predicting experiential avoidance based on referral thinking with the mediation of behavioral procrastination in students
Subject Areas :Rasta Salehi 1 , Nazila Khosh Khatti 2
1 - Master of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Azad university, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan, Iran (Corresponding Author
Keywords: Keywords: Experiential Avoidance, referral thinking, Behavioral procrastination. ,
Abstract :
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of behavioral procrastination in the relationship between experiential avoidance and referral thinking in students of Azad University of Zanjan. The study was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive _ correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Azad university, Zanjan branch, in the academic year 2023_2024. A sample of 375 students was selected using a random cluster sampling method and responded to the multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire by Gamez et al (2011), the referral thinking Questionnaire by Ehring and colleagues (2011) and the Procrastination Scale by Tuckman (1991). the hypotheses of this study were analyzed using correlation coefficient significance tests, linear regression, and path analysis with SPSS 26 software. The results showed that behavioral procrastination plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between referral thinking and experiential avoidance. And although the direct effect of referral thinking on experiential avoidance was not significant, its indirect effect through behavioral procrastination was significant. Therefore it can be concluded that paying attention to behavioral procrastination can be effective in designing interventions and treatment programs to reduce experiential avoidance, especially in individuals with high referral thinking.
منابع
آفتاب، رویا.(۱۳۹۵) نقش میانجی گر دشواری های بین فردی در رابطه بین اجتناب تجربی با افسردگی و اضطراب. فصلنامه ی روانشناسی کاربردی ۴(۴۰).۵۲۳ـ۵۴۲.
حایری میبدی، مهسا سادات.، جعفری رزجی، فرشته.، شاهوردی،محمد.، حیاتی مطلق، محمد.(۱۴۰۰). نقش خودآگاهی هیجانی، تفکر ارجاعی و سرزندگی ذهنی در پیش بینی بازگشت به اعتیاد در زنان مصرف کننده مواد مخدر. رویش روانشناسی ۱۰(۱):۹۷ـ۱۰۸. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2438-fa.html
کاظمی، مصطفی.، فیاضی، مرجان،. کاوه، منیژه.(۱۳۸۹) بررسی میزان شیوع تعلل و عوامل موثر برآن در بین مدیران و کارکنان دانشگاه.پژوهشنامه ی مدیریت تحول.۴۲ـ۶۳.
کرمی، امیر .(۱۳۹۷).بررسی تاثیر افکار خودآیندمنفی و عزت نفس بر استعداد اعتیاد در دانش آموزان پسر. رویش روانشناسی ۷(۷):۵۱ ـ۶۲. http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-537-fa.html
مرادی، آسیه.، بابایی، عبدالرحمن.،& کرمی، جهانگیر.(۱۳۹۸). نقش خود تنظیمی عاطفی و اهمال کاری رفتاری در پیش بینی اشتیاق تحصیلی دانش آموزان. راهبردهای شناختی در یادگیری،۸(۱۴)،۵۷ ـ۷۱.
نیک فلاح، راضیه.، برکت، ارسلان.(۱۴۰۱) . نقش واسطه ای دشواری های تنظیم هیجانی و اجتناب تجربی در رابطه بین سازوکارهای دفاعی و افکار خودکشی در نوجوانان. فصلنامه ی علمی پژوهشی روانشناسی کاربردی،۱۶(۱ پیاپی۶۱):۱۸۳ـ۲۰۲.
وهاب زاده مقدم، فاطمه سادات.، عسگری ده آبادی، حمیدرضا.، میر سپاسی، ناصر.(۱۴۰۰). رابطه بین تفاوت نسل های کاری در بروز اهمال کاری کارکنان بخش بانکداری. پژوهش نامه ی مدیریت تحول. ۱۳(۲۶). ۱۹ـ۳۸ .
https://doi.org/tmj.2021.71761.1162/10.22067
Bardeen, J.R., & Fergus, T.A. (2016). The interactive effect of cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance on anxiety, depression, stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science,5 ,1-6. http://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jcbs.2016. 02. 002
Bekleyen, N. (2017). Understanding the Academic Procrastination Attitude of Language Learners in Turkish Universities. Educational Research and Reviews12 (3).108-115. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.3122
Berghoff, C.R. Tull, M.T., DiLillo, D., Messman Moore, T., & Gratz, K. L. (2017). The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety disorder diagnoses and future physical health symptoms in a community sample of young adult women. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science6(1): 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.11.002
Brailovskaia, J., Margrof, J., & Teismann, T. (2023). Repetitive negative thinking mediates the relationship between addictive face book use and suicide- related outcomes: A longitudinal study. Current psychology,42.6791-6799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02025-7
Caudle, M.M., Dugas, N.N., Patel, K., Moore, R.C., Thomas, M.L., & Bomyea, J. (2024). Repetitive negative thinking as a unique transdiagnostic risk factor for suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Research, 334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115787
Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schonfeld, S., Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal Behave There Expel Psychiatry. 42(2),225-232. Doi:10.1016/ j. jbtep.2010.12.003.
Flett, A., Haghbin, M., & Pychyl, T.A. (2016). Procrastination and Depression from a Cognitive Perspective: An Exploration of the Associations among Procrastinatory Automatic Thoughts, Rumination, and Mindfulness. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy.34(3):169_186 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0235-1
Fleur, D. S., Bredeweg, B., Van den Bos, W. (2021). Metacognition: ideas and insights from neuro and educational sciences. npj science of Learning,6, Article13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00066-7
Gamez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., & Watson, D. (2011). Development of a Measure of Experiential Avoidance: the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ). Psychological Assessment,23(3),692_713. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023242.
Gerhart, J., Baker, C. N., Hoerger, M., &Ronan, G. (2014). Experiential avoidance and interpersonal problems: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 3(4): 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.08.003
Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., & Wilson, K.G. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Hershenberg, R., Mavandadi, Sh., Wright, E, &Thase, M.E. (2017). Anhedonia in the daily lives of depressed veterans: A pilot report on experiential avoidance as a moderator of emotional reactivity. Journal of Affective Disorders208(1): 414-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.011
Hofmann, S.G., & Hay, A.C. (2018). Rethinking Avoidance: Toward a balanced Approach to Avoidance in Treating Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.004
Katana, M., Röcke, C., Spain, SM., &Allemand, M. (2019). Emotion regulation, subjective well-being, and perceived stress in daily life of geriatric nurses. Front. in psychol. 10, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01097
Katyal, S., & Fleming, S.M. (2024). The Future of metacognition research; Balancing construct breadth with measurement rigor. Cortex,171,223-234. https://doi.org.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.002
Kline, N.K., Berke, D.S., Rhodes, C.A., Steenkamp, M.M., & Litz, B.T. (2018).Self blame and PTSD following sexual assault: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518770652
Klingsieck, K.B. (2013). Procrastination When good things don’t come to those who wait. European Psychologist 18(1). 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000138
McEvoy, P.M., Watson, H., Watkins, E.R., &Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: Evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of Affective Disorders.151(3), 313– 320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014
Mc Mullen, S., Taylor, J., & Hunter, M. (2015). Experiential avoidance and psychopathology: A unidimensional or multidimensional construct? Acta Psychopathologica1(16): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-6676.10006
Moroz, M., & Dunkley, D.M. (2019). Self-critical perfectionism, experiential avoidance, and depressive and anxious symptoms over two years: A three-wave longitudinal study. Behavior Research and Therapy,112.18-27. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.006
Pychyl, T.A., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Procrastination, emotion regulation, and well_being. In F.M. Sirois &T.A.Pychyl (Eds.), Procrastination, health, and well_ being (PP.163_188). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978_0_12_802862_9.00008_6.
Takarangi, M.K., Smith, R.A., Strange, D., & Flowe, H. (2016). Metacognitive and metamemory beliefs in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology,7(4),398-413. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.057416.
Tuckman, B.W. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the Procrastination Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473_480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512022.
Wang, Y., Gao, H., Sun, CH., Liu, J., & Fan, X. (2021). Academic procrastination in college students: The role of self-leadership. Personality and Individual Differences 178(1):110866.178-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110866
