clearing House, 80(4), 163–168.
Ramsey, M. (2024). 2. Fostering an inclusive and socially responsive classroom environment using 5-minute self-regulation strategies. doi: 10.18260/1-2—46043.
Salehi Nia, M., et al. (2023). Examining characteristics of different classroom management styles and their impact on students’ learning and academic performance. National Conference on Educational Innovations and School Management, Farhangian University, Tehran. (in Persian)
Shepherd, T. L., & Linn, D. (2014). Behavior and Classroom Management in the Multicultural Classroom: Proactive, Active, and Reactive Strategies. https://www.amazon.com/Behavior-Classroom-Management-Multicultural-Strategies/dp/1452226261.
Shibanian, A., Masoumi Nejad, T., & Salehi, A. (2023). Examining the effect of laissez-faire and non-interventionist classroom management styles on students’ academic motivation. International Conference on Psychology and Educational Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (in Persian)
Soleimani, H. (2020). Comparing teachers’ attitudes toward classroom management styles considering demographic characteristics. Iranian Journal of Educational and Psychological Sciences, 15(1), 78–92. (in Persian)
Soraya, K., Eryani, F., Andiyan, A., & Astuti, P. (2022). Classroom management strategies on the teaching English to young learners at elementary school. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 8(6), 259–266.
Sowell, H. K. (2013). Classroom management strategies: The impact on student achievement. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1824&context=doctoral
Stevens, K. B., & Lingo, A. S. (2013). Assessing Classroom Management: The Umbrella Approach. Beyond Behavior, 22(2), 19–26.
Taylor, P., & Roberts, L. (2023). Designing educational models for digital natives. Educational Technology Research, 42(1), 15-32.
Torres, N. (2017). Classroom management strategies for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. https://soar.suny.edu/handle/20.500.12648/304.
Trpin, A. (2023). 4. Contemporary approaches and challenges in classroom management. Conference proceedings, doi: 10.32591/coas.e-conf.09.03027.
Tyler, E., Smith., Aaron, M., Thompson., Brandy, R., Maynard., Anna, M., Kim. (2024). 1. Effects of Self-Management Interventions on Challenging Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, doi: 10.1177/10497315231200351.
Uddin, M. M., & Johnson, K. V. (2018). Identifying Classroom Management Strategies by Focusing on Diversity and Inclusion. https://peer.asee.org/identifying-classroom-management-strategies-by-focusing-on-diversity-and-inclusion
Vakili, Kh., & Falahati Aboukheli, M. R. (2019). Investigating the impact of classroom management styles on academic competence of first-grade secondary students in Sari, Iran, 2018–2019 academic year. In 3rd National Conference on Psychology, Education, and Lifestyle, Qazvin. (in Persian)
Wilson, R., Johnson, K., & Smith, M. (2022). Technology integration and classroom management challenges. Digital Education Review, 41(4), 78-93.
Yadav, M. (2014). Dimensions in Classroom Management:- Special Emphasis on Indian Education System EDUCATION.
Yousuf, M. M. (2023). Exploring Effective Classroom Management Techniques in English Teaching. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 11(11), 382–393. https://doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i11.9772.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2020). Self-regulated learning: Theories, measures, and outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 55, 89-107.
Zuckerman, J. T. (2007). Classroom Management in Secondary Schools: A Study of Student Teachers’ Successful Strategies. American Secondary Education, 35(2), 4–16.
Бежевец, А., Khamzina, S., Syrymbetova, L. S., & Shakenova, T. (2024). Classroom management strategies in a modern school. 3i: Intellekt, Ideâ, Innovaciâ, 2, 230–238.
