Seismic Performance Enhancement of Heritage Adobe Vaults in Machi Windcatchers Using FRP and Steel Rebars: A Nonlinear Dynamic Study Based on ABAQUS Modeling
Subject Areas : Seismic Analysis and Design
Mehdi Shahraki
1
,
shima aghakasiri
2
1 -
2 - Department of Civil Engineering, ST.C , Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Seismic Performance, FRP, ABAQUS, Nonlinear Dynamic Study,
Abstract :
The traditional adobe windcatcher structures (Āsbaads) of Sistan, Iran, represent a unique form of vernacular architecture that is currently under consideration for UNESCO World Heritage inscription. Despite their historical and cultural significance, these arched vaults suffer from serious structural vulnerabilities due to material degradation and lack of reinforcement, especially under seismic loading. This research addresses the urgent need for preserving such heritage by assessing the seismic performance of adobe vaults in the Qaleh Machi windmills, with a focus on enhancing their resilience through modern retrofitting techniques. The study employs a series of nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses using calibrated finite element models developed in ABAQUS 2020. Both unreinforced and retrofitted configurations were modeled under three strong-motion earthquake records: Sarpol-e Zahab, Tabas, and Northridge. Two retrofitting systems—traditional steel rebars and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars—were implemented using the Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) technique. Mesh sensitivity analysis, material calibration based on laboratory tests, and realistic boundary conditions were incorporated to ensure high-fidelity simulation results. The findings reveal that FRP-retrofitted vaults consistently outperformed their unreinforced and steel-reinforced counterparts, achieving up to 54% reduction in peak displacement and 48% in plastic strain. Moreover, CFRP strengthening significantly improved energy dissipation, delayed stiffness degradation, and enhanced ductile behavior under cyclic loading. These results underscore the effectiveness of advanced composite retrofitting as a structurally robust and culturally appropriate solution for conserving adobe heritage in seismically active regions.
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